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ODHAMS' A.B.C. 

OF THE 

GREAT WAR 



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A.B.C. 

OF THE 

GREAT WAR 



Compiled and Edited by 
E. W. GOLBROOK 



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London: ODHAMS LIMITED 

39 King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. 2 



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To the Tuhlic '^^ 



3LL that is claimed for this work is that it is a 
compilation of the various miscellaneous 
accounts, articles, etc., which have been issued 
from day to day, carefully collated from news- 
papers, text-books, biographies, geographies, 
etc., etc., set out in alphabetical order, 

which, it is hoped, will be found of service as a guide to the 

war and as a took of reference. 

!t has been my endeavour to put in very brief form 
everything that it is desirable to know relating to the war, 
and which one could have ascertained for oneself by perusing 
the various newspapers, books, etc. (not, however, always 
accessible), on the subject ; but / have done it for you, 

I have not gone into past history, but have merely 
stated how the war commenced, who is in it, and the dates 
when, and the places where, each event in the war took place 
after the commencement of it. 

Germany's lust for world power, its aims at world 
domination, its intention to crush France and Russia and then 
Britain, taking the assassination of the Archduke Franz 
Ferdinand and his wife as its excuse for committing its horrible 
atrocities, is left to others to expound in full. 

I return my grateful acknowledgments to the proprietors 
of " The Times," " The Daily Telegraph," " The Morning 
Post," " The Daily Mail," " The Daily Chronicle," " The 
Daily Express," " The Evening Standard," " The Sunday 
Evening Telegram," "The News of the World," "The 
People," and the "National News" newspapers; and of 
** Pear's Cyclopaedia," *' The Daily Mail Year Book," 
" Whitaker's Almanack," and various other works consulted, 
without the assistance of which I should have been unable to 
complete my labours. 

E. W. COLBROOK. 
Westminster, S.W. 

'919. l,n,r^^ 



r\.m jt3. v^« 

OF THE GREAT WAR 



\|A.BENRAA. 

^ A seaport in Schleswig 
*" On the 8th November, 1918, the 

aviation camp here was in the hands 

of the revolutionaries. 

A.BAGUIDO. 

Five miles south-east of Manchuli. 
^ On the 28th August, 1918, enemy 
^cavalry, 100 strong, entered it. 

JbERGONWAY, Lord. 

1 Aged 68. 

Was formerly Rt. Hon. Sir Charles 
S. McLaren. 

, Was Liberal M.P. for 30 years. 
' Lost his son Francis in the war. 

iERDEEN. 

Royal burgh and city of County 
Aberdeen. The chief port of the 
North of Scotland, " the granite 
city," famous for its university and 
fine buildings. 

Has large textile industries. 

Population, 163,084. 

On the morning of Sunday, the 
9th August, 1914, the First Light 
Cruiser Squadron, cruising about 40 
miles from here, was attacked by a 
squadron of German submarines. 
The attack seems to have been rather 
unpremeditated, for one of the 
vessels, the U 15, rose only a short 
distance ahead of the " Birming- 
ham." Three rounds sufficed to 
disable the U 15, whose fate was 
sealed by the cruiser's ram. The 
other vessels made off on seeing the 
fate of their comrade, and made good 
their escape, although, according to 
the story of one of the crew of an 
accompanying vessel, the U 15 
parted company from her consorts 
and was alone when she met the 
British cruisers. Reliable details of 
the U 15 arenot available. She was 



completed in 1912, and appears to 
have beer, a vessel of about 600 tons, 
carrying a crew of 25. 

ABERDEEN, Marquess of, P.C., 
G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O., K.T. 

Aged 67. 

Was Governor-General of India. 

Was a close personal friend of Mr. 
Gladstone. 

Was Viceroy of Ireland from 1905 
until the early part of 1915. 

. Was raised to the rank of Marquis 
in 1915. 

Visited the U.S.A., 1916, in con- 
nection with the War. 

"ABOUKIR," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in 1902, having a displacement of 
12,000 tons and a speed of 21 knots. 

She was sunk, with H.M. Ships 
'"Hogue" and " Cressy," off the 
Hook of Holland, by the German 
submarine U 9 on the 22nd Septem- 
ber, 1914. Over 1,400 lives were 
lost ; 900 were saved. 

The " Hogue " and " Cressy " 
were torpedoed while trying to save 
lives off her. 

It was thought that the " Cressy " 
sank one submarine. 

ABRI-DE-ST. LOUIS. 

On the 4th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the Americans. 

ABU-HAREIRA. 

On the 5th November, 1917, the 
British troops operating in Egypt 
captured it. 

ACKROYD, Temporary Captain 
Harold M. Cr., M.D. 
Late R.A.M.C. (attached to the 
Royal Berkshire Regiment). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
I A 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



AGLAND, Rt. Hon. Francis Dyke, 
M.P. 

Aged 45. ' 

Son of the Rt Hon. A.H.D.Acland. 

Was Under Secretary for Foreign 
Affairs from 1911 until 1915. . 

Was Parliamentary Secretary to 
the Board of Agriculture from 1915 
to 1916. 

Was Financial Secretary to the 
Treasury. 

Was Finance Member of the Army 
Council. 

Was Private Secretary to Lord 
Haldane. 

Financial Secretary to the War 
Office, on the 1st February, 1915, 
in succession to Mr. Montagu. 

Sat for the Richmond Division of 
Yorkshire from 1906 to 1910. 

ThenM.P.for N.W. Cornwall. which 
seat he retained in the Victory Election. 

Is a member of the Senate of the 
University of London. 

Has been a Privy Councillor since 
June, 1915. 
ACRE, or ST. JEAN D'ACRE. 

A city and seaport of Syria, 20 
miles north-west of Nazareth, on the 
Bay of Ancre. The key of Palestine. 
Famous for its many sieges during 
and since the Crusades. 

Probably identical with the Aak of 
the early Egyptians — Thotmes HI. — 
B.C. !500. 

Population, 11,000, principally 
Moslems. 

It was taken by the Crusaders in 
1104, retaken"- by the Saracens in 
1187, and recovered by Richard 
Coeur de Lion in 1191 and given to 
the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. 
It was taken by Ibrahim Pasha in 
1832, and taken by combined 
English and French squadrons in 1848 
when the Allies were co-operating 
with the Turkish Navy. 

On the 24th September, 1918, the 
British cavalry captured it. 
''ACTAEON." 

An American steamer of 5,000 tons. 

On the 28th November, 1 91 7, she 
arrived at the port of Camarinas after 
being torpedoed. There were 21 
survivors. Three boats with the 
rest of the crew were missing. 



ACTON, Private Abraham. 

Border Regiment. Gairfed the 
V.C. in the war. 
AGY. 

In the region of St. German- 
jumont, to the south-west of Rethel. 

The British captured Acy on the 
15th October, 1918. 
ADDISON, Rev. W. R. F. 

Temporary-Chaplain. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
ADDISON, Rt. Hon. Dr. Christo- 
pher, P.G., M.P. 

Aged 50. 

Was Parliamentary Secretary of 
the Board of Education in 1914. 

Secretary of Munitions from 1914 
to 1916. 

Was Minister of Munitions, 
without Portfolio, in charge of Re- 
construction, having been appointed 
in July, 1917. 

Privy Councillor in 1916. 

M.P. for Hoxton Division since 
1910, which seat he retained in the 
Victory Election. 

Appointed to the Local Govern- 
ment Board after the Victory Election. 
"ADMIRAL CHARNER." 

A French battleship. 

She was sunk by a German sub- 
marine on the 8th February, 1916; 
374 officers and men were lost. 
* ADMIRAL GAUTEAUME." 

A French steamer. 

On the 26th October, 1914, this 
steamer, having on board between 
2,500 and 2,600 Belgian and French 
refugees, was blown up by a torpedo 
when some distance out from Calais. 
The fortunate presence of the 
Channel steamer " British Queen " 
in the vicinity enabled all but from 
20 to 40 passengers to be saved. 
ADMIRALTY, Board of. 

Whitehall, S.W. 1. 

On the 12th February, 1915, it 
announced that combined aeroplane 
and seaplane operations had been 
carried out by the naval wing at 
Bruges, Zeebrugge, Blankenberghe, 
and Ostend, to prevent the develop- 
ment of hostile submarine bases and 
establishments. Thirty -four aero- 
planes and seaplanes took part in the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



attack,, doing considerable damage, 
Ostend railway station suffering 
heavily. 

On the 3rd January, 1917, it 
defined its policy as to the arming of 
merchant ships, reasserting the " im- 
memorial right " of the seaman to 
defend his vessel " against attack or 
search by an enemy." 
ADRIAN OPLE. 

A city in European Turkey, 
province of Rumelia, on the left bank 
of the Maritz. Greatly developed by 
Kadrian in 125. From 1366 to 1453 
it was the residence of the Sultan. 

Population of province, 1,006,500; 
of city, 70,000. 

. On the 4th April, 1916, British 
naval aeroplanes dropped bombs on 
the station here. 
"AEGUSA." 

An armed British yacht. 
On the 16th May, 1916, she was 
sunk by a mine in the Mediterranean. 
jAEGEAN SEA. 

t A branch of the Mediterranean, 

studded with isles, between Greece 
\ and Asia Minor, called the Grecian 
\ Archipelago. 

' On the 14th July, 1915. the British 

I transport " Royal Edward " was sunk 
|i here, with great loss of life. 
i On the 21st November, 1916, the 

[i British hospital ship " Britannic " 
[I was sunk here ; 50 lives were lost 
AERIAL OFFENCES, Sub -Com- 
i mittee to Deal with. 

I Chairman, Sir Ernest M. Pollock, 

!■ K.C., M.P. 

; In consequence of a request from 

i the Air Ministry for the appointment 

I of arepresentativeof that Department 

upon the Committee of Inquiry 

|i into Breaches of the Laws of War, 

k and the creation of a Special Sub- 

I Committee to deal with aerial 

offences. Colonel E. H. Davidson, 

( M.C., was appointed by the Attorney- 

'' General upon the Main Committee, 

^ and two representatives from the Air 

' Ministry upon the Sub-Committee, 

which was appointed on the 15th 

' December, 1918. 

To this Committee was referred the 
examination, first, of the indiscrim- 
inate bombardment of towns and 1 



places, and, secondly, of the wilful 
or reckless bombardment of hospitals. 
AERTRYCKE. 

A village in West Flanders. 
On the 9th December. 1917, the 
aerodrome was bombed by the British 
naval aircraft. Many bombs were 
dropped on objectives. The bom- 
bers were attacked by enemy aircraft 
scouts, two of which were driven out 
of control. 
AGAGIA. 

On the 26th February, 1916, a 
column of Senussi Arabs was re- 
pulsed here and pursued by General 
Lake's column. 
AGAR-ROBARTES, Captain the 
Hon. T. G. 
Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war in Septem- 
ber, 1915. 
AINBREVILLE. 

North of Verdun. 
On the 29th October, 1918, the 
American troops occupied the village 
here, and established the Allies' lines 
north of it. 
AIR BOARD. 

On the 17th May, 1916, in the 

House of Commons, the constitution 

of a new Air Board, with Lord 

Curzon as President, was announced. 

AIR FORGE. 

On the 13th November, 1917, the 
Air Force was put on the same status 
as the Navy and Army. 
AIR MINISTRY. 

Strand, W.C. 2. 
AIR RAIDS. 

On the 9th July, 1917, a secret 
session of the House of Commons 
was held to hear a statement from the 
Premier on the position created by 
the air raids and oh the adequate 
defence of London. 
AIR RAID CASUALTIES. 

Killed, Total 1,570. Men, 864; 
Women, 411; Children, 295, 

Wounded, Total 4041. Men, 2,059; 
Women, 1,210; Children. 772. 
AISNE. 

A river of 1 50 miles in N.E. France. 
It is also a tributary of the River 
Oise. 



A.B.e. OF THE GREAT WAR 



It has a population of 534,204. 

It is a sugar-growing and agricul- 
tural department. 

The German retreating forces were 
driven across here on the 14th 
September, 1914. 

On the 25th September, 1914. the 
Battle of the Aisne had been proceed- 
ing for 14 days. Fierce attacks were 
made on the Allies by the augmented 
German troops. 

On the 6th June, 1915, the French 
captured ground north of the Aisne, 
and occupied two-thirds of the 
famous " Labyrinth." 

On the 13th November, 1916, a 
great battle on both sides began. 
German defences were penetrated 
by the British on a five-miles front, 
the strongly fortified villages of 
St. Pierre Divion, Beaumont Hamel, 
and Beaumont were captured, and 
north of the riverthe original German 
front line defences were taken and 
over 5,000 prisoners. 

On the 23rd October, 1917, the 
French won a brilliant victory on the 
Aisne front across the Paris-Brussels 
road, penetrating the German posi- 
tions to a depth of over two miles. 
Malmaison Fort and other important 
strategical posts were taken ; 8,000 
prisoners, including 180 officers, and 
25 guns were captured. 

On the 15th October, 1918, a 
great line of smoke and fire beyond 
the Aisne showed that the Germans 
were continuing to burn ajid destroy 
everything on their route. The 
Germans left most of the evacuated 
villages in flames, after locking the 
inhabitants in cellars. 

On the 18th October, 1918, the 
French reported they had crossed 
the Aisne and were in the region of 
Grandpre. 
AISY. 

On the 20th September, 1918, 
the French took some ground 
west of here and north-east of 
Vailly. 

On the 28th September, 1918, the 
French occupied it. 

AKABAH. 

A harbour and garrison at N.E. of 
Red Sea. Was known'in the tenth 



century, as Haila or Ailat, the great .< 
port of Palestine. 

H.M.S. " Minerva" shelled it on 
the 4th November, 1914, and de- - 
stroyed the forts and barracks. 
" ALAUNIA." 

A Cunard liner. 

On the 19th October, 1916, she 
was sunk ; all saved. 
ALBANIA. 

A mountainous province on the 
west side of the Balkan Peninsula, 
having an area of 18,000 square miles. 

The population of 1,600,000 are 
warlike and half-civilised people. 

She proclaimed her independence 
on the 2nd June, 1917. 

On the 8th July, 1918, the Italians 
had a success here, supported by 
British monitors; 1,300 prisoners 
taken. 
" ALBATROS." 

A German ship of the Deutschland 
type. 

On the 1st July, 1915, a naval 
engagement between Russian and 
German battleships occurred, result- 
ing in her being driven ashore. 
ALBERT. 

An industrial town on the Ancre. 

Population, 6,750. 

The church of Notre-Dame 
Brebrieres was restored in recent 
years, and attracts pilgrims. 

The village was called Ancre until 
the reign of Louis XIII., who pre-. 
sented it in 161 7 to Charles d'Albert, 
Due de Luynes. 

On the 27th March, 1918, the 
Germans took it and Montdidier, 
within 12 miles of Amiens. 

On the 8th August, 1918, the 
British Fourth Army and the French 
Third Army attacked, under Sir D. 
Haig, with tanks, from Albert to 
north of Montdidier. The Germans 
were completely surprised, and the 
Allies broke through the lines, taking 
thousands of prisoners and hundreds 
of guns. 

On the 22nd August, 1918, the 

British attacked between the Ancre 

and the Somme, and took Albert. 

ALBERT, The Good. King. 

3ee under " Belgians." 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



ALBERT, H.R.H. Prince, K.G. 

Aged 24. 

He is the second son of King 
George and Queen Mary. 

He was trained for the Royal Navy 
at Osborne and Dartmouth. 

Was appointed to H.M.S. " Col- 
lingwood " in September, 1913. 
Visited West^^ Indies in H.M.S. 
" Cumberland "in the spring of 1913. 

On his recovery from an operation 
he rejoined the " Collingwood " on 
the 19th February, 1915. 

On the 20th November, 1916, he 
was appointed for service on the 
Staff of the Commander-in-Chief, 
Portsmouth. 

On the 5th June, 1917, he and 
Prince George of Battenberg were 
decorated by the Russian Govern- 
ment for distinguished service in the 
battle off Jutland. 

ALBERT, Dr. Heinrich. 

Aged 44. 

Was Under Secretary of the 
Imperial Home Office at Berlin. 
"ALCANTARA." 

An armoured patrol liner, built in 
1913, with a tonnage of 15,300, 
belongingtothe Royal Mail Company. 

Captain T. E. Wardle. 

On the 29th February. 1916, she 
was sunk by German vessels ; 5 
officers and 69 men were lost. 
"ALERT." 

A cutter of the training ship 

Cornwall." 

On the 30th August, 1915, with a 
crew of lads on board, off Purfleet, 
she was run into by a tug and sunk ; 
16 boys were drowned. 
ALESSIO. 

An Albanian port at the mouth of 
the Drin. 

On the 27th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Allies had entered 
here and were marching on St. 
Giovanni di Medua (Albanian front). 

ALEXANDER,Lie ut.-ColoneL,E .W . 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C.inthe war. 

ALEXANDRA, Her Majesty Queen. 

Aged 75. 

Eldest daughter of the late King 
Christian IX. of Denmark. 



Married to the Prince of Wales 
(afterwards Edward VII. )on the 10th 
March. 1863. 

Queen of England from the 22nd 
January, 1901, to the 6th May, 1910. 
ALEXANDROVATZ. 

In the district of Krouchevatz. 
On the 16th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the Serbian troops. 
ALEXIEFF, GeneraL 
A Russian General. 
General Brusiloff succeeded him 
as Commander-in-Chief in Russia on 
the 4th June, 1917. 

On the 13th October, 1918, his 
death was announced. 
ALEXINATZ. 

Twenty miles north of Nish. On 
the 15th October, 1918, the Serbians 
occupied it. 
ALGIE, Lieut. Vi^allace Lloyd. 

Late 20th Battalion, 1st Central 
Ontario Regiment. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
ALIENS. 

On the 14th February, 1916. the 
Order for all aliens to register came\ 
into force. 
ALLEGEMEINE ELECTRICI- 
TATS GESSELLSCHAFT. 
The largest industrial undertaking 
in Germany with the exception of 
Krupp's. It was established by the 
late Dr. Emil Rathenau in 1887. 
Has branches all over the world. 
ALLEN, Captain William Barnsley, 
M.G., M.B. 
R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
ALLENBY, General Sir Edmund 
H. H., G.G.M.G., K.C.B. 
Aged 57. 

Commanded the Calvary Expe- 
ditionary Force at the outbreak of 
the war. 

Has served in Bechuanaland, Zulu- 
land, and South Africa. 

Was promoted to General in June, 
1917, and appointed to tiie command 
of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, 
and succeeded General Murray as 
Commander in Palestine on the 29th 
June. 1917. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 1st November, 1918, the 
King sent a telegram of congratula- 
tion to him on the surrender of 
Turkey, and promoted him K.C.B. 
ALSACE-LORRAINE. 

A province in the German Empire, 
taken from the French in 1871. 

Has a total area of 5,601 square 
miles, and a population of 1,719,415. 

On the 23rd August, 1914. the 
French were checked here, and fell 
back upon Nancy and Belfort, the 
Germans entering France and 
occupying Luneville. 

In Upper Alsace the Allies vfere 
closely investing Steinbach on the 
29th December, 1914, and after a 
violent action seized a position north- 
west of the town. 

On the 31st December, 1914, in 
Upper Alsace the French entered 
Steinbach, and carried half the village 

house by house." 

On the 2nd January, 1915, in 
Upper Alsace the railway about Alt- 
kirch was bombarded, and at Stein- 
bach more lines of houses were 
carried by the French infantry. 

On the 6th January, 1915 a slight 
German gain was reported, the enemy 
succeeding in recapturing one of the 
" heights " on the east flank of Hill 
425, though the French still held its 
summit. 

On the 7th January, 1915, the 
French advance was continued with 
unabated success, and they reached 
a point only about 2j miles west of 
Altkirch. 

They also maintained at all points 
the position recently captured from 
the Germans. On the 8th January, 
1915, the French ousted the Germans 
from their trenches on the side of 
Hill 425, and gained more ground 
on the slopes. Further south the 
French captured Burnhaupt-le-haut. 
ALTKIRCH. 

A village in upper Alsace. 

On the 18th November. 1918, it 
was reoccupied by French and 
Americans. 
"AMALFI." 

An Italian light cruiser. 

She was sunk by an Austrian sub- 
marine in the Upper Adriatic on the 



8th July. 1915. Nearly all the com- 
plement of 700 officers and crew were 
saved. 

AMBLY FLEURY. 

On the 24th October. 1918. the 
French captured it. 

AMBLY HUNT. 

On the 19th October, 1918. the 
French reported that on the Aisne 
front the troops cleared the enemy 
from the region comprised between 
Aisne Canal and the vvest of 
Alligny, and captured Ambly Hunt, 
taking prisoners. 

AMERICAN TROOPS. 

Marched through London on the 
15th August, 1917. 

AMEY, Lance -Corporal William 

(3078171). 
1 /8th Battalion, Royal Warwicks, 
R.T.F. (Birmingham) Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

AMIENS. 

Situated on the Somme, in the 
North of France. 

It is famous for its fine cathedral 
and velvet manufactories 

It-has a population of 90,758. 

The Germans took Amiens on the 
1st September, 1914. 
AMORA. 

In the Persian Gulf. 

On the 3rd June, 1915, the British 
forces took it. 

♦•AMPHION," H.M.S. 

Captain C. H. Fox. 

An unprotected third class cruiser, 
having a displacement of 3.350 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She sunk the German mine-layer 
" Konigen Luise " on the 5th August, 
1914, but while reconnoitring on the 
following day she was sunk by a mine 
in the North Sea, with the loss of 131 
lives. Captain Fox was among the 
survivors, but 1 officer and 147 men 
were lost. 
ANATOLIAN COAST. 

Parts of Asia Minor. 

Up to the 17th January. 1915. the 
Russians torpedoed 163 sailing ships 
off this coast. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



••ANCONA." 

An Italian liner. 

On the 7th November, 1915, on 
her way to New York with 422 
passengers and 60 crew, she was 
shelled and torpedoed by a sub- 
marine, flying the Austrian flag, off 
Sardinia ; 270 persons were saved. 
ANCRE. 

The town of Albert was called 
Ancre until the reign of Louis XIII., 
who presented it in 1617 to his 
favourite, Charles d'Albert, Due de 
Luynes. 

On the 13th November, 1916, a 
great battle opened on both sides of 
Ancre, the British forces capturing 
over 5,000 prisoners. 

On the 18th November, 1916, the 
British front advanced on both sides. 

On the 25th February, 1917, the 
Germans retired to a depth of 2 to 3 
miles on an 11 -mile front. 

On the 4th August, 1918, the Ancre 
salient was evacuated by the Germans. 

On the 15th August, 1918, British 
troops crossed the river Ancre. 

On the 21st August, 1918, Byng, 
with the Third British Army, attacked 
north of the river Ancre, reaching 
Achiet-le-Petit. 

The British troops gained posses- 
sion of the village on the 6th Novem- 
ber, 1918. 
ANDECHY. 

On the 17th March, 1917, the 
French advanced between here and 
the Oise. 'Many villages were taken, 
and there was a general German 
retreat. 
ANDERSON, Temporary - Major 
(Acting -Lieut.- Colonel). 

Late Highland Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
ANDERSON, Colonel A. J. J. 

A.S.C. Sandhurst sprinter. 

Lost his life in the war. 
ANDERSON, Corporal W. 

Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
ANDIGNY. 

On the 11th October, 1918, the 
Americans completed the capture of 
it and St. Souplet. 



ANDRASSY, Count. 

Austrian statesman. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, it 
was reported that he might be banish- 
ed on account of his Noteto President 
Wilson. 

ANDREW, Corporal Leslie Wilton 
(11795). 
Infantry Battalion, New Zealand 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

"ANGLIA." 

A steamer belonging to the London 
and North- Western Railway, having 
a gross tonnage of 1,862 And a speed 
of 21 knots. Built in the year 1900. 
Acted as a hospital ship. 

On the 17th November, 1915, she 
was sunk, with the loss of 85 lives, 
through striking a mine in the 
Channel. 

"ANGLO-DANE." 

A steamship belonging to the 
United Steamship Company. 

She rammed a German destroyer, 
L 124, on the 23rd November, 1914. 
ANGUILCOURT. 

North-east of La Fere. 

On the 18th October,^ 1918, the 
French official report stated : "Emerg- 
ing from Choigny and Achery towards 
the end of the night, our troops 
pursued the German rearguards, 
and occupied Anguilcourt." 

ANGUS, Lance-Corporal V/, 

Highland Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

ANHALT, Duke of. 

His death took place on the 12th 
September, 1918, at Dessan (Central 
Germany). 

ANIMALS, Diabolical Treatment 
of. 
During the German retreat in 
August, 1918, British troops who had 
reoccupied a French town found on 
the door of a house a kitten hanging 
by its forepaws, which had been 
nailed to the wood. It was mewing 
piteously and striving to release itself. 
A British soldier at once went to its 
help and pulled out the nail which 
held it. As he did so an explosion 
occurred, and he was killed and 



8 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



thrown across the road. An ex- 
plosive charge had been connected 
with the nail. 
ANNAY. 

On the 12th October, 1918, it was 
captured by British troops. 
ANSEGHEM. 

A town in West Flanders, 12 miles 
east of Courtrai. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
British army captured this village. 
ANTEN, Lieut. Harold, D.S.G. 

R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
♦♦ANTILLES." 

A U.S. transport. 

On the 12th October, 1917, 
Scandinavian merchantmen, escorted 
by two British destroyers, were 
attacked by two heavily armed Ger- 
man raiders. The destroyers were 
sunk, with the loss of 135 lives and 
9 of the merchant ships. The 
" Antilles " was torpedoed, and 67 
lives were lost. 
ANTWERP. 

A seaport in Belgium. 

It has a famous Gothic cathedral 
with a spire of 366 feet, and contains 
works of Rubens. 

Vandyke was born here in 1599. 

It is a great trading port. 

Has a population of 285,600. 

The Belgian seat of Government 
was removed from Brussels to here 
on the 19th August, 1914. 

On the 4th September, 1914, the 
Belgians opened the dykes near 
Antwerp, the Germans losing heavily. 

The seat of the Belgian Govern- 
ment was removed from here to 
Ostend on the 6th October, 1914. 

The dykes were again flooded 
around here onthe7th October, 1914. 

A British Marine Brigade and two 
Naval Brigades, representing a total 
of 8,000 men, entered here on the 7th 
October, 1914, in aid of the Belgian 
garrison. 

On the 8th October, 1914, the 
bombardment continued, and terrible 
destruction was dealt by the German 
siege guns, the southern station, the 
Hoboken, being set on fire. 

Two of the British Brigades 
successfully retired with the Belgian 



Army ; 2,000 of them were cut off, 
and succeeded in escaping into 
Holland. The British lost 300. 

On the 10th October, 1914. the 
Germans imposed a war levy of 
£20,000.000. 

On the 16th October, 1918, the 
commander of the German Army 
here informed the Dutch authorities 
that 100,000 fugitives were going to 
Holland. 

On the 13th November, 1918, 
Soldiers' Councils were established 
here, Landsberg, Warte, Glogan, and 
Sensburg. 

On the 15th November, 1918, 
Belgian troops were ordered to march 
towards here to occupy the town, in 
consequence of acts of violence by 
German troops to Belgian civilians. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was almost cleared of the Germans, 
and Belgian cavalry arrived here. 
ANZAC. 

A fanciful name of which the 
letters represent "Australia New 
Zealand Army Corps." It was given 
to the first Australian contingent, the 
heroic fellows who fought at Suvla 
Bay. Those who survived this 
terrible "gamble" were granted the 
right to wear a gilt capital A on their 
sleeves. 
♦♦APAPA." 

On the 9th December, 1917, this 
vessel was torpedoed by an enemy 
submarine without warning ; 70 lives 
were lost. 
APIA. 

The chief town of Upola, Samoa 
Isles. The centre of German com- 
merce in the Pacific. 

Has a population of 5,050. 

On the 31st August, 1914, it sur- 
rendered to a New Zealand Force. 
"APPAM." 

An Elder-Dempster liner, which 
is believed to have been lost in 
January, 1916, on her homeward 
voyage from West Africa. 
APREMONT. 

On the 1st October, 1918, the 
Germans attacked here, but were 
repulsed by the Americans with great 
losses to the Germans. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



♦♦ ARABIA." 

A P. & 0. liner. 

On the 8th November, 1916, she 
was sunk in the Mediterranean by a 
German submarine without warning. 
♦• ARABIC." 

A White Star steamer. 

On the 19th August, 1915, she was 
torpedoed and sunk off Queenstown ; 
378 saved out of a total of 424 
passengers and crew. 

On the 27th August, 1915, Count 
Bernstorff notified Mr. Lansing that 
" full satisfaction " would be given 
by Germany to the U.S. for the 
sinking of her. 

*' ARABIS." 

A British ship. 

She was torpedoed by German 
destroyers in the North Sea on the 
1 0th February. 1916. 
♦• ARAGON." 

A British transport. 

On the 30th December, 1917, she 
was sunk off Alexandria by a sub- 
marine. . 

♦• ARBUTUS,*' H.M.S. 

A British gunboat. 
She was torpedoed on the 1st 
January, 1918. 
ARCHANGEL. 

A province in North Russia, in- 
cluding Nova Zembla. 

Population, 347,589. 

On the 2nd August, 1918, the 
Allies landed here, and were received 
with great enthusiasm by the people. 

On the 9th September, 1918, it 
was reported that the Tchaikowsky 
Government, which was constituted 
here, was overthrown the day after 
the landing of the Allies, and that 
this was effected by a Russian officer 
named Chaplin. 

On the 20th September, 1918, an 
enemy aeroplane that had attempted 
to bomb the Allied lines was brought 
down by gunfire. 

In April, 1919, it was reported 
that the small Allied force here was 
in danger, unless assistance could be 
sent. 

General Ironsides was sent out with 
a relief force at the end of April, and 
his troops were attacked both on land 



and from Bolshevik gunboats. The 
ice had by then broken up and the 
River Dvina would be navigable for 
British boats. The Russian Admiral 
Koltchak pushed on to Moscow, and 
anti-Bolshevik forces were within 20 
miles of Petrograd by the end of May. 
ARCHIBALD, Sapper A. (213087) 
218th Field Co., R.E. (Leith). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
ARCO, Count George von. 
Aged 48. 

A distinguished engineer and 
inventor of a wireless telegraph 
system called " Telefun Ren ** (wired 
sparks). 
♦'ARDENT," H.M.S. 
A British destroyer. 
She was sunk by the German Fleet 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland 
on the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" 
ARENSBURG. 

The capital of Oesel, a town in 
Livonia, Russia. 

On the 13th October, 1917, it was 
taken by the Germans. 
*♦ ARETHUSA," H.M.S. 

Commodore R. Y. Tyrwhitt. 
A light cruiser, completed in 1914, 
having a displacement of 3,750 tons 
and a speed of 30 knots. 

On the 28th August, 1914, German 
submarines, escorted by a number of 
cruisers, engaged the " Arethusa " 
and 19 destroyers of the Third Flo- 
tilla and the light crufser " Fearless " 
(Captain W. F. Blunt) and 17 de- 
stroyers of the First Flotilla off Heli- 
goland. The British destroyers were 
superior to the enemy's in number 
and power, but inferior in speed, and 
the bulk of the hostile vessels evaded 
action and left the brunt of the fight 
to the cruisers. These were the 
protected vessels " Mainz," " Koln," 
and " Ariadne." They fought a 
strenuous action, and almost suc- 
ceeded in destroying the" Arethusa," 
reducing her speed from 30 knots to 
6, and putting all her guns except one 
out of action. Concerted torpedo 
attacks by the British destroyers 
failed, and things were going badly 
until the First Light Cruiser Squad- 
ron of five ships, " Southampton," 



10 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Birmingham,*"* Lowestoft,"" Fal- 
mouth," and " Liverpool," com- 
manded by Commodore W. E. Good- 
enough, arrived on the scene. Thej' 
ei^ectively engaged the German ships 
on the spot, but further reinforce- 
ments came out from Heligoland, and 
the result again looked doubtful, until 
the five Dreadnoughts of the First 
Battle Cruiser Squadron (Vice- 
Admiral Sir David Beatty) appeared 
and decided the issue. It was re- 
ported that the British lost no ships, 
but 32 officers and men were killed 
and 56 wounded. The German loss 
in men was at least 1,200 killed, and 
the " Mainz," " Koln," "Ariadne," 
and V 187 were lost. 

She accompanied the British sea- 
planes in making an attack at daylight 
on German warships lying in Schilig 
Roads, off Cuxhaven, on the 25th 
December, 1914. 

She struck a mine and was wrecked 
in the North Sea on the 13th February, 
1916. 

ARGES. 

On the 3rd December, 1916, the 
Battle of Arges was fought; capture of 
Tirgovistea. First Roumanian Army 
defeated and driven beyond Titu, 
and army south-west of Bucharest 
thrust back ; furious fighting in the 
Dobrudja. 

•♦ ARGYLL," H.M.S. 

A cruiser, completed in the year 
1905, having a displacement of 
10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ 
knots. 

On the 28th October, 1915, she 
was wrecked, supposed by an acci- 
dent. 

" ARLA.DNE." 

A German battleship of the " D " 
type. Launched in the year 1910, 
with a tonnage of 2,608. 

On the 28th August, 1914, she was 
destroyed by gunfire of British 
cruisers and destroyers off Heligo- 
land. 

♦♦ARIEL," H.M.S. 

A torpedo-boat destroyer. 
She sank a German submarine, 
U 12. on the 10th March, 1915. 



ARIZ, von. 

Austrian Chief of Staff. 

On the 5th November, 1918, he 
was reported to have signed the 
Austrian armistice. 
ARLEUX. 

North-westof La Bassee.andsouth- 
west of Fleubaix. 

On the 28th April, 1917, the third 
stage of the Battle of Arras began 
with a new thrust by the British east 
of the Vimy Ridge, and Arleux was 
captured. 

On the 30th September, 1918, the 
British troops who had entered this 
village were compelled to withdraw. 
On the 13th October, 1918, it was 
recaptured. 
♦♦ARMADALE." 

A British transport. 

She was reported torpedoed on the 
27th June, 1917, with the loss of 11 
lives. 
♦♦ARMENIAN." 

A Leyland liner. 

She was sunk off the Cornish coast 
on the 1st July, 1915 ; 29 lives were 
lost, 21 being Americans. 
ARMENTIERES. 

A manufacturing town in Northern 
France, 10 miles from Lille. 

Population, 30,000. 

On the 12th April, 1918, the 
British evacuated it. The Germans 
claimedinthis quarter6,000 prisoners 
and 100 guns. 

On the 13th September. 1918, the 
Allies were about one mile from here. 

On the 3rd October, 1918, it was 
reported that it was captured ; but 
on the 4th October, 1918, it was 
reported that it had not yet been 
occupied. 
ARMISTICE. 

This was signed on the 11th 
November, 1918. 

Germany's fiction that her armies 
were undefeated was finally shattered 
in a dispatch from Sir Douglas Haig, 
published on the 7th January, 1919, 
as a supplement to the " London 
Gazette," in which he stated : " The 
military situation on the British front 
on the morning of November 11th 
can be stated very shortly. . . . 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



"In the fighting since November 
Istourtroops had broken the enemy's 
resistance bej'ond possibility of re- 
covery, and had forced on him a dis- 
orderly retreat along the whole front 
of the Britisharmies. Thereafter the 
enemy was capable neither of accept- 
ing nor refusing battle. The utter 
confusion of his troops, the state of 
his railways, congested with aban- 
doned trains, the capture of huge 
quantities of rolling stock and 
material, all showed that our attack 
had been decisive. . . . 

" The strategic plan of the Allies 
had been realised with a completeness 
rarely seen in war. When the 
armistice was signed by the enemy 
his defensive powers had already 
been definitely destroyed. A con- 
tinuance of hostilities could only 
have meant disaster to the German 
armies and the armed invasion of 
Germany." * 
ARMY COUNCIL. 

On the 14th December. 1916, a 
new Army Council was appointed by 
the King. 
ARNET, Admiral. 

In command of the Second French 
Naval Squadron. 

He flew his flag from the 

Diderat."and arrived at Constanti- 
nople on the 13th November, 1918. 
ARNHEIM. 

The chief town of Gelderland 
province, Holland. 

Population, 56,812. 

On the 11 th November, 1918, a 
semi-official Berlin telegram stated 
that the ex-German Kaiser, accom- 
panied by a suite of 10 persons, 
arrived here and took up his residence 
in the Villa Bentinck, Amerongen 
(Holland). 
ARONDE. 

On the 10th June, 1918, the Ger- 
mans advanced to the valley here 
between counter-attacks, and were 
forced back. The Germans claimed 
8,000 prisoners. 
ARRAS. 

A town in France. Capital of the 
Department of Pas - de- Calais. 
Famous for tapestry. 



On the 4th October, 1914, the 
Allies assumed the offensive at many 
points, succeeding in the Argonne 
district in throwing back the enemy 
towards the north. 

On the 9th October, 1914, the 
deadly French gunnery was employed 
with splendid effect, beating the 
enemy back, and in the Roye regions 
1,600 prisoners were taken. 

On the 19th December, 1914, the 
Allies gained further ground before 
Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well 
as east and south of Ypres, north of 
La Bassee, and north of here, while 
the position east of Vermelles was 
maintained. 

The Allies gained a brilliant success 
betv/een here and La Bassee on the 
15th April, 1915. On the 8th May, 
1915, the French and British armies 
started a vigorous offensive, the 
French to the north of Arras, and 
the British to the north-east of Neuve 
Chapelle. On the 9th April, 1917, 
a great battle was fought between 
Lens and St. Quentin, and from Lens 
to here. Vimy Ridge was taken by 
Canadian troops. The British took 
over 1 1,000 prisoners, including 235 
officers, and over 100 guns. 

The second Battle of Arras com- 
menced on the 23rd April, 1917, and 
the third on the 29th April, 1917. 

On the 28th March, 1918, the 
great German attack here was com- 
pletely repulsed. 

ARSIERO. 

On the 17th June, 1916, the 
Italians took it and Posina. 

ARTILLERY. 

Sir Douglas Haig in his report, 7th 
January 1919, wrote : " Four years of 
scientific warfare have seen a con- 
sistent and progressive development 
in the pov/er and influence of 
artillery. Despite the handicap 
under which we started the war, 
British artillery has played a large 
part in that development, and of late 
has dominated the enemy's artillery 
to an ever-increasing degree. The 
influence of this fact upon the morale 
both of our own and the enemy's 
troops could scarcely be exaggerated." 



12 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



ASGALON. 

An old Philistine town. 

During the operations in the early 
part of November, 1917, it was 
reported it had fallen into the hands 
of the British. 

On the 9th November, 1917, the 
Turks in Palestine retreated from 
here with the loss of 10,000 men and 
70 guns. 
ASHTON-UNDER-LYNE. 

On the 12th June, 1916, there was 
a munitions explosion here; 41 
killed and 130 injured. 

ASHWELL, Lena. 

A great English actress. 

She did invaluable war work 
which will never be forgotten. Her 
concert parties organised for the 
troops soon became a household word 
with the troops of allthe Allies. She 
was rightly described as " The Sol- 
diers Pal." 
ASIA MINOR. 

Western portion of Asia ; part of 
Asiatic Turkey, 

Area, 200,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 8,000,000. Chief city, Smyrna. 

Most important part of the Levant. 

The Russian troops entered here 
on the 3rd November, 1914. 
ASIAGO. 

In the Val d'Assa, Italy. 

On the 29th May, 1916, the 
Italians evacuated it. 

On the 8th September, 1918. 
British troops brought off two com- 
bined raids on enemy lines here. 
ASOLONE. 

On the 26th October, 1918, the 
Italian official reports stated lively 
fighting was taking place here and 
in Pertica ; 300 prisoners taken. 

On the 28th October, 1918, the 
Austrians claimed to have recaptured 
it and part of Pertica. 
ASOLONE, Mount. 

On the 18th December, 1917, the 
Germans captured it, with 2,000 
prisoners; and on the 19th December 
it was recaptured by the Italians. 

ASQUITH, The Rt. Hon. H H., 
P.C.,F.R.S.,K.G., M.P. 

Aged 67. 



He was educated at the City of 
London School and Balliol College, 
Oxford. 

Was called to the Bar. 

Was M.P. for East Fife from 
1886. 

Was appointed Home Secretary 
in 1892. 

Was Chancellor of the Exchequer 
from 1905 to 1908. 

Lord Rector of Aberdeen in 1908. 

Was an Elder Brother of Trinity 
House, 1909. 

Was Prime Minister and First 
Lord of the Treasury from 1908 to 
December, 1916. 

He assumed the post of War 
Minister on the resignation of 
Colonel Seely in March, 1914. 

In a speech made at Cardiff on the 
2nd October, 1914, he disclosed the 
fact that two years before the war 
Germany asked Great Britain to 
pledge herself to absolute neutrality 
in the event of Germany being en- 
gaged in a war. 

On the 1st March, 1915, he an- 
nounced in the House of Commons 
the reply of Great Britain to the 
German " blockade " and campaign 
of piracy and pillage, and stated that 
the British and French Governments 
held themselves free to detain and 
take into port ships carrying goods 
of " presumed enemy destination, 
ownership, or origin." 

On the 13th May, 1915, on the 
invitation of Sir John French, he 
visited the British Army in France, 
and also met General Joffre. 

He established the Coalition 
Ministry in May, 1915, which re- 
signed in December, 1916. 

Brought in the Military Service 
Bill on the 2nd January, 1916, which 
passed on the 24th January, 1916. 

On the 23rd February, 1916, in 
the House of Commons he reiterated 
the Government's fixed determina- 
tion not to sheathe the sword until 
Belgium and Serbia had recovered 
all they had sacrificed, France was 
secured against further aggression, 
and the military domination of 
Prussia finally destroyed. 

He visited the King of Italy on the 
4th April. 1916. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



13 



He visited the British and French 
Headquarters several times. 

His son, Raymond, was killed in 
action in September, 1916. 

On the llth October, 1916, in the 
House of Commons he declared that 
there must be "no patched-up peace,' 
and pledged the Government and 
Empire to perseverance with the war 
to the end. 

Resigned Premiership on the 5th 
December, 1916. 

On the 16th October, 1918, 
speaking at the National Liberal 
Club, he stated the " enemy game 
was given up." 

Lost his seat in Parliament in the 
Victory Election. 

*♦ ASTURIAS." 

A British hospital ship. 

She was sunk by German sub- 
marines on the 30th March, 1917, with 
900 on board ; 89 persons, including 
1 woman nurse, were killed. 

"ATAZ MENDI." 

Spanish steamer. 

On the 1st September, 1918, while 
carrying coal from England to Spain 
she was torpedoed. 
ATHENS. 

The capital of Greece, most 
renowned country in antiquity. 
Ancient centre of Greek art and 
learning. 

It has a population of 128,000. 

On the 26th November. 1916, the 
Allied representatives formally de- 
manded the handing over of 10 
mountain batteries by the 15th 
December, 1916. 

On the 1st December, 1916, there 
was a treacherous attack on Allied 
marines and seamen. Admiral 
Fournat landed troops here, and the 
King offered to surrender 6 batteries. 

On the 3rd December, 1916, the 
Reign of Terror of Athens began with 
the murder of Venizelists. 

ATHIS. 

A town in Department Orne, 
France, near Paris. 

Population, 3,721 . 

On the 6th September, 1918, it 
was reported that British troops had 
reached here 



ATHOS." 

A French transport. 
She and an Italian vessel, while 
taking troops to Salonika, were tor- 
pedoed on the 25th February, 1917. 
ATTIGNY. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, 
French-American attacks between 
here and the Meuse were resumed. 
ATIVA. 

On the Black Sea. 
On the 4th March, 1917, it was 
occupied by the Russians. 
AUBERIVE. 

On the 18th April, 1917, the 
French advanced to a point beyond 
here and captured 2,500 prisoners. 
The Germans brought up 19 divisions 
to meet the attack, but were driven 
back. 

On the 9th September, 1918, the 
French official report stated : " A 
German coup de main failed west of 
here." 
AUCHBRENCHEUL-AU-BAC. 

On the 30th September, 1918, the 
British troops who had taken this 
village were compelled to withdraw. 
"AUDACIOUS," H.M.S. 

A British battleship, having a dis- 
placement of 23,500 tons and a speed 
of 21 knots. She was built by 
Messrs. Cammell, Laird & Co., of 
Birkenhead, and was launched on the 
24th September, 1912. She cost 
nearly £2,000,000. 

On the 14th November, 1918, the 
Admiralty announced that she sank 
after striking a mine off the North 
Irish coast on the 27th October, 1914. 
It was stated that the sinking of her 
was kept a secret at the urgent request 
of the Admiral Commanding the 
Grand Fleet, and that the Press had 
loyally refrained from giving it any 
publicity. 

Thus, after a little more than four 
years after the occurrence, the loss of 
the first British super-Dreadnought 
sunk during the war was officially 
announced. Her loss shortly after 
the occurrence was announced in the 
American and Dominion papers with 
the most lavish display. In some 
American papers were published 



14 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



photographs of the battleship taken 
as she was heeling over before 
foundering. Copies of these publi- 
cations reached England, but in 
conformity with official request no 
mention of the casualty appeared in 
any newspaper in the United King- 
dom. The Germans knew of the 
loss, for they claimed the vessel among 
the best of their successes. 

The crew, who behaved magnifi- 
cently, were rescued by the White 
Star liner " Olympic," which, with 
her passengers, were held up in 
Lough Swilly for nearly a week, 
owing, it was stated, to the discovery 
by the Admiralty authorities of an 
extensive field of mines in the vicinity 
of the spot where the " Audacious " 
went down. As many as 50 floating 
mines were recovered. 

The following is an extract from 
the " Standard " of the 14th Novem- 
ber, 1918: 

" A story of the end of the 
* Audacious ' v.ss told in the ' New 
York World' of the 16th November, 
1914. 

" A former bandmaster and one of 
the musicians of the ' Olympic* stated 
that 898 of the * Audacious* ' crew of 
900 were rescued by the boats of the 
liner. 

" About an hour after they sighted 
Tory Island they saw the ' Audacious' 
wallowing helplessly, and big seas 
breaking over her quarter-deck, with 
the cruiser * Liverpool ' by her. 

'* The ' Liverpool ' dashed several 
times across the bows of the * Olym- 
pic,' and, in the belief of the narrator, 
the Captain of the * Liverpool ' did 
this deliberately to save the ' Olym- 
pic ' and her passengers, calculating 
that if there were mines there it 
would be better to sacrifice his own 
ship and save the liner. 

" The crew of the ' Audacious ' 
were standing as calmly as if they 
were on review at Spithead. 

As soon as the boats were fairly 
alongside the rescue work began, and 
as the men's names were called by 
the officers the men would step on 
the rail and wait their chance for the 
lifeboats to rise almost level. 

After the ' Olympic ' had reached 



Lough Swilly they heard and saw a 
tremendous explosion out at sea. 

" A high naval officer," added the 
paper, " came on board and conferred 
with Captain Haddock, and subse- 
quently everyone had it impressed on 
him that it would be highly dangerous 
even to hint at what he had seen or 
heard." 

From all information the " Olym- 
pic's " company could obtain, only 
two lives were lost. 

AUDENARDE. 

The French captured it on the 1st 
November, 1918. 

"AUGHELIKE." 

A Greek steamer. 

On the 29th October, 1916, she 
was torpedoed near Attica by a 
German submarine. 

AUGUSTOWA. 

A town of Russian Poland, on the 
Suwalki Canal. 

Population, 12,746. 

The Russians captured this on the 
3rd October, 1914, the enemy retreat- 
ing in disorder. 

AUSPACK, or AUSBACK. 

A town in Bavaria, 31 miles from 
Nuremburg, south of Thaun, in 
Alsace. 

On the llth December, 1914, the 
French captured the railway station 
here. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY, Emperor 
Karl (Charles) of. 

A.ged 31. 

He is the eldest son of the late 
Archduke Otto, who died on the 21st 
November, 1916. 

He was married in 1911 to the 
Princess Zita of Bourbon-Parma, 
and had a son, born in 1912. 

Succeeded the Emperor Francis 
Joseph in 1916. 

On the 31st March, 1918, writing 
to Prince Sixte of Bourbon, he stated : 
"My dear Sixte — I beg you to convey 
secretly and unofficially to M. 
Poincare, President of the French 
Republic, that I shall support by every 
means, and using all my personal in- 
fluence with my allies, the French just 
claims regarding Alsace-Lorraine." 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



15 



\USTRIA-HUNGARY. 

Emperor Charles (Karl), succeeded 
in 1916. 

An extensive empire in Central 
Europe. 

Since 1867 Austria has been united 
with Hungary, under one sovereign, 
but each has its own laws, Parliament, 
and Ministers. 

Vienna is the imperial capital. 

Buda-Pest is the capital of Hun- 
gary. 

Austria has a population of 
29,372,000; Hungary one of 
21,340,000. 

Vienna is a city on a branch of the 
River Danube, Lower Austria. 

!t has a university, fine cathedral 
(St. Stephen), Rath-hau^Parliament 
buildings), and magnificent Prater 
park. 

It has immense industrial activity, 
with thriving commerce and manu- 
factories, 

Population (including garrison, 
27,000 strong), 2,031,100. 

It is one of the most strictly modern 
cities of Europe, its inner city and 
Ringstrasse forming very handsome 
and fashionable quarters. The 
cathedral of St. Stephen (I 300-15 10), 
with a steeple 450 feet high, the 
Imperial Palace, the Hofburg, and 
numerous palaces of the Austrian 
nobility are among the striking 
features of the inner city. In the 
Ringstrasse are the chief public and 
commercial buildings, including the 
Exchange, the Rath-haus, the Parlia- 
ment House, the Law Courts, the 
Imperial Museums, and the Uni- 
versity. Of Vienna's many public 
parks, the Prater Park, 2,000 acres in 
extent, is the chief. It was opened 
I in 1766. 

Buda-Pest, twin-capital of Hun- 
gary. Buda on the right bank and 
Pest on the left bank of the River 
Danube, 170 milesfrom Vienna. Has 
a population (including garrison) of 
880,000. It has many fine buildings 
I and institutions. Wine manufactur- 
i ing is the chief industry. 

Before the war she had 16 Army 
Corps of 40,000to 50,000 men ; peace 
strength of 450,000 men and 7,000,000 
k availableimen. 



She presented a Note of Demand to 
Serbia on the 23rd July, 1914. 

She received a reply from Serbia 
on the 24th July, 1914, asking for 
delay. 

She refused Serbia's application 
for delay on the 25th July, 1914, and 
declared war against Serbia on the 
28th July, 1914. 

Montenegro declared war against 
her on the 7th August, 1914. 

France declared war against her on 
the 10th August, 1914. 

England declared war against her 
on the 12th August, 1914. 

She declared war against Japan on 
the 25th August, 1914. 

Italy declared war on her on the 
23rd May, 1915, and Germany re- 
called Prince Biilow from Rome. 

On the 10th September, 1915. 
President Wilson informed the Aus- 
trian Government that Dr. Dumba 
was " no longer acceptable to the 
Government of the United States." 

On the 23rd September, 1915, the 
U.S. Government refused to give a 
safe conduct to Dr. Dumba to go to 
Vienna on leave, but insisted on his 
recall. 

On the 15th October, 1915, Dr. 
Dumba sailed for Europe. 

Roumania declared war against her 
and Germany on the 28th August, 
1916. 

On the 5th November, 1916, 
Germany and Austria proclaimed an 
" independent State of Poland." 

She declared war against the 
U.S.A. on the 6th April, 1917. 

Siam declared war against her on 
the 22nd July, 1917. 

On the 27th October, 1918, she 
asked for peace. 

On the 3rd November, 1918, she 
surrendered. 

♦♦AVENGER," H.M.S. 

A British armed ship. 
On the 13th June, 1917, she was 
torpedoed and sunk in the North Sea. 

AVESNES. 

On the 9th September, 1918, the 
Allied official report stated : " North 
of the Somme we extended our 
progress east of Clastres, and occupied 
La Motte Farm." 



16 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



AVIATIK. 

The name of one of Germany's 
principal military and naval aero- 
planes. 
AVION. 

On the 27th June, 1917, it was 
captured by the British. 
AXFORD, Lance -Corporal Thomas 

Leslie, M.M. (3399). 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the warl 
AYLMER, General. 

He defeated the Turks, marching 
to the relief of Kut-el-Amara on the 
7th January, 1916. 

On the 13th January, 1916, he 
defeated the Turks at Wadi. 
♦•AZTEC." 

An American liner. 

She was torpedoed and sunk on the 
2nd April, 1917. 
BADEN. 

In the Grand Duchy of South- 
West Germany. 

Area, 5,821 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,143,000. 

It has mines, minerals, and springs, 
and two universities (Heidelberg and 
Freiburg). 

Chief town, Carlsruhe. 

The British airmen bombed the 
station and railways here on two 
occasions. 
" BADGER," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer, commanded by 
Charles Freemantle, R.N. 

She sank a German submarine on 
the 24th October, 1914. 

BADLU SINGH, Ressaidar. 

Late 14th Lancers (attached 29th 
Lancers), Indian Army. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BADOGLIO, GeneraL 

Italian General. 

Represented Italy at the signing of 
the Austrian armistice at Padua on 
the 5th November, 1918. 
BAGHDAD. 

A famous city on the River Tigris, 
Asiatic Turkey, 500 miles from the 
sea. It was the capital of the ancient 
Saracen Empire. 



Has a population of 145,000. 

The province of Baghdad sta 
between Persia and the Syi 
Desert, and includes some of 
most fertile lands in the valleys of 
Tigris and Euphrates, and ha 
population of 800,000 Mosle 
50,000 Jews, and 8,000 Christian 

On the 8th March, 1917, Gen 
Maude was reported to be withii 
miles of the town. 

On the 11th March, 1917. 
British troops put the Turks to fl 
and occupied it. 

On the 28th September, 1917. 
Turks were completely defeated ' 
of Baghdad. Thousands of priso 
were taken by Sir Stanley Maudt 

On the 28th October, 1918, t 
was a new British advance. T 
were then no railways or roads bey 
Baghdad, which was then sometl 
like 200 miles beyond the b 
front. 

BAILLEUL. 

A curious and picturesque Flei 
town on the Scheldt, five miles no 
west of Tournai. 

Population, 13,450. 

It is largely engaged intheproi' 
tion of hand- made lace. 

The belfry of the Hotel de ' 
dated from the 15th-17th cent' 
the church of St. Vaast from 
14th- 17th. The musee coni 
a small collection of paintings 
antiquities. 

On the 30th August, 1918, 
British occupied it. 

On ^ the 21st October, 1 
Reuter's reported that the British 
ran approximately through Ware ■ 
and Bailleul. 
BAIRNSFATHER, Captain Br 

His humorous war pictures 
gained great popularity. 

Producer of " Fragments 1 
France." 

His play, •• The Better 'C 
written in collaboration with Cap 
A. Eliot, was produced in Auj 
1917. 

BAKER, Newton D. 

Secretary of War for U.S A 
President Wilson's Cabinet. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



17 



BAKU. 

A Russian petroleum town and 
port on Caspian Sea. 

Population, 120,000. 

The province covers parts of the 
plains of the Caucasus. Population, 
nearly 1,000,000. 

On the 30th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Turks had evacuated 
it. 

On the 1st November,^ 1918. 
Turkey accepted the Allies' terms, 
one of which was that they were to 
raise no objection to the occupation 
of Baku. 
BALDWIN, Stanley, M.P. 

Aged 51. 

Has been Unionist M.P. for 
Bewdley since 1908. Was returned 
unopposed in the Victory Election. 

Was Joint Financial Secretary to 
Mr. Bonar Law prior to joining the 
Ministry in January, 1917. 
3ALFOUR OF BURLEIGH, Lord, 
K.T., G.C.M.G., G.C.V.O. 

Has been Parliamentary Secretary 
to the Board of Trade. 

Was Secretary for Scotland, with 
a seat in the Cabinet, from 1895 until 
1903. 

Lost his_ son end heir in the war. 

Was appointed in July, 1916, 

Chairman of the Committee of 

Inquiry into " Trade after the War." 

5ALFOUR , Rt. Hon. Arthur James , 

O.M., P.C., F.R.S., D.L., 

M.P. 

Aged 71. 

Was educated at Eton and Cam- 
bridge. 

Entered Parliament at the age of 
28, and was Private Secretary to his 
uncle, Lord Salisbury, from 1878 to 
1880. 

Was President of the Local Govern- 
ment Board. 

Chief Secretary for Scotland from 
1887 to 1891. 

First Lord of the Treasury. 

Unionist Leader, 1892. 

Prime Minister from 1902 until 

! ^^^^•. 

I Resigned Unionist Party Leader- 
' ship on the 8th November, 1911. 

First Lord of the Admiralty in the 
: Coalition Government of 1915. 



Appointed Foreign Secretary in 
the Lloyd George Government in 
December, 1916. 

Sits as M.P. for the City of London. 

Was returned unopposed in the 
Victory Election. 

Secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs, 1919. 

Member of the War Cabinet and 
one of the British representatives at 
the Paris Peace Conference. 
BALL, Lieut. (Temporary-Captain) 
Albert, D.S.O., M.C. 

Late Notts and Derby Regiment 
and R F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
'♦BALLARAT." 

A troopship. 

Homeward bound, on the 27th 
April, 1917, conveying a large 
number of Australian troops, she was 
torpedoed and sunk. Owing to the 
magnificent discipline and steadiness 
of the troops no casualties occurred. 
BALLIN, Albert. 

Aged 59. 

The managing director of the 
Hamburg-American Line. 

He commenced commercial life 
as a " volunteer " shipping clerk in 
England, he became an emigrant 
agent in Hamburg, then general 
manager of the Hamburg-American 
Line, which launched the world's 
largest steamships, the " Imperator," 
"Vaterland," and the " Bism-arck." 

He claims to have " laboured to 
the last for peace," and it is reported 
that he was in conference with Lord 
Haldane in London ten days before 
the declaration of war. 
BALTIC. 

On the 20th October, 1917, a 
British submarine torpedoed and 
sank a German transport here. 
BALTIMORE. 

A city and seaport in Maryland, 
U.S.A., near the head of Chesapeake 
Bay. 

It has a fine harbour, and does an 
extensive trade. 

Has a population of 558,485. 

On the 10th July, 1 91 6, the German 
submarine " Deutschland " reached 
here with mails and cargo. 

B 



18 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



BAMFORD, Captain Edward, 
D.S.O. 

Royal Marine Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BANBURY, Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick, 
Bart., M.P. 

M.P. for City of London since 
1906. 

Lost his son in the war. 

Privy Councillor, 1916. 
BAPAUME. 

In the Department of Pas-de- 
Calais 

A small town which gives name to 
one of the severest battles fought 
during the campaign of 1870-71. 
Both the French and Germans claim 
to have won the Battle of Bapaume, 
which was fought on the 3rd January, 
1871, blit the Germans after the 
combat fell back behind the Somme. 

On the 17th March, 1917, the 
British took Bapaume and 14 villages 
north and south of the Somme. 

It was afterwards taken by the 
Germans, and the British recaptured 
it on the 29th August, 1918. 

On the 1st September, 1918, a 
battle was fought with desperation 
between the Scarpe and here on the 
one hand, and Noyon and Soissons 
on the other. 

The " Echo de Paris " stated that 
when the British entered Bapaume 
they found 50 Germans in the ruins 
of the town. 
*• BARALONG," H M.S. 

An auxiliary cruiser. 

On the 5th January, 1916, Sir 
Edward Grey, replying to Germany's 
complaint that her officers and men 
had shot the crew of a German sub- 
marine instead of taking them 
prisoners, offered to submit the case 
to an impartial tribunal if Germany 
would do the same with three specific 
cases of outrage by German seamen. 
BARBER, Private E. 

Grenadier Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
BARBY. 

On the north bank of the Aisne, 
west of Rethic. 

On the 6th November, 1918, it was 
occupied by the French. 



"BARHAM," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in 1915, 
having a displacement of 27,500 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st May, 1916— see under 
"H.M.S. * Queen Mary.*" 

BARING, Lieut. -Colonel the Hon. 
Guy. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war in Septem- 
ber, 1916. 
BARISIS. 

On the 8th September, 1918, in 
the Barisis sector the French captured 
the sugar refinery here. 
BARK, M. 

Russian Minister of Finance. 

On the 9th February, 1915, he was 
received by the King. 

BARNES, Rt. Hon. George N. 

Aged 69. 

M.P. for Blackfriars Division of 
Glasgow since 1908. Retained his 
seat in the Victory Election. 

Was Secretary to the Amalgamated 
Society of Engineers for 10 years. 

Privy Councillor on the 1st January, 
1916. 

Was Minister of Pensions. 

A member of the War Cabinet 
since the 13th August, 191 7, succeed- 
ing Mr. A. Henderson. 
BARRATT, Private Thomas 
(17114). 

Late South Staffordshire Regi- 
ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BARRETT, Lieut. J. C. 

1 /5th Battalion, Leicester Regi- 
ment (T.F.). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
BARRON, Corporal Colin (404017). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

BARROW-IN-FURNESS. 

A port of North Lancashire, 
England. 

Iron and steel trade. 

Population, 63,775. 

On the 30th ^ December, 1915, 
H.M.S. " Natal" was sunk here by 
internal explosion, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



19 



BARTER, Go.-Sergeant-Major F. 

Special Reserve. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
BARTHON, M. 

Was appointed a Secretary of 
State in France and a member of the 
War Committee in the new Ministry 
formed in 1917. 
"BARUNGA." 

A British transport. 

On the 15th July, 1918. she was 
torpedoed. No loss of life. 
BARZY. 

The French occupied it on the 6th 
November, 1918. 
BASRA, or BASSORA. 

A province on the Euphrates, 
Asiatic Turkey, 60 miles from the 
sea. 

Population, 30,000. 

The capital of vilayet of same name, 
including the great marshy district 
of the Lower Euphrates and Tigris, 
with a population of nearly 1 ,000,000. 

On the 21st November, 1914, 
British forces from India occupied it. 

BASSERMANN, Dr. Ernst. 

Leader of the National German 
Liberal Party. 
BASSETT, Corporal R. G. 

New Zealand Division, Signal 
Company. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
*• BATAVIA." 

A Dutch steamer, London to 
Rotterdam. 

On the 16th May, 1916, she was 
blown up by a mine and sunk. 

BATHURST, Captain Sir Charles, 
K.B.E,, M.P. 

M.P. for South Wilts Division 
since 1910. 

Was Parliamentary Secretary to 
the Food Control Department. 

Chairman of the Sugar Commis- 
sion. 
BATTENBERG, Prince Louis of. 

Aged 64. 

Son of Prince Alexander of Hesse. 

Married to his cousin. Princess 
Victoria, daughter of Princess Alice 
of England and the Grand Duke of 
Hesse. 



Has had a successful career in the 
British Navy, which he entered in 
1868. 

Was appointed to the command of 
the Second Cruiser Squadron in 
1904. 

Second - in - Command of the 
Mediterranean Fleet in 1906. 

Commander-in-Chief of the Atlan- 
tic Fleet, 1908. 

First Sea Lord, 1912, 

Resigned on the 29th October, 
1914, Lord Fisher succeeding him. 

BATTEN-POOLL, Lieut. A. H. ^ 

Royal Munster Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

BATOUM. 

In Russian Caucasus. 

On the 13th April, 1918, the Turks 
captured it. 

On the 1st November, 1918, 
Turkey accepted the Allies' terms, 
one of which was that the Allies 
should occupy this Black Sea port. 

BAXTER, Second-Lieut. E. F. 

Late Liverpool Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

BAY OF BENGAL, or GULF OF 
BENGAL. 

A ^ part of the Indian Ocean, 
washing east shores of India and 
west shores of the Indo-Chinese 
Peninsula. Receives waters of 
Rivers Krishna, Ganges, Brahma- 
putra, Irawadi, etc. 

The German cruiser " Emden " 
was active among British merchant 
ships here in August, 1914. 

•' BAYAN." 

A Russian cruiser. 

On the 23rd September, 1914, she 
sank three German war vessels in the 
Baltic. 

"BAYANO." 

A British armed liner. 
She was sunk by submarine on the 
12th March, 1915. 

BAZUEL. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the British troops. 



20 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



BEAL, Temporary- Second -Lieut. 
E. F. 

Late Yorkshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BEAN, C. E. W. 

The official correspondent with the 
Australian Force in France. 

He has a vivid style, which has 
found plenty of scope for expression 
in detailing the gallant work of the 
Australians at the front. 
BEANDIGNES. 

On the 24th October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported the capture of 
this village and securing crossings 
of Escatillon river. 

On the 25th October, 1918. three 
bridges were captured intact here. 
BEATHAM, Private R. M. (272). 

Late 8th Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BEATTY, Admiral of the Fleet, 
Sir David, CM., G.G.B., 
G.G.V.O., D.S.O. 

Aged 47. 

Commander of the First Battle 
Cruiser Squadron from 191 2 to 1916. 

Commander-in-Chief of the British 
Fleet since November, 1916. 

Formerly Naval Adviser to the 
Army Council. 

On the 31st of May, 1915, a great 
naval battle took place off Jutland 
between the British battle cruiser 
fleet, under the command of Admiral 
Beatty, and the German battle fleet. 
Several important ships were lost on 
both sides and thousands of lives, 
the Germans suffering by far the 
more severely. 

On the 28th November, 1916, 
Admiral Sir John Jellicoe was ap- 
pointed First Sea Lord, and Vice- 
Admiral Sir David Beatty assumed 
the command of the Grand Fleet. 

He was appointed Admiral of the 
Fleet, 3rd of April. 1919. 

On the 15th November, 1918, it 
was reported that the German dele- 
gates on the German light cruiser 

KcJnigsberg " would be met by 
Admiral Beatty (at a certain point at 
sea), who would receive the German 



proposals for the carrying out of the 
naval sections of the armistice. 
BEAUCHAMP, Earl, K.G. 

Governor of New South Wales for 
two years. 

Formerly Lord President of the 
Council. 

First Commissioner of Works, 
1910. 

Appointed Lord Lieutenant of 
Gloucestershire in 1912. 

Appointed Lord Warden of the 
Cinque Ports, November, 1913. 

Knight of the Garter, June. 1914. 

Resigned office on the formation 
of the Coalition Ministry. 
BEAUMONT. 

In the Department of Ardennes, 14 
miles S.E. of Sedan. 

The Americans captured it on the 
6th November, 1918. 

See also under '* Aisne." 
BEAVERBROOK, Lord. 

Aged 39. 

Was M.P. for Ashton-under-Lyne 
in the Unionist interest from 1910 to 
1916. 

Author of brilliant records of the 
war as official representative of the 
Dominion Forces in France. 

Was created Knight in 1911, a 
Baronet in June, 1916, and a Peer in 
December, 1916. 
BECHICHTE. 

On the 18th September, 1918, the 
Serbians captured it. 
BECK, Cecil, M.P. 

Aged 45. 

M.P. in Liberal interests for 
Saffron Walden. 

Appointed a Whip, 1915. 

Parliamentary Secretary to Na- 
tional Service since 1917. In the 
Coalition Ministry he was transferred 
to the post of Vice-Chamberlain of 
the Household. 
BEERSHEBA. 

A ruined ancient frontier post in 
the south of Palestine, 26 miles south- 
east of Gaza, and 46 miles south- 
south-west of Jerusalem. It con- 
stantly appears in the Bible as the 
southernmost town of Jewish 
Palestine, and in Genesis is said to 
have been founded by Abraham. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



21 



BEESLEY, Private W. (B203174). 

Rifle BrigadeXNuneaton). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

BEGBIE, Harold. 

Aged 47. 
A journalist. 

Was writer of "By the Way" for 
the " Globe.' 

Has written many war poems. 

*♦ BEGONIA," H.M.S. 

A British gunboat, 
Lieut. -Commander Basil S. Noake, 
R.N. 

On the 16th October, 1917, it was 
reported to be considerably overdue, 
and must be considered as lost with 
all hands. 

On the 2nd NoVember, 1917, a 
correspondent of the " Daily Mail " 
wrote asking to be allowed to pay a 
slight tribute to a score or more of 
' very gallant gentlemen," and stated 
that early in June a large boat, home- 
ward bound, in which he was travel- 
ling, was torpedoed without warning 
about 300 miles from land. Nine 
boats were launched (of which two 
foundered with the loss of 7 lives), 
and he got safely away before the 
vessel went down in a sea which was 
becoming rougher every hour. The 
noble Hun came to the surface to 
gaze upon the sorry plight, but 
rapidly submerged again, doubtless 
having knowledge of the armed help 
which was coming, but of which the 
correspondent and the others did not 
know. 

After four hours of hopeless misery, 
by which time three boats were 
awash to the gunwales, a small boat 
steamed up, and, rather to the surprise 
of the correspondent and others 
(knowing that Fritz was still about), 
stopped and picked them up after 
great difficulty. Within the next 
two hours she stopped six times for 
fifteen minutes at a- time, and took 
aboard the occupants of the boats, 
many of them seemingly past re- 
covery from exposure. 

Seven times she and her noble crew 
-took their chance of going to the 
bottom in order to save the occupants 
of the boats, knowing all the time 



that Fritz was awaiting his oppor- 
tunity. Heroes all, they risked their 
lives and gave of their all, their food, 
their clothes, and their beds. From 
the commander to the cabin-boy, and 
not forgetting the stokers, there was 
nothing in their power left undone. 

During the subsequent twenty-four 
hours' journey to the place of landing 
the correspondent had long talks 
with Lieut. -Commander Basil S. 
Noake — a very gallant gentleman — 
and had an insight into the hardships 
of the life which the men of our Navy 
were living. Even in June the boat 
was half awash. Bitterly cold, wet, 
able to snatch a little food occasion- 
ally, constantly in danger of their 
lives, these men did their duty nobly, 
year in and year out, without com- 
plaint — their only one on this 
occasion was that they had not been 
able to get a shot at the submarine. 

When the" Begonia," after landing 
the occupants of the boats, im- 
mediately steamed back to " her 
ceaseless vigil, it was little thought 
that withm so short a v/hile she would 
go out to return no more. 

BEHNCKE, Admiral von. 

Late Chief of the German Admir- 
alty Staff at Berlin. 

BEINARVILLE. 

On the 30th September, 1918, the 
French troops captured it. 
BELA PALANKA. 

West of Nish, Serbia. 

On the 14th October, 1918, the 
French troops captured it, and the 
Serbs took the important county 
town of Prokonplye. 

BELCHER, Lance- Sergeant D. A. 

London Rifle Brigade. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BELFORT. 

A town in East France, in the ceded 
province of Haut-Rhin, between Jura 
and the Vosges. Strongly fortified. 

Has 9 population of 32,112. 

On the 23rd August, 1914, the 
French were checked in Alsace, and 
fell back upon Nancy and Belfort, 
the Germans entering France and 
occupying Lun^ville. 



22 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



BELGIANS, Albert, King of the. 

Aged 44. 

Son of the late Count of Flanders. 

Succeeded Leopold 1 1., of unhappy 
memory, in 1909. 

Married the Duchess Elizabeth of 
Bavaria in 1900. 

Has two sons and one daughter. 

His manly heroism in the war has 
won Europe's admiration. 

Received the Cross of the Knight 
of St. George from the Czar in 
September, 1914. 

King George conferred the Order 
of the Garter on him during his visit 
to Belgium in December, 1914. 

On the 11th August, 1915, the 
King appointed him Colonel-in- 
Chief of the 5th Dragoon Guards. 

BELGIUM. 

King Albert L, succeeded in 1909. 

Area, 11,373 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 6,700,000. 

Small, but industrially important 
European country, enclosed by 
France, Holland, Germany, and the 
• North Sea. 

Capital, Brussels. 

Chief port, Antwerp. 

Universities at Ghent, Liege, Lou- 
vain, and Antwerp. 

Before the war the man strength 
was 53,000 and 1,000,000 available 
men. 

On the 3rd August, 1914, Germany 
sent an ultimatum to her, and England 
announced, through Sir E. Grey, 
that it would stand by France in 
defending the neutrality of Belgium. 

The seat of Government was re- 
moved from Brussels to Antwerp on 
the 19th August, 1914. 

England and France lent 
£10,000.000 each to Belgium on the 
21st August, 1914. 

On the 6th October, 1914, the 
Belgian Government was transferred 
to Ostend owing to the fierce bom- 
bardment of Antwerp. 

On the 13th October, 1914, the 
Belgian Government left Ostend for 
Havre, and the chief population 
hurried away to France and England. 

On the 16th February, 1916, Great 
Britain, France, and Russia renewed 
to Belgium the covenant not to end 



hostilities until Belgium had been 
restored to political and economic 
independence and liberally indemni- 
fied, Belgium adhering to the Pact of 
London. 

On the 8th November, 1916, it 
was reported that under a decree of 
German Headquarters, dated the 
3rd October, 1916, there was a 
system of slave-raiding in Belgium, 
many Belgians being deported to 
work in Germany. 

On the 22nd November, 1916, 
it protested to the neutral Powers on 
the forced labour and deportation of 
Belgians by the Germans. 

On the 18th September, 1918. it 
was reported that Belgium had 
refused separate peace offer. 

BELGRADE. 

The capital of Serbia. 

The centre of trade between 
Austria-Hungary and the Balkans, 
having a population of 70,097. 

It was bombarded by the Austrians 
on the 30th July, 1914. 

On the 2nd December, 1914, it 
was taken by the Austrians. 

On the 14th December. 1914, 
after a severe contest the Serbians 
recaptured it. 

It was occupied by the Austro- 
German troops on the 9th October, 
1915, after fierce street fighting. 

BELHAVEN, Master of. 

Heir to Lord Belhaven. 
Lost his life in the war. 

BELL, Temporary-Captain E. N. F. 

Late Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

BELL, Captain Gordon. 

Airman. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BELL, Captain J. C. A. 

Only son of Sir J. Bell, Town Clerk 
of the City of London. 
Lost his life in the war. 

BELL, Temporary -Second -Lieut. 
D. S. 

Late Yorkshire Regiment, Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



23 



BELLENGLISE. 

On the 30th September, 1918, 
English troops swam across this 
canal and captured the town. 
BELLOC, Hilaire. 
Aged 49. 
Author. 

Has made a high reputation for a 
series of vigorous war articles. 
BELLUNO. 

A city and province in Venetia, 
North Italy. 

Area of province, 1,293 square 
miles. Population, 192,400. 

Capital city. Has a fine cathedra). 
Population, 18,649. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, it 
was occupied by the Italians. 
BENCKENDORFF, Count. 
Russian Ambassador. 
On the 11th January, 1917, he died. 
"BENEDETTO BRIN." 
An Italian battleship. 
She was accidentally lost by an 
explosion in the harbour of Brindisi 
on the 27th September, 1915. 
BENEY. 

West of Thiacourt. 
The Americans captured it on the 
13th September, 1918. 
*• BEN-MY-CHREE." 
A seaplane carrier. 
On the 7th January, 1917, she was 
sunk on the coast of Asia Minor. 
BENNELLA, General. 

Commanding 12th Italian Corps. 
On the 31st August. 1918, he 
entered Asiago. 
BENNETT, Temporary-Lieutenant 
Eugene Paul. 
Worcester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
BENNETT GOLDNEY, Major F. 
Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war. 
BENT, Second-Lieut. (Temporary- 
Lieut. -Colonel ). 
Late Leicestershire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
BENT, Drummer S. J. 

East Lane* shire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



BENTINCK, Count. 

The ex-Kaiser has been staying 
with him at his castle in Holland. 

BERGHTOLD, Count. 

Was the Austro-Hungarian For- 
eign Minister, 

Resigned on the 13th January, 
1915, being succeeded by Baron 
Burian. 

On the 9th November, 1918, it was 
reported that he had flown to Switzer- 
land from Vienna with Prince von 
Schoenburg, the Ambassador to the 
Holy See. 

BERESTETCHKO. 

South of the Lipa. 
On the 23rd July. 1916. the 
Russians occupied it. 

BERGUES-SUR-SAMBRE. 

In the region north of Guise. 

On the 5th November, 1918, the 
French captured it ; 200 civilians set 
free. 

BERLANCOURT. 

On the 6th September, 1918, it 
was taken by the French. 

BERLIN. 

The capital of Prussia and of the 
German Empire, on the River Spree. 

It is the third city on the Continent 
of Europe for population, which, 
with suburbs, is over 2j millions. 

When the diplomatic relations 
between the United States and 
Germany were broken off on the 3rd 
February, 1917, Count Bernstorff 
was given his passport, and Mr. 
Gerard was recalled from Berlin. 

On the 17th October, 1918, a 
Berlin message, via Amsterdam, 
stated that the German armies had 
had orders to cease all devastation 
in places being evacuated. 

On the 6th November, 1918, 
Berlin delegates left Berlin for the 
Western Front to conclude armistice 
and take up peace negotiations. 

On the 8th November, 1918, 
Berlin was cut off from communica- 
tions with German naval bases for 
the Baltic and the North Sea. The 
Navy was practically in the hands of 
the rebels. 

On the 9th November, 1918, 



24 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Berlin was affected by the insurrec- 
tion. Banks stopped payment. 

On the 11th November, 1918, 
Berlin was completely in the hands 
of the Socialists. 

On the 12th November, 1918. 
there was fightine in the streets here. 

On the 15th November, 1918, it 
was reported that the German 
Government were taking severe 
measures to prevent soldiers from 
adopting Bolshevistpractice of whole- 
sale plundering. A number of 
deserters formed a " flying divi- 
sion," and plundered several towns 
and railway stations. Thirty-six 
of this division were caught in 
Berlin, and three of them shot. A 
score of others were condemned to 
death by court-martial. On the 
afternoon of the 14th November, 
1918, some 50 soldiers and civilians 
entered the castle at Berlin, and, after 
removing the guard, began plunder- 
ing and destroying. They took away 
many valuable objects of art, in- 
cluding Daintings, and also much 
food. 
BERNHARD, George. 

Aged 43. 

A Jew. Political editor of the 

Berlin Vossische Zeitung," a very 
old German Liberal paper, once 
known as " The Times of the Father- 
land." 

BERNHARDI, General Friedrich 
von. 

Aged 67. 

A German cavalry officer and mili- 
tary writer. He published "Germany 
and the Next War." 

BERNSTEIN, Dr. Edward. 

Aged 58. 

A Jew. Son of an engine-driver. 
A German Social Democrat. 

BERNSTORFF, Count Johann von. 

Aged 57. 

German Ambassador to the United 
States. 

One of the most cunning diplomats 
' in the Hohenzollern service. 

Was given a passport on the 3rd 
February, 1917, when diplomatic 
relations between the U.S A. and 
Gcrmanv were broken off. 



BERNY. 

A town in the Eure Department 
of France, near Rouen 

Important horse fair. 

Has a population of 8,150. 

On the 16th September, 1916, 
French captured this, Vermandrolles, 
and Deniecourt, taking over 1,600 
prisoners. 
BERRY-AU-BAG. 

An old province of France. 

On the 29th October, 1914. the 
French destroyed several German 
batteries by their artillery fire be- 
tween this and Soissons. 

BERTHANCOURT. 

On the 21st September, 1918, our 
troops captured it. 

BERTINGOURT. 

In the Department of Pas-de- 
Calais. 

On the 3rd September, 1918, it 
was entered by British troops. 

BESELER, General Hans von. 

Aged 68. 

The commander described as the 
" Victor of Antwerp." 

His brother was Prussian Minister 
of Justice, 

He was in the Franco-Prussian 
War as a Lieutenant in the Guards, 
and was in retirement with the 
rank of General of Infantry at the 
outbreak of the present war. 

BESNARK, M. Rene. 

Was appointed Minister for the 
Colonies in the new French Ministry 
formed in 1917. 
BEST-DUNKLEY, Captain (Tem- 
porary-Lieut. -Colonel). 
Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

"BETHANIA." 

A German armed vessel. 

She was captured on the 15th 
September, 1914. 
BETHMANN-HOLLWEG, Theo- 
bald von. 

Aged 63. 

Former German Imperial Chan- 
cellor, appointed in succession to 
Prince von Biilow. holding the 
position from July, 1909, until the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



25 



14th July, 1917, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Dr. Michaelis. 

Was a close friend of the Kaiser. 

In 1907 he was created Imperial 
Minister for the Interior. 

Conducted negotiations with 
France re Morocco in 1911. 

Amongst his famous statements 
during the war are the following : 

In the Reichstag on the 4th 
August, 1914 : "Necessity knows 
no law." 

To the British Ambassador in 
Berlin on the 4th August, 1914 : 

Our troops have occupied Luxem- 
burg, and perhaps have already 
entered Belgian territory. That is 
a breach of international law. The 
wrong — I speak openly — the wrong 
we hereby commit we will try to 
make good as soon as our military 
aims have been obtained. . . . 

"Just for a word, 'neutrality' — 
a word which in war-time has so often 
been disregarded — just for a scrap of 
paper, Great Britain was going to 
make war on a kindred nation." 
BEVERIDGE, William Henry, C.B. 

Aged 40. 

Director of Employment Ex- 
changes under the Labour Exchange 
Act, 1909. 

Performed much useful service in 
the war, joining the Ministry of 
Munitions Staff. 
BEYERS, General. 

On the 26th October, 1914, he and 
General de Wet joined the South 
African rebels, and Helbron was 
seized. 

On the 27th October, 1914. 
General Botha drove Beyers' men 
headlong, capturing 80. 

On the 29th October, 1914, 
Beyers' commandoes were scattered 
by the Union Force, Beyers himself 
escaping. 

On the 7th December, 1914, he 
was shot while attempting to cross 
the Vaal river. 
BEYROUT, or BAIRUT. 

A seaport on the Syrian coast, 57 
miles west-north-west of Damascus. 
An ancient and historical t Dwn ; now 
a busy shipping and mercantile 
centre. 



Population, 140,800. 

On the 1st October, 1918, it was 
reported that the French cavalry 
were advancing on here. 

On the 6th October, 1918, French 
and British warships entered the port 
here, finding the town evacuated by 
the enemy. 

On the 12th October, 1918, it was 
occupied by Allied troops. 

BEZOUVAUX. 

On the 16th December,* 1916, it 
was captured, and progress was 
made by the French in the Bois-des- 
Caurieres. 

On the 17th December, 1916, the 
French gains increased to 11,387 
prisoners, including 284 officers, 115 
guns, and 107 machine-guns. 

BIGSWORTH, Squadron - Com. 
Arthur W., R.N. 

On the 26th August, 1915, single- 
handed, he dropped bombs on a 
German submarine off Ostend and 
sank it. 
BINGHAM, Com. Hon. E. S. B. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

BIRDWOOD, Major - General 
Sir William R., K.C.S.I., 
G.C.M.G., K.C.B. 

Aged 54. 

Commander-in-Chief of the Aus- 
tralian Forces. 

Mediterranean Expeditionary 
Force. 

He had a wide experience in South 
Africa and India, and was Military 
Secretary to Lord Kitchener in both 
countries. 

He went to the Dardanelles opera- 
tions in the war, and did good service. 

Was appointed G.C.M.G. in June, 
1915, and K.C.B. in June, 1917. 

BIRKENHEAD, Lord. 

See under "Smith, F. E." 

BIRKS, Second-Lieut. Frederick. 

Late Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the wax. 
Lost his life in the war. 

'♦BIRMINGHAM," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in 1913» 
having a displacement of 5,440 tons 
and a speed of 30 knots. 



26 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



She sank a German submarine, 
U 15, on the 9th August, 1914. 

She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 

BIRRELL, Rt. Hon. Augustine, 
K.C., M.P. 

Aged 70. 

A Chancery barrister by profession. 

Entered Parliament in 1889. 

Was President of the Board of 
Education in Sir Henry Campbell- 
Bannerman's Goverment in 1905. 

Irish Secretary in 1907. 

Retained Chief Secreta'^yship for 
Ireland in the Coalition Ministry, 
but resigned in May, 1916, after the 
Dublin rebellion. 
BIRWAR. 

On the 14th March, 1916, ar- 
moured cars, commanded by the 
Duke of Westminster, captured the 
Senussi Arabs' camp here, releasing 
91 prisoners of war from the Tara. 

BISHOP, Captain William Avery, 
D.S.O., M.C. 

Canadian Cavalry and R.F.C. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BISSETT, Lieut. W. D. 

1 /6th Battalion, Argyll and Suther- 
land Highlanders (T.F.). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

BISSING, General Baron von. 

Aged 73. 

Governor-General of Belgium. 

He left the Army in 1907 under 
circumstances which seemed to seal 
his military career, having been 
relieved from the command of the 
Eleventh Corps for conspicuous 
failures in manoeuvres. Another 
reason assigned for his dismissal was 
his predilection to quarrel with the 
Kaiser. 

In an interview shortly after his 
arrival in Belgium he stated : " My 
task is to see that German character, 
German force, and German work 
are respected. I hope to bring back 
order and calmness to Belgium." 

He died on the 19th April, 1917. 

BIVAIL. 

On the 19th June, 1915, the French 
carried the Bivail Bottom, which had 



been in the possession of the Germans 
since the 9th May, 1915. 
BLACKBURN, Second-Lieut. A. S. 

Australian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
"BLACK PRINCE," H.M.S. 

A British armoured cruiser, com- 
pleted in the year 1906, having a dis- 
placement of 13,550 tons and a speed 
of 222 knots. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
31st May, 1916— see under "H.M.S. 
' Queen Mary.' " 

BLAIKIE, Captain. 

Captain of the steamer *' Cale- 
donia." 

He was taken prisoner by the 
Germans on the 4th December, 1916, 
and it was announced in the German 
Press that he would be treated as 
Captain Fryatt had been, and would 
be mercilessly shot. The firm atti- 
tude of the British public, however, 
prevented this atrocity, as it was 
clearly intimated that if he were 
killed a German prisoner of equal or 
superior rank in this country would 
be shot in reprisal. Thus his life 
was saved. 
BLANKENBERGHE. 

A Belgian watering-place, three 
miles from Zeebrugge and ten miles 
beyond Ostend. 

Population, 5,500. 

On the 18th October, 1918. it was 
reoccupied by British troops. 
BLANKENSTEIN. 

In Germany. 

On the 8th November, 1918, the 
3rd Infantry Regiment here joined 
the revolution. The aerodrome here 
and in Westphalia also went over to 
the new movement. 

BLATCHFORD, Robert. 

Aged 67. 

Founder and editor of the 

Clarion," the first successful 
Socialist paper in England. 

His war articles attracted much 
attention in 1915. 
BLEHARIES. 

On the 23rd October, J918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported : " We have 



A.B.C. OF, THE GREAT WAR 



27 



reached the Scheldt's banks at 
Bleharies " (five miles north-east of 
St. Armand). 

BLOCKADE, Ministry of. 

Foreign Office, S.W. 1. 

BLOCKADE. 

On the 4th February, 1915, the 
German Government announced a 
" blockade " of England, to come 
into operation on the 18th February, 
Merchant vessels belonging to the 
Allies were liable to be destroyed by 
German vessels and submarines. 
Similar risks would be incurred by 
neutral ships " owing to the use of 
neutral flags by British merchant- 
men." 

On the 5th January, 1915, there 
was a strong protest by the neutral 
countries against the German 
" blockade." 

On the 18th February, 1915, the 
threatened ** blockade " of Great 
Britain by Germany began . 

BLOOMFIELD, Captain William 
Anderson. 

Scouts Corps, South African Bor- 
derers. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

*'BLUCHER," The. 

An armoured German cruiser. 

Together with the " Derfflinger," 

Seydlitz," and " Moltke," she was 
engagedin a running fight with H.M. 
Ships " Lion," " Tiger," " Princess 
Royal," " New Zealand," and " In- 
domitable," on the 24th January, 
1915. 

The '* Lion " was flying the flag 
of Vice-Admirai Sir David Beatty. 

The" Bliicher " capsized and sank. 

The British casualties were 14 
killed and 29 wounded. 

Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, 
"125 were saved. 

BOARD OF TRADE. 

Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. 
BOELCKE, Captain. 

Famous German airman, who had 
shot down his fortieth aeroplane. 

On the 29th October. 1916. he was 
killed in an aerial duel. 



BOIS SAILLY. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
Americans reported a big capture of 
guns and ammunition here. 
BOIS DE BELVAL. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
American official report was pub- 
lished that their troops had passed 
through the Bois de Belval and Bois 
du Port Gerache, and were on the 
heights south of Beaumont, and that 
further to the west they were ap- 
proaching Verrieres. 
BOIS DE PARGUY. 

Between the Peren and the Serre. 

On the 5th November, 1918, it was 
captured by the French. 
BOLIVIA. 

President Ismael Montes, suc- 
ceeded in 1913. 

Inland Republic of South America, 
bounded by Brazil, Paraguay, the 
Argentine, Chili, and Peru. 

Area, 734,340 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,500,000. 

Capital, Oruro. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many on the 14th April, 1917. 

On the 13th April, 1917, the 
German Minister was handed his 
passports. 
BOLO PASHA. 

On the 4th February, 1918, his 
trial for treason began in France, and 
on the 14th February he was con- 
demned to death in Paris. 
BOLSHEVIKS. 

On the 3rd March, 1918, they 
concluded peace with Germany, but 
some part of the Russian population 
refused to accept these terms. 

After the signing of the treaty 
German troops continued to en- 
croach upon Russian territory. Ger- 
man forces occupied many towns in 
Western and Southern Russia, and 
wherever they went treated the 
population with ferocious cruelty. 

On the 25th June, 1918, Herr 
Haase in the Reichstag said : " His 
countrymen had treacherously vio- 
lated the treaty." 
BON, Admiral. 

Chief of French Navy General 
Staff. 



28 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



BONA. 

A seaport in Algeria, in the Medi- 
terranean. Occupied by France in 
1832. It is seated in a fertile plain. 
Has a population of 33,000, of which 
12,000 are French. It was bom- 
barded by the Germans on the 4th 
August, 1914. 
BONGAINVILLE. 

The largest of the Solomon 
Islands. 

On the 31st December, 1914, 
it was taken by the Australian forces. 
BONN. 

A town in Rhenish Prussia, on the 
Rhine, 21 miles from Cologne. 
It has a university. 
Population, 87,967. 
It was the birthplace of Beethoven. 
The British airmen bombed the 
railways here. 
BONNER, Lieut. Charles, R.N.R. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BONNET ROUGE. 

On the 15th May, 1918, the trial 
in France was concluded, and Duval 
was sentenced to death. 
BOOTH, Sergeant Frederick 
Charles (1630). 
South African Forces (attached 
to the Rhodesia Native Regiment). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BORDEN, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert L., 
G.G.M.G., K.C., M.P. 
Aged 65. 

Premier of Canada since 1911. 
Has led the Conservative Party 
since Sir Charles Tupper resigned 
in 1901. 

Accompanied by some of his 
Ministers, he visited England in 1912 
to consult as to defence and other 
questions. 

Was created G.C.M.G. in June, 
1914. 

Was again in England in 1915 and 
1917, and was present at Cabinet 
Meetings. 

On the 31st July, 1915, the Cross 
of the Legion of Honour was con- 
ferred on him by President Poincaire. 
Was present at the Imperial Con- 
ference in April, 1917. 

He arrived in England again on the 
17th November. 1918. 



BORDEAUX. 

The great wine port of France, 60 
miles from the mouth of the River 
Garonne. 

It has a population of 262,000. 
The French Government left 
Paris for here on the 3rd September, 
1914. 
BORELLA, Lieut. Albert, M.M. 
Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BORIS, King. 

Czar of Bulgaria. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, it 
was reported that he had abdicated 
after a reign of 29 days, that Bulgaria 
was in a state of revolution, and that 
a peasant Republic was being formed 
under Stambulinsky. 
BORKOVITZ. 

The Germans captured it on the 
18th October, 1915. 
BORTON, Lieut. -Colonel Arthur 
Drummond, D.S.O. 
London Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
BOSCHEWEGE. 

On the 16th October, 1918, the 
capture of it and Edenwalle by the 
Allies was confirmed. 
BOSELLI, Signor. 
Aged 80. 

Prime Minister of Italy in 1916; 
accepted Premiership in succession 
to Signor Salandra. 

Occupied minor Government posts 
under Crispi and Sonniho. 

On the 25th October, 1917, he 
and the Italian Cabinet resigned. 
BOSPHORUS. 

Between the Black Sea and the Sea 
of Marmora, separating Europe from 
Asia Minor. 

On the 15th January, 1917, two 
enemy ships were sunk by Russian 
submarines near here. 
BOTHA, General, The Rt. Hon. 
Louis. 
Aged 56. 

Premier of the Transvaal, and 
First Premier of United South Africa. 
Succeeded General Joubert in 
command of the Boer War. 

After the outbreak of the war took 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



29 



the field at t'.e head of a Union force, 
and, in addition to putting down a 
rebel movement, engineered by 
Germany, conquered a large portion 
of German African territory. 

He dispatched forces against 
Germain South Africa on the 10th 
September, 1914. 

On the 14th December, 1914, he 
announced the end of the rebellion, 
and declared : " Our next dutyis now 
to make it impossible for South- West 
Africa to be again used as a base from 
which to threaten the. peace and 
liberty of the Union." 

The conquest of German South 
Africa was completed by the surren- 
der of German forces to him on the 
9th July, 1915. 

On the 22nd July, 1915, he re- 
ceived an enthusiastic greeting on his 
arrival at Cape Town. 
BOTHA." 

A British destroyer. 
On the 21st March, 1918, she and 
the " Morris," another British de- 
stroyer, with three French destroyers, 
engaged the German flotilla off 
Dunkirk. Two enemy destroyers 
were sunk ; others damaged. 
BOTTOMLEY, Horatio. 
Editor of " John Bull." 
Has done yeoman service in the 
war in recruiting and otherwise. 
Has visited the front a number of 
times. 

The sailor's and soldier's friend. 
Returned with a huge majority as 
Independent M.P. in the Victory 
Election. 
BOUGHEY, Second-Lieut. S. H. T. 
Late Royal Scots Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BOUILLON, M. Franklin. 

President of the French delegate 
section of the Inter-Allied Parlia- 
mentary Conference. 

Was appointed Minister for 
Foreign Missions in new French 
Ministry formed in 1917. 
BOULAY. 

A town in Lorraine, near Metz. 

Population, 2,740. 

The aerodromes here were bombed 



on numerous occasions by British 
airmen. 
BOULOGNE (sur-Mer). 

Watering-place and seaport on the 
north coast of France, 25 miles from 
Calais, the Roman Bononia Gesori- 
acum. 

Population, 50,000. 

On the 20th October, 1916, a 
Franco-British Conference took place 
here, Mr. Asquith and Viscount Grey 
attending. 

On the 1st March, 1917, there was 
a Zeppelin raid here. 

BOULT-AUX-BOIS. 

On the 3rd November, 1918, the 
First American Army continued 
successful attacks, capturing in its 
advance the following villages : 
Boult-aux-Bois, Autruche, Belleville- 
sur - Bar, Harricourt, Germont, 
Baronthe, Fosse, Sourmanthe, Bel- 
val, Monart, St. Pierremont, Barri- 
court, Tailly, Halles, Montigny, 
Sassey, Chatillon-sur-Bar, and Bru- 
elles - sur - Bar. Several complete 
batteries and whole battalions were 
captured. 
BOULTER, Sergeant William 
Ewart (14603). 
Northampton Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

BOURGEOIS, M. Leon. 

Was appointed a Secretary of 
State and a member of the War 
Committee for France in the new 
Ministry formed in 1917. 
BOURKE, Lieut. Roland, D.S.O. 

R.N.V.R. Gainedthe V.C. inthe 
war. 
BOURLON WOOD. 

It overlooks Cambrai. 

On the 5th December, 1917, it was 
evacuated by the British. 

On the 28th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Canadians. 
BOUVET." 

A French battleship of 11,843 
tons, completed in 1896. 

On the 18th March, 1915, an 
action was fought between the com- 
bined British and French squadrons 
and the great fortresses of the 
Narrows in the Dardanelles. Four 



30 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



of the forts were silenced, but three 
vessels of the Allied Fleets, the 
" Irresistible " and the " Ocean," of 
the British Fleet, and this vessel, 
were sunk by mines. 
BOVENT. 

On the 9th October, 1916, the 
French made a successful attack, 
capturing the hamlet of Bovent and 
most of the woods of Chaulnes, and 
took over 1,230 prisoners. 

BOVILL, Lieut. C. H. 

Revue writer. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BOYCOTT, Lieut. H. G. 

Captain of English hockev team in 
1904. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BOY-ED, Captain KarL 

Aged 46. 

Late German naval attache at 
Washington, and sub-chieftain of 
the German conspiracy service in 
the United States. 

He is a very able seaman. 
BOY SCOUTS— The Boy Scouts' 
Association. 

Has done invaluable work in the 
war, both overseas and at home. 

President of the Council, H.R.H. 
the Duke of Connaught. Chairman 
of Council and Chief Scout, Lieut. - 
General Sir Robert Baden Powell, 
K.C.B. Headquarters, 116 Victoria 
Street, S.W. Organs, " Head- 
quarters Gazette" (2d)., monthly, 

The Scout" (Id.), weekly. 
BOYLE, Lieut.-Gom. E. G. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
BOYS' BRIGADE, The. 

Has done splendid worl: in the 
war. It is worked on similar lines 
to those of the Boy Scouts. 

President, Lord Guthrie. Head- 
quarters, 30 George Street, Glasgow. 
London Headquarters, 24 Pater- 
noster Row, E.G. 
BRACE, Rt. Hon. W., M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Under Secretary to the Home 
Office since May, 1915, in the 
Coalition Ministry. 



Began as a pit worker in Wales. 

M.P. for S. Glamorgan since 1906. 

Was President of South Wales 
Miners' Federation. 

A former Vice-Chairman of the 
Labour Party. 

Made a Privy Councillor in 
December, 1916. 
BRADBURY, Captain E. K. 

R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
BRADFORD, Lieut.-Gom. G. N. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BRADFORD, Lieut (Temporary- 
Lieut. -Colonel) Roland Boys, 
M.G. 

Durham Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
'*BRAEMAR CASTLE." 

A British hospital ship. 

On the 24th November, 1916, she 
was sunk by the enemy in the Medi- 
terranean, with loss of life. 

BRAGA, Senor Theophilo. 

Aged 76. 

Ex-President of the Republic of 
Portugal. 

Was head of the Provisional 

Government established in 1910 

when a revolution proclaimed the 

Republic- 

BRAILA-IBRAIL, or BRAHILOR. 

A town on the Danube, near 
Galatz, Roumania. 

A great grain centre. 

Has a population of 60,000, one- 
tenth of whom are Jews. 

On the 18th December, 1916, the 
German advance on Braila was 
checked by the Russians at Botagne. 

On the 5th January, 1917, the 
Germans captured it, and also took 
Gurgueti and Romanul. 

BRANGOURT. 

On the 16th September, 1918, the 
French captured it. 
"BRANLEBAS." 

A French torpedo-destroyer. 

She was mined in November, 1915. 
BRASSEY, Earl, G.G.B. 

Aged 82. 

Son of Thomas Brassey. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



31 



Has been Civil Lord of, and 
Secretary to, the Admiralty. 

Has been Governor of Victoria. 

Was Lord Warden of the Cinque 
Ports from 1908 until 1913. 

Created an Earl in 1911. 

Handed over his famous yacht 

Sunbeam " for vv^ar use in 1916. 
BRAY. 

A village in France, in the old 
Province of Normandy. Has a zinc 
foundry. 

On the 23rd August, 1918, the 
British advance on a 30-miles front 
was pressed, and Bray captured, with 
thousands of prisoners. 

On the 25th August, 1918, British 
successes continued; 17,000 pri- 
soners were taken in the advance. 
BRAZIL. 

President de Wencesloa Braz, 
succeeded in 1913. 

The largest State in South America. 
It contains 3,218,600 square miles, 
and has a population of 21,500,000. 

It has vast forests and productive 
plains. 

Capital of the Republic, Rio'de 
Janeiro. 

It broke off relations with Germany 
on the 10th April, 1917, and entered 
the war on the 26th May, 1917. 

It revoked its neutrality decree on 
the 2nd June, 1917, and took over 
German interned ships. 
BREBIERES. 

On the 13th October, 1918, 
British troops held it. 

BREMEN. 

A Free State of the German 
Empire. 

Area, 99 square miles. Popula- 
tion, 225,000. 

Capital city, Bremen, on the River 
Weser, one of the Hanse towns. 
A busy commercial and maritime 
centre. Population, 164,000. 

On the 8th November, 1918, there 
was a revolutionary outbreak here. 

'♦BREMEN." 

A German light cruiser. 

She was torpedoed in the Baltic 
by a British submarine on the 17th 
December, 1915. * 



BREMERHAVEN. 

An outpost of Bremen, the chief 
emigration port of Germany. 

Population, 20,000. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
seized by German revolutionaries. 
"BRESLAU." 

A German ship. 

She was chased to Messina on the 
5th August, 1914, in company with 
the " Goeben," another German 
ship, and slipped from Messina on 
the 6th August, 1914, and escaped 
to the Dardanelles, when she and 
the " Goeben " were sold to Turkey 
on the 12th August, 1914. 
BREST LITOVSK. 

A manufacturing town in Govern- 
ment Grodno, Russian Poland. 

On the 25th August, 1915, its fall 
was announced. 
BRIAND, Aristide. 

Aged 57. 

Prime Minister of France from 
1909 until 1911, and again until 
March, 1913. 

On the 28th October, 1915. the 
French Ministry resigned, and M. 
Briand became Premier and Foreign 
Minister. 

On the 10th February, 1916, he 
arrived at Rome on a special mission 
for closer co-operation with Italy. 

On the 17th March, 1917, the 
Briand Cabinet resigned. 
BRIDGEMAN, W. C., M.P. 

Aged 55. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Ministry of Labour, joining the new 
Ministry in December, 1916. 

Was Assistant Private Secretary 
to Lord Knutsford at the Colonial 
Office, and then to Sir M. Hicks- 
Beach at the Treasury. 

Lost a son in the war. 
BRIE. 

On the 6th September, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
BRIERES. 

On the 10th October, 1918, the 
French took it. 
BRIEY. 

A town in France, in the Depart- 
ment of Meurthe-et- Moselle. 



32 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 24th September, 1918, the 
Kaiserin visited here, and distributed 
400 Iron Crosses of the First Class. 
BRIGHT, Albert. 

An iron merchant of Sheffield. 
On the 5th May, 1916, he was 
sentenced at the Leeds Assizes to 
penal servitude for life for collecting 
and attempting to elicit information 
regarding war materials from the 
workmen of Messrs. Vickers. 
♦• BRISBANE," H.M.A.S. 

On the 30th September, 1915, she 
was launched at Sydney. She was 
the first cruiser built in the overseas 
dominions. 
BRISLEY, Major. 
R.A.F. 

Cambridge Association footballer. 
Lost his life in the war. 
♦♦BRISTOL," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in 1910, 
having a displacement of 4,800 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

On the 23rd August, 1914, she 
engaged the German cruiser " Karls- 
ruhe " south of Bermuda, but the 
latter escaped owing to superior 
speed. 
♦♦BRITANNIC." 

A British hospital ship. 
On the 21st November, 1916, she 
was sunk by the enemy In the Aegean 
Sea ; 50 lives were lost. 
BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY 
FORCE. 
Information was published on the 
16th August, 1914, that the B.E.F. 
had been safely landed in France. 
BRITISH FLEET. 

Was mobilised on the 3rd August, 
1914.. 
BRITISH PRISONERS. 

Onthe13thJuly, 1916, the German 
Government repudiated the charge 
that British prisoners were in- 
sufficiently fed, and threatened to 
prohibit the reception of parcels at 
Ruhleben if the rations of German 
prisoners in England were reduced. 
♦♦BRITISH QUEEN." 

A British Channel steamer which, 
by its fortunate presence on the 20th 



October, 1914, at a spot near Calais, 
when the French steamer " Admiral 
Gauteaume," having on board be- 
tween 2,500 and 2,600 Belgian and 
French refugees, was torpedoed and 
blown up, enabled all but from 20 
to 40 passengers to be saved. 
BROADSTAIRS. 

A seaside resort of Kent, England. 

It and Margate were bombarded 
by German long-fire range on the 
25th February, 1917. There were 
2 deaths, but no material damage. 

On the 1st March, 1917, a German 
naval ceaplane bombed Broadstalrs. 
BROCK, Wing -Commander (Lieut. - 
Colonel). 

Lost his life in the war. 

BRODIE, Lieut. W. L. 

Highland Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BRODIE, Lieut. -Colonel, V.C. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BRODY. 

An important commercial centre 
in Gallcla, Austria, near the Russian 
frontier. 

The population of the town Is 
17,000. and of the district 133.000. 

On the 22nd July, 1916, General 
Sakharofl's troops inflicted a severe 
defeat on the Austrians here and 
near Vladimir Volhynch, and took 
over 14,000 prisoners. 

After three days' fighting it was 
captured on the 30th July, 1916, by 
the Russians, with over 20,000 
prisoners. 
♦♦BROKE," H.M.S. 

Of the Dover Patrol. 

Commander E. R. G. R. Evans. 

On the 20th April, 1917, six 
German destroyers attempted a raid 
on Dover, and two of them were 
sunk by the "Broke" and H.M.S 
" Swift." 

The two ships were engaged 
against the six German destroyers. 

The "Swift" tried to ram th< 
leading German boat, but misses 
her, and, after torpedoing one of the 
German boats astern, then gave 
chase to the German leading boat. 

The " Broke " torpedoed the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



33 



second German destroyer and 
rammed the third destroyer. She 
fell alongside the enemy and engaged 
her at thq closest quarters. The 
Germans boarded the " Broke," but 
were promptly killed or taken 
prisoners, and the British vessel 
wung clear. 
Continuing the attack, she hit 
another German destroyer on the bow 
with a torpedo, but did not sink her, 
and was herself struck in the engine- 
room by a shell. She drifted, dis- 
abled, towards the destroyer which 
she had previously rammed. The 
Germans, after shouting for mercy, 
treacherously opened fire, to which 
the " Broke " replied with a torpedo 
which finished her enemy off. A 
second German destroyer sank a few 
minutes later. This historic engage- 
ment only lasted five minutes. The 
German destroyers sunk in it, G 85 
and G 42, were both large and power- 
ful vessels. The British Destroyer 
Commanders were promoted to 
Captains, and received the D.S.O. 
for their fine work. 
BROMLEY, Captain (Temporary- 
Major) Guthbert. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BROOKE, Lieut. J. A. O. 

Gordon Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
BROOKS, Lance- Sergeant Oliver. 
3rd Battalion Coldstreams. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BROOKS, Co.-Sergeant-Major Ed- 
ward (201154). 
Oxford and Bucks Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BROOME, Lieut. Frank Crossley. 
On the 8th November, 1918, he 
was awarded the Distinguished 
Flying Cross. 

He brought down a giant Gotha 
bombing machine in France in the 
middle of September, when, of the 
nine occupants, seven were burnt to 
death. 
BROWN, Sergeant Donal Forrester 
(83504). 
Late Infantry Battalion, New Zea- 
land Forces. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 



BROWN, Lieut. Gerald B., M.C. 

Former Captain of Oxford Uni- 
versity hockey team. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BROWN, Private Harry (226353). 
Late Canadian Infantry Battalion. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BROWN, Corporal Walter Ernest 
(1689a), D.C.M. 
Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the v/ar. 
BROWNE, Lieut.- Colonel Lord 
Alfred. 
R.F.A. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BRUAY. 

A town in France, Department 
Nord, on the Scheldt, near Valenci- 
ennes. 

Population, 4,867 

On the 23rd October, J918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported : " We have 
reached Bruay." 

BRUGES. 

The capital ol East Flanders, 
Belgium. 

Fourteen miles east of Ostend. 

Has lace factories and many fine 
old buildings. 

Population, 57,000. 

It was entered by the Germans on 
the 14th October, 1914. 

British warships bombarded the 
entrance to the Zeebrugge Canal to 
Bruges, and destroyed the Colnay 
Factory on the 18th November, 1914. 

On the 1st June, 1917, British 
aeroplanes bombed German bases 
at Zeebrugge, Ostend, and here. 

On the 14th December, 1917, a 
bombing raid was made by naval 
aircraft. One of our machines was 
missing. Usual fighter patrols were 
carried out. One enemy aircraft 
was driven down out of control. 

On the 4th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Germans were 
removing U boats from here in pieces 
by rail. 

On the 8th October, 1918, the 
docks here were set on fire by the 
Germans. 

On the 17th October, 1918, it was 
occupied by the Belgian infantry. 

On the 21st October, 1918, it was 
C 



34 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



reported that a good deal of indis- 
criminate destruction was indulged 
in by the Germans before their 
departure, valuable pictures and 
antiques being destroyed. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, it was 
statedthatthe Germanssankthe float- 
ing docks, two large destroyers, and 
three large submarines, and blew up 
with dynamite the gigantic locks. 

On the 24th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Belgian Govern- 
ment were preparing to make this 
the temporary capital of Western 
Flanders. 

BRUNSWICK, Duke of. 

Son of the Duke of Cumberland. 

Married Victoria Louise, the 
Kaiser's only daughter, in May, 1913. 

On the 9th November, 1918, it 
was reported that he had abdicated ; 
also his successor. 

BRUSILOFF, General. 

On the 4th June, 1917, he suc- 
ceeded General Alexieff as Com- 
mander-in-Chief for Russia. 

On the 1st July, 1917, he attacked 
on a 20-miles front on either side of 
the Brzezany, and captured 10,000 
prisoners ; and on the 2nd July he 
took 6,300 more prisoners. 

On the 1st August, 1917, he re- 
signed, and was replaced by General 
Korniloff. 

In September, 1918, it was re- 
ported that he had been arrested 
and incarcerated in the Kremlin, 
accused of revolutionary intrigue. 

On the. 13th September, 1918, it 
was reported that he had been killed 
a few days prior in Moscow. 

BRUSSELS. 

The capital of Belgium, on the 
River Senne. 

It contains many imposing build- 
ings, and is of much industrial im- 
portance, its carpet, lace, and other 
textile products being world-famous. 

It has a population of nearly 
700,000. 

On the 21st August, 1914, the 
Germans arrived here, the Belgian 
retirement being dictated by the 
strategical situation. 

The Germans entered here on the 



21st August, 1914, and imposed a 
fine of £8.000,000 as a war contribu- 
tion. 

On the 19th December. 1914, 
Allied airmen dropped bombs on 
Zeppelin sheds here. 

On the 24th December, 1914, 
Squadron-Com. R. R. Davies. R.N., 
dropped bombs on Zeppelin sheds 
here. 

On the 14th October, 1918, the 
roads between Brussels and Antwerp 
were blocked by tens of thousands 
of refugees from Northern France, 
whom the Germans were driving 
before them. The distress at Ant- 
werp and Brussels was frightful. 
The Germans were very depressed. 
Prince Rupprecht's headquarters 
were moved from Brussels. 

On the 15th November, 1918, it 
was reported that extraordinary 
scenes occurred here. German 
snipers and machine-gunners were 
ambushing their own officers from 
innumerable windows, making the 
streets rather unsafe for the populace. 

On the 18th November, 1918, 
Brussels was cleared of the Germans, 
and King Albert returned back to 
his capital at the end of the week. 
♦♦BRUSSELS." 

A Great Eastern steamer. 

On the 28th July, 1916, Captain 
Fryatt, in command of this steamer, 
was captured in the North Sea. 
Court-martialled and shot by the 
Germans at Zeebrugge. 
BRUSSILOFF, General Alexei. 

One of the most famous of Russian 
fighting leaders. 
BRYAN, William Jennings. 

Aged 58. 

Was first elected to Congress at 
30 years of age. 

Was Democratic Candidate for 
the American Presidency in 1900, 
and again in 1906, but was defeated 
both times by Mr. McKinley. 

In 1907 he was again unsuccessful. 

In 1913 he received the appoint- 
ment of Secretary of State, but 
resigned on the 8th June, 1915, 
because of a disagreement with 
President Wilson as to his Note re 
the torpedoing of the " Lusitania." 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



35 



Mr. Robert Lansing was appointed 
Acting Secretary of State. 

He now agrees with President 
Wilson's war aims. 

BRYCE, Lord. 

A member of the Inter-AIIied 
Parliamentary Conference and a late 
Ambassador to the U.S. 

BRZEZANY. 

A woollen manufacturing town of 
Poland, 63 miles south-west of 
Warsaw. 

Has a population of 6,500. 

On the 1st July, 1917, Brusiloff 
attacked on a 20-miles front on either 
side of here, and captured 10,000 
prisoners. On the 2nd July, 1917, 
he took another 6,300 prisoners, and 
on the 6th July, 1,000 more. 

BUCHAN, Second-Lieut. J. C. 

Argyll and Sutherland Highlan- 
ders. Gained the V.C= in the war. 

BUCHANAN, Rt. Hon. Sir George, 
G.C.M.G., G.G.B., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 65. 

British Ambassador to the late 
Russian Court since 1910. 

His previous diplomatic experience 
was in Japan, Austria, Italy, Ger- 
many, the Hague, etc. 

Received G.C.B. on the King's 
birthday on the 3rd June, 1915, in 
recognition of his services during 
the war. 

BUCHANAN, Lieut. (Temporary- 
Captain) A. S. 

South Wales Borderers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

BUCHAREST, or BUKAREST. 

The capital of Roumania, on the 
River Demboritza. 

Great commercial and railway 
centre. 

One of the strongest fortresses in 
Europe. 

Population. 282,000 

On the 6th December, 1916, it fell 
to the Germans. 

BUCKINGHAM, Private W. 

Leicester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



BUCKLEY, Private (Temporary- 
Corporal) A. H. (1876). 
Late 54th Battalion, Australian 
Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

BUCKMASTER, Lord, P.C. K.C. 

Aged 58. 

M.P. for the Keighley Division 
from 1911 until 1915. 

In September, 1912, he was 
appointed a member of the Council 
of the Duchy of Lancaster. 

Was appointed Solicitor-General 
on the 29th October, 1913. 

Director of Press Bureau from 
September, 1914, until May, 1915. 

Lord Chancellor from May, 1915, 
until December, 1916, when he was 
succeeded by Lord Finlay. 

Created Lord Buckmaster of Ched- 
dington on the 14th June, 1915. 

BUCZACZ. 

In Galicia, Austria-Hungary, near 
Stanislawow. 

Has a population of 11,500, 
mainly Polish. 

Ori the 16th June, 1916, the 
Russians defeated the Austrians here, 
and took 6,000 prisoners. 

BUDA-PEST. 

The twin capital of Hungary. 
Buda on the right bank and Pest on 
the left bank of the Danube, 170 
miles from Vienna. 

Population (including garrison), 
880,000. 

Has many fine buildings and 
institutions. Wine manufacturing is 
the chief industry. 

On the 21st October, 1918, it was 
reported that Hungary wanted a 
separate peace. 

On the 28th October, 1918, it was 
reported that all the Austrian Arch- 
dukes had taken refuge at the Chateau 
of Godollo near here. 

On the 1st November, 1918, a 
revolution was reported here, and 
that the National Council had taken 
over the Government. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, it 
was reported that the wires here 
were cut. 



36 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



BUGDEN, Private Patrick (3774). 

Late Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BUHL. 

A town near Carlsruhe, in Baden. 

Population, 3,200. 

The aerodromes here were bombed 
on numerous occasions by British 
airmen. 
BUKOVITGH. 

Ten miles north of Stalitz. 

On the 24th October, 1918, the 
Serbians officially announced that 
the capture of the important ridge 
took place after severe fighting with 
German and Austrian troops. 
BUKOWINA. 

Situated in the province of Austrian 
East Galicia. 

Has a population of 730,000. 

On the 5th January, 1915, the 
advance into Bukowina reached 
within a mile of the Roumanian 
frontier. 

On the 25th June, 1916, the 
Russians gained possession of the 
whole of the Bukowina. 

In a battle in .Southern Bukowina 
on the 25th January, 1917, the 
Russians defeated the Germans, and 
took 30 officers and over 1,000 
other prisoners. 

BULGARIA. 

Czar Ferdinand I., succeeded in 
1887. 

Including East Rumelia, it has 
an area of 43,000 square miles, and a 
population of 8,000,000. 

It is situated between the Danube 
and the Aegean. 

After winning much additional 
territory by the Balkan War of 1912, 
it lost most of it again in the later war 
of 1913, ceding 2,000 square miles to 
Roumania. 

Capital, Sofia. Chief port, Varna. 

Before the war it had 10 Army 
Corps of 40,000 to 50,000 men ; a 
peace strength of 60.000 men and 
500.000 available men. 

On the 19th July, 1915, through 
M. Radoslavoff, she reaffirmed her 
adhesion to neutrality. 

On the 11th August. 1915. she 



expressed her willingness to co- 
operate with the Allies in return for 
certain concessions in Macedonia 
and the Ravallo district. 

She suddenly began to mobilise on 
the 22nd September, 1915. 

On the 3rd October, 1915, the 
Russians gave an ultimatum to her, 
calling upon her to immediately 
break with the enemies of Tsardom 
and to dismiss at once the German 
and Austrian officers at Sofia; 24 
hours' limit for assent given. 

The Bulgarians entered Serbia on 
the 11th October, 1915. 

On the 12th October, 1915, she 
declared war on Serbia. 

Great Britain declared war against 
her on the 15th October, 1915. 

France declared war on her on the 
16th October, 1915. 

Italy declared war on her on the 
19th October, 1915. 

She declared war against Roumania 
on the 1st September, 1916. 

She declared war against the 
United States of America on the 9th 
April, 1917. 

On the 28th September, 1918, she 
asked for armistice. 

On the 30th September, 1918, she 
signed armistice, withdrawing from 
the war, and the envoys at Salonika 
made unconditional surrender, and 
hostilities ceased between her and 
the Allies. 

BULL, Sir William, M.P. 

Aged 56. 

Member of the London County 
Council, and Chairman of various 
Committees relating to the war. 

Registrar of Society of Knights. 

M.P. for Hammersmith since 1900. 

BULOW, Prince von Flottbeck 
Holstein. 

Aged 50. 

From 1900 to 1909 he was Chan- 
cellor of the German Empire, in suc- 
cession to Prince Hohenlohe. 

Retired in 1909. 

From 1914 to 1915 he was Ambas- 
sador at Rome, but, failing con- 
spicuously to prevent Italy's inter- 
vention in the war, quitted Rome in 
June. 1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



37 



BULOW, General Karl von. 

Aged 71. 

At the outbreak of the war he was 
Commander of the Third Army 
Corps, and was given the direction of 
one of the armies under the Crown 
Prince and von Kluck which failed to 
get to Paris. 

He has held numerous positions 
of high rank in the Army, and is a 
Knight of the highest Prussian Order, 
the Black Eagle. 
••BULWARK," H.M.S. 

A third class British battleship, 
conipleted in the year 1902, having 
a displacement of 15,000 tons and a 
speed of 18 knots. 

She was lying in Sheerness Har- 
bour on the 26th November, 1914, 
when she blew up and entirely dis- 
appeared. 

Nearly 800 lives were lost; only 12 
were saved. 
BUNZ, Dr. Karl. 

Aged 74. 

Hamburg-American official. 

In New York in 1916 he was found 
guilty in the United States Federal 
Courts of conspiracy to compromise 
American , neutrality by provisioning 
German commerce raiders. 

He and three confederates were 
sentenced to eighteen months' im- 
prisonment. 
BURBACH. 

Germany. 

The factories here were bombed by 
British airmen on seventeen occasions. 
BURGES, Major (Temporary- 
Lieut. -Colonel) D., D.S.O. 

Gloucester Regiment. Command- 
ing 7th (S) Battalion, South Wales 
Borderers. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
BURIAN, Baron. 

On the 13th January, 1914, Baron 
Burian succeeded Count Berchtold 
as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minis- 
ter, the latter having resigned. 

On the 19th October. 1918, it was 
reported that he had handed in his 
resignation to the Emperor. 
BURLESON, Albert S. 

Was Postmaster-General in Presi- 
dent Wilson's Cabinet, 



BURMAN, Sergeant William 
Francis (P649). 

Rifle Brigade (Stepney, E.). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BURT, Corporal A. A. 

1st Battalion, Herts Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BURTON, Corporal A. S. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BURY ST. EDMUNDS. 

An ancient town in the Isle of 
Ely, West Suffolk, England. The 
capital of East Anglia, it has monastic 
remains. 

Has a population of 16,785. 
On the 29th April, 1915. the 
Germans raided Ipswich and here. 
There were no casualties. 
BUSHELL, Lieut. -Colonel, V.C. 

Lost his life in the war. 
BUSHELL, Captain (Temporary- 
Lieut. -Colonel) Christo- 
pher, D.S.O. 
Royal West Surrey Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
BUSSGHE-HADDENHAUSEN, 
Baron von Dem. 
Aged 51. 

German Minister to Roumania. 
He was one of Germany's most 
skilful younger diplomats. 
BUSSU. 

On the 6th September, 1918, the 
British held it, and v/ere close to 
Templeux las Fosse, and Eguan- 
court. 
BUTLER, Captain J. F. R. 

K.R.R. Corps. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
BUTLER, Sergeant J. H. Chance. 
Son of the editor of the " Referee." 
Lost his life in the war. 
BUTLER, Private William Boynton 
(17-1820). 
West Yorks Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
BUXTON, Rt. Hon. Sydney C, 
Viscount, G.G.M.G. 
Aged 66. 

Governor-General of South 
Africa since 1914, and received the 
honour of G.C.M.G. 



38 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Was M.P. for Poplar from 1886 
until 1914. 

Colonial Under Secretary from 
1892 until 1895. 

Postmaster-General (with Cabinet 
rank) from 1905 until 1910. 

President of the Board of Trade 
from 1910 until 1914. 

Created a Viscount in April, 1914. 

Lost his only son in the war. 
BYE, Sergeant Robert (939). 

Welsh Guards. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
BYNG, General the Hon. Sir 
Julian H. G., K.C.B., 
K.C.MG., M.V.O. 

Aged 56. 

Son of the Earl of Stafford. 

Former Commander of the Cana- 
dian Corps. 

Was knighted in 1915. 

On the 24th November, 1917, he 
was promoted by the King to General 
in recognition of distinguished ser- 
vices in the field. 
CAFFREY, Private J, 

2nd Battalion, Yorks and Lanes 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
CAIRNS, Sergeant Hugh, D.C.M. 
(472168). 

Late 48th Battalion, Saskatchewan 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
CALAIS. 

A seaport town of France. 

It is a great embarkation point for 
travellers. 

It is opposite to, and 21 miles from, 
Dover, England. 

Has a population of 73,000. 

On October 26th, 1914, the French 
steamer " Admiral Gauteaume," 
having on board between 2,500 and 
2,600 Belgian and French refugees, 
was blown up by a torpedo when some 
distance out from here. The fortu- 
nate presence of the Channel steamer 

British Queen " in the vicinity 
enabled all but from 20 to 40 passen- 
gers to be saved. 

On the 20th November, 1914, the 
failure of the German attempt to 
" hack a way through to Calais " was 
reported. 



On the 7th July, 1915, there was 
a conference here between the Prime 
Minister, Lord Crewe, Mr. Balfour, 
M. Viviani, M. Delcasse, M. Mille- 
rand, M. Angagneur, M. Thomas, 
and General Joffre. Field-Marshal 
French was also present. 

On the 20th April, 1917, German 
destroyers fired 500 shells on Calais, 
then directed a few shells on Dover. 
Two of them were sunk by H.M. 
Ships " Broke " and " Swift," of 
the Dover Patrol. 

On the 29th October, 1917, it and 
Dunkirk were bombed. Only slight 
material damage ; no casualties 
among civilians. 

On the 13th November, 1917, 
German aeroplanes bombarded here. 
There were a certain number of 
victims among the civilian popula- 
tion. 

CALDWELL, Sergeant T. (295536)! 

12th Battalion, Royal Scotch 
Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
*' CALEDONIA." 

A British steamer. 

Captain Blackie, of this steamer, 
was taken prisoner on the 4th 
December,. 1916, by the Germans, 
and it was announced in the German 
Press that he would be treated as 
Captain Fryatt had been, and would 
be mercilessly shot. The firm atti- 
tude of the British public, however, 
prevented this atrocity, as it was 
clearly intimated that if he were killed 
a German prisoner of equal or 
superior rank in this country would 
be shot in reprisal. Thus his life 
was saved. 
" CALIFORNIA." 

An Anchor liner. ' 

On the 8th February, 1917, she was 
torpedoed ; 43 passengers and crew 
were reported missing. 

CALLAGHAN, Sir George A. G., 
G.B., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 67. 

Was appointed Admiral of the 
Fleet in April, 1917. 

Commander of the Fleet at the 
Nore. 

Succeeded Admiral Sir F. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



39 



Bridgman as head of the Home Fleet 
when war broke out. 
G.C.B. in June, 1916. 
CALTHROP, Sir Guy. 

The British Coal Controller. 
CAMBON, M. 

French Ambassador. 

On the 1st September, 1917, the 
King conferred G.C.B. upon him. 
CAMBRAI, or CAMERA Y. 

A fortified town in French Flanders, 
on the river Scheldt. 

A manufacturing city. Produces 
chicory, sugar, and cambrics. 

Has a population of 27,000. 

The Allies fell back here on the 
25th August, 1914. 

On the 24th November, 1917, a 
number of fights took place with the 
enemy's low-flying machines, three 
of which were brought down, while 
two others were driven down out of 
control. One hostile balloon also 
was brought down in flames. Five 
of our aeroplanes were missing. 

On the 29th November, 1917, our 
aeroplanes during the night, in 
boisterous weather, dropped over a 
ton of bombs on Menin railway 
station. 

On the 18th October, 1918, Sir D. 
Haig reported : " Our troops crossed 
the canal on a wide front north of 
here, and were astride the Douai- 
Denain road, four miles south-east 
of Douai, and have captured a lot of 
villages." 
CAMBRIDGE, Marquis of. 

Aged 51. 

Brother of Queen Mary. 

Served in Life Guards and 17th 
Lancers. 

Fought in South Africa. 

Married a daughter of the first 
Duke of Westminster. 

Personal A.D.C. to the King. 

In July, 1913, he was appointed 
Assistant Military Secretary to the 
War Office. 

In December, 1915, he was 
gazetted as Military Secretary on the 
Personal Staff and Temporary-Briga- 
dier-General. 

He relinquished the title of Duke 
of Teck on conferment of Marquisate 
in June, 1917. 



" CAMERONIAN." 

A British transport. 

She was sunk by a submarine in 
the Mediterranean on the 2nd June, 
1917; 63 lives were lost. 

CAMEROONS. 

West Africa. 

The British force captured the 
capital of the German colony on the 
28th September, 1914. 

H.M.S. " Cumberland" captured 
nine German merchant steamers and 
a gunboat off the Cameroon river on 
the 1st October, 1914. 

On the Eastern Cameroons, near 
the Congo, the French troops ex- 
pelled the Germans from a large 
portion of the territory on the 9th 
November, 1914. 

The conquest of the Cameroons 
was completed on the 1 7th February, 
1916. 

CAMPBELL, Lieut. -Colonel D. F., 
D.S.O. 

Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war. 
CAMPBELL, Lieut. F. W. 

1st Canadian Battalion. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
CAMPBELL, Gerald. 

War correspondent of the 
Times." 

He was decorated in August, 1918, 
for his brilliant work, covering a long 
period of the war. 
CAMPBELL, Commander Gordon, 
D.S.O. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
CAMPBELL, Major and Brevet- 
Lieut. -Col. (Temp. Lieut. - 
Col.) John Vaughan, D.S.O. 
Coldstream Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
CAMPOROVERE. 

On the 31st October, 1918, British 
troops operating on the Asiago 
plateau entered here and captured the 
heights of Mount Catz. 

CANADIAN TROOPS. 

On the 14th October, 1914, they 
first arrived at Plymouth, Devon, 
England, amid great enthusiasm 



40 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



CANDLER, Edmund. 

Aged 45. 

War correspondent. 

He was a '* Daily Mail " corre- 
spondent in the expedition of 1904 — 
Burma, Siam, and India. 

" The Unveiling of Lhasa " is one 
of his best known books. 
GANTAING. 

On the 29th September, 1918, 
British troops captured it. 

CANTERBURY, Archbishop of. 

Aged 71. 

Dr. Randall T. Davidson. 

Archbishop of Canterbury from 
1903. 

Previously was Dean of Windsor 
from 1883 until 1891. 

Bishop of Rochester from 1891 to 
1895. 

Bishop of Winchester from 1895 
until 1903. 

Paid a visit to the United States in 
1904. 

Has made many notable pro- 
nouncements during the war. 

•• CAP TRAFALGAR." 

A German armed cruiser of the 
H " type, with a tonnage of 18,500. 
She was sunk by the Cunard liner 
Carmania " off South America on 
the 20th September, 1914. 

CAPELLE, Rear-Adniiral Edward 
von. 

Aged 63. 

Was made Permanent Under 
Secretary of the German Admiralty 
in 1913, having for many years 
previous been a Director of the 
Administrative Department. 

Has been German Minister of 
Marine since the resignation of von 
Tirpitz in March, 1916. 
CARENCY. 

On the 8th May, 1915, the French 
troops made an important advance 
south of here. The German 
positions " crumpled before them," 
and 2,000 prisoners were taken. 
CARLESS, O.S. John H. 

ON. J43703 (Po.). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life (killed in action)in the 
war. 



♦' CARMANIA." 

A British auxiliary cruiser, of the 
Cunard Line, fitted with turbines, 
of 19,600 tons, and has a speed 
of 21 knots. She sank the " Cap 
Trafalgar " off South America on 
the 20th September, 1914. 
CARMICHAEL, Sergeant John 
(34795). 

North Staffordshire Regiment 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

CARPATHIAN MOUNTAINS. 

A range which separates Hungary 
from Moravia, Gajicia, and the 
Bukowina, and Transylvania from 
Roumania. 

Highest point, Mount Butschelge, 
Transylvania, 9,528 feet. 

In December, 1914, the Russians 
won successes which gave them the 
command of important passes. 

On the 29th December. 1914. the 
Austrian advance was driven back in 
the utmost disorder. 

On the 5th February, 1915, the 
Russians took the heights near Rave 
and captured about 1,000 prisoners. 

On the 17th April, 1917, the 
Russians claimed to have captured 
at least 70,000 men in the operations 
here between March 19th and April 
12th. 

On the 3rd May, 191 7, the German 
and Austrian forces broke through 
the Russian line here. 

CARPENTER, Captain, V.C. 

R.N. Of H.M.S "Vindictive" 
and Zeebrugge fame. He sailed 
from Liverpool to New York in 
November. 1918. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 
CARPENTER, Commander (Act- 
ing-Captain) Alfred Fran- 
cis Blakeney. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

CARROLL, Private John (1804). 

Australian Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
CARSON, Rt. Hon. Sir E. H., M.P., 
K.C. 

Aged 65. 

Has had two legal careers. 

Was called to the Irish Bar, 1877. 

In Ireland he rose from Counsel 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



41 



to the Attorney-General, to position 
of K.C. and Solicitor-General, and 
afterwards Attorney-General. 

Was elected M.P. for Dublin 
University in 1892. 

Came to England in 1893, and be- 
came K.C. and Solicitor-General here 
in 1900, and was knighted. 

He was appointed Autumn Reader 
to the Inns of Court in 1912. 

The first Lady Carson died in 
April, 1913. 

He remarried in September, 1914, 
Miss Ruby Frewin. 

He entered the Coahtion Govern- 
ment in May, 1915, as Attorney- 
General, but resigned in October, 
and explained that his reason for 
resigning was that he disagreed with 
the Balkan policy of the Government. 
Was First Lord of the Admira ty 
from December, 1916, to July, 19 7. 
Became member of the War 
Cabinet without Portfolio on the 16th 
July, 1917, and resigned in 1918. 
CARTER, Sergeant.-Major N. V. 
Late Royal Sussex Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
CARTWRIGHT, Private G. (726). 
33rd Battalion. Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
•♦ CASABIANGA." 

A French mine-layer. i ^ j 

She was sunk by a mine on the 3rd 
June, 1915. 
CASEMENT, Roger. 

On the 24th April, 1916, a German 
auxiliary, disguised as a neutral 
merchant vessel, and a submarine 
attempted to land arms and ammu- 
nition on the Irish coast. The 
auxiliary was scuttled by her crew 
and sank. Roger Casement was 
taken prisoner on shore. He had 
been trying to induce Irish soldiers 
imprisoned in Germany to join a 
German Irish Brigade. 

He was deprived of his knighthood. 
His trial for high treason began in 
the High Court on the 26th June, 
1916, and he was sentenced to be 
■ hanged on the 29th June, 1916. He 
was hanged on the 3rd August, 1915, 
after appealing unsuccessfully against 
his sentence. 



CASSIDY, Second-Lieut. Bernard 
Matthew. 

Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

"CASSINI." 

A French destroyer. 
She was torpedoed in the Mediter- 
ranean on the 8th March, 1917. 

CASTER. , ^ , 

On the 1st November, 1918. the 
Second British Army captured the 
village here. 
GASTLETON, Sergeant C. C. 

Late Australian M.G.C. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

CASUALTIES. , . r i 

Sir Douglas Haig, in his hnal 

dispatch, published 1 1th April. 1919. 

gives the following figures of total 

casualties. 

Our total losses. Sir Douglas says, 
were no larger than were to be ex- 
pected, and he gives in detail figures 

^"S"'^!:"~.. 3,076,388 

French .. ... 4,800,000 

Italian (not including 

prisoners) .. ^400,000 

. German .. .. 6.485,000 

Austro-Hungarian.. 4,500.000 



Total . . 



.. 20,261.388 



George 



CATES, Second-Lieut. 
Edward. 
Late Rifle Brigade. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
CATHER, Temporary- Lieut. G. 
St. G. S. 
Late Irish Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
GATOR, Sergeant Harry (5190). 
East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

CATTARO. 

A fortified seaport on the Dalma- 
tian coast. Austria. 

Population, 6,000. 

On the 15th October. 1916. the 
Allied Fleet bombarded it. 



42 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



CAUCASUS. 

A lofty mountain range between 
the Caspian and the Black Sea ; 
natural boundary between Europe 
and Asia. Highest summits, Mount 
Elbruz (18,526 feet) and Kasbell 
(16,546 feet). Length of system, 
about 800 miles ; greatest width, 120 
miles. Has many lofty passes and 
imposing glaciers. 

On the 5th November, 1914, the 
Russian troops advanced, defeating 
the Turks. 

On the 5th January, 1915, a com- 
plete defeat overtook the Turkish 
army here. The battle was fought at 
an altitude of 1 0,000 feet. Two Tur- 
kish Army Corps were routed, and 
the whole of the 9th Corps sur- 
rendered, accounting for 80,000 
Turks put out of action. 

From further reports it appears the 
defeat of the Turks here showed the 
affair to be the most wholesale putting 
out of action that had occurred since 
the war began. The retreat of the 
remnant was cut off by roads deep in 
snow, and, findingthe situation hope- 
less, the Turks surrendered in masses. 
The battle lasted 48 hours with great 
desperation. 

On the 15th January, 1915, the 
Russians took 5,000 prisoners and 
nearly 10,000 head of cattle from 
defeated Turks here. 

On the 17th January, 1916, the 
Russians attacked on a line of 66 
miles of the front here, and drove the 
Turks back. 

On the 20th January, 1916, the 
Russians completed the Turkish rout 
here. 
CAVALRY. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of 
the final victory he wrote ^ " Both 
in the development of the successes 
of our infantry attacks and in follow- 
ing up the . various withdrawals 
thereby forced upon the enemy the 
different cavalry units have performed 
work of the highest value." 

CAVAN, Lord. 

In command of an Italo-British 
army in Italy. 

On the 28th October, 1918, he 
reported that the 14th British Corps 



took 3,520 prisoners and a number of 
guns. 

CAVE, Rt. Hon. Sir George, K.C. 

Aged 63. 

Was M.P. for Kingston Division 
from 1906. 

Was Attorney-General to the 
Prince of Wales from 1914 until 1915. 

Made a Privy Councillor in June, 
1915. 

Solicitor-General, in November, 
1915. 

Was Home Secretary from Decem- 
ber, 1916. 

Made a Law Lord in 1918. 

CAVELL, Nurse Edith. 

On the 16th October, 1915, infor- 
mation was received in London of her 

military execution." She was for- 
merly head of a large training school 
for nurses at Brussels. She was shot 
by order of General von Bissing at 
Brussels on the charge of harbouring 
Allied soldiers and assisting them to 
escape. 

Her remains were brought to 
England and buried in Norwich 
Cathedral. 
GAWLEY, Rt. Hon. Sir Frederick, 
Bart. 

Aged 69. 

M.P. in Liberal interest for Prest- 
wich Division. 

Created a Baronet, 1906. 

Was Chancellor of the Duchy of 
Lancaster from December, 1916. 

His son, Harold, who was also an 
M.P,, died in the war. 
GAWLEY, Captain H. T. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war. 
GAWLEY, Captain Oswald. 

Son of Lord Cawley. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war. 

CECIL, Lord Hugh, M.P. 

Aged 50. 

Son of the late Lord Salisbury. 

Was M.P. for Greenwich from 
1895 until 1906. 

M.P. for Oxford University since 
1910. 

Joined the Army Flying Corps and 
qualified in 1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



43 



CECIL, Lord Robert, K.C., M.P. 

Aged 55. 

Third son of the late Lord Salis- 
bury and Private Secretary to him. 

Was Under Secretary for Foreign 
Affairs in the Coalition Ministry. 

Was appointed Minister of Block- 
ade in December, 1916, with Cabinet 
rank. 
♦'CETTA DI MESSINA." 

An Italian armed vessel. 

She was sunk by submarine on the 
23rd June. 1916. 

CETTINJE. 

The capital of Montenegro. It 
has old palaces and monasteries. 

Population. 4,000. 

On the 13th January, 1916, it was 
taken by the Austrians. 

On the 29th October. 1918. it was 
reported that the Austrians had 
evacuated it and the whole of the 
country. Montenegrin bands entered 
the city. A great quantity of 

material was abandoned. 
CHAFER, Private G. W. 

East Yorks Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

GHALLERANGE. 

On the 3rd October, 1918, this 
big railway centre was captured by 
the French. 

CHALMERS, Sir Robert, K.C.B. 

Aged 61. 

Was Governor of Ceylon from 
1913 until 1915. 

Was formerly Permanent Secretary 
to the Treasury and Auditor of the 
Civil List. 

He resumed the Secretaryship of 
the Treasury in 1916. 

Was appointed in May, 1916, 
Under Secretary for Ireland, but 
resigned. 
CHAMBERLAIN, Rt. Hon. Joseph 
Austen, P.C., M.P. 

Aged 56. 

Son of the late Rt. Hon. J. 
Chamberlain, M.P. 

Was Postmaster-General from 

1902 until 1903. 

Chancellor of the Exchequer from 

1903 until 1905. 

Was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty. 



Was Secretary of State for India 
from 1915 until the 12th July, 1917, 
when he resigned owing to the out- 
spoken Mesopotamia Report. Was 
appointed Chancellor of the Ex- 
chequer after the Victory Election. 

CHAMBERLAIN, Houston Stew- 
art. 

Aged 64, 

Son of a British Admiral. Born at 
Southsea. Stated his reason for 
spending the most of his life in 
Austria and Germany as due to 
inability to stand the English climate. 

For many years he has been a 
naturalised German subject, and in 
1908 married Eva, the reputed 
daughter of the late Richard Wagner 
(there has been a money squabble 
among the Wagners to determine 
just which of the children are and 
are not the composer's offspring). 
He is a writer by profession, and 
produced in 1 899 "The Foundations 
of the Nineteenth Century." Written 
originally in German, the book 
became the Kaiser's favourite volume 
of history. He was fond of boring 
his family circle and entourage by 
reading aloud from it, and kept 
copies on hand for presentation to 
distinguished foreigners. 

During the war he outdid himself in 
besmirching the name and distorting 
the history of his native land. 

He was decorated with the Iron 
Cross, White Ribbon. 

CHAMBERLAIN, Arthur Neville, 

Aged 49. 

Son of the late Rt. Hon. J. 
Chamberlain. M.P. 

Elected Lord Mayor of Birming- 
ham in 1915, and re-elected in 1916. 

On the 19th December, 1916, he 
was appointed Director- General of 
National Service, and resigned later. 
CHAMPAGNE. 

An old province of the North-East 
of France, famous for its wines. 

On the 22nd December, 1914, both 
hereand in the Argonne fierce bayonet 
fighting resulted in the storming of 
three German entrenched positions, 
covering a front of a mile, near 
PerthesIeS'Hurles, which is three 



44 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



miles east of Souain, on the road 
to Ville-sur-Tombe. Farther along 
this road, on the outskirts of the 
Argonne, the Allies made good their 
capture of another mile of trenches. 

On the 25th February, 1917, the 
Allied airmen made a successful raid 
on German lines of communication 
here. 

On the 26th February, 1915, the 
French took 2,000 yards of German 
trenches here. 
♦'CHAMPAGNE." 

An armed mercantile cruiser. 

On the 15th October, 1917. she 
was torpedoed and sunk ; 56 killed. 
CHAPLIN, Viscount. 

Aged 78. 

Has been Chancellor of the Duchy 
of Lancaster. 

President of the Board of Agricul- 
ture. 

President of the Local Government 
Board. 

Raised to the Peerage in April, 
1916. 

Was unofficial Leader of the Oppo- 
sition after the Coalition Ministry 
came into power in 1915. 

CHARESSE, Captain Noel Godfrey 
M., C.M.B. 

Late R.A.?vl.C. Gained the V.C. 
in the war and Bar to V.C. 

Lost his life in the war. 
CHARKOV, or KHARKOV. 

A town in the Ukraine, Russia. 

On the 18l.h October, 1918, it was 
reported that the German garrison 
here of 30,000 men had protested 
against an order sending them to the 
French front. 
CHARLEROI. 

A town on the River Sambre, 
Belgium. A colliery distr-ct. 

Has a population of 25,000. 

On the 21st August, 1914, the 
Battle of Charleroi began, and ended 
the following day by the withdrawal 
of the French. 

♦' GHATEAU-HERAULT." 

A French cruiser. 

On the 14th December, 1917, she 
was torpedoed and sunk, with a loss 
of 10. 



CHATEAU- THIERRY. 

On the 21st July. 1918, the French 
recaptured it. 
CHATHAM. 

A seaport and naval arsenal on the 
River Medway, Kent, England. 

Population, 42,250. 

On the 3rd September, 1917, the 
Germans air-raided Sheerness and 
Chatham with six machines; 108 
persons were killed and 92 injured. 
All the German machines escaped. 

"CHATHAM," H.M.S. 

An unprotected second class 
cruiser. 

On November 10th, 191'4. she 
discovered the German cruiser 

Konigsberg " hiding in shoal 
water about six miles up the Rufigi 
river (a river of German East Africa : 
flows 450 miles to the Indian Ocean), ^ 
and put her out of harm's way. 
CHATILLON-SUR-BAR. 

On the 6th November, 1918, the 
Americans captured Hill 292, Hill 
260, Liny, Devant, and Dun, and 
drove the Germans from Chatillon 
Wood. 

CHAULNES. 

In the German retreat between the 
Scarpe and the Aisne on the 28th 
August, 1918, it was captured. 
CHAUME WOOD. 

In the Verdun district. 
On the 8th September, 1917, it 
was captured by the French. 
CHAUMET, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Marine 
for Franceinthe new Ministry formed 
in 1917. 
CHAVONNE. 

On the 18th April, 1917, the 

French continued their progress on 

the Aisne, and took Chavonne, Chivy, 

Ostel, and the outskirts of Courtecon. 

CHEHERY LA FORGE. 

On the 5th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the Americans. 
CHELMSFORD, Lord, G.G.M.G., 
G.C.I.E., G.C.S.I. 
Aged 51. 
Visited Australia, 1914 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



45 



Appointed Viceroy of India in 
January, 1916. 

His eldest son died of wounds in 
May, 1917. 
CHEMERY. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
Americans reached here. 
CHEMIN-DES-DAMES. 

On the 1st November, 1917, the 
enemy was compelled to abandon it 
after clinging to it for six months, 
and the villages of Courtecon, Cerny- 
en-Loonnois, Allies, and Chevreux 
were also taken. 

CHERRY, Second-Lieut. (Tern- 
porary - Captain) Percy 
Herbert, M.C. 

Late Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
CHESTER, Lieut. R. H. V. 

R.A.F. 

Merchant Taylors School athlete. 

Lost his life in the war. 
CHEVILLY. 

A village in France, in Loiret, 9 
miles north of Orleans. 

On the 1st September, 1918, the 
French held it despite furious attacks 
by the enemy, who succeeded in 
reoccupying the village twice in 
succession. 
GHEYLESMORE, Lord. 

Aged 71. 

Retired from the Army as Major- 
General. 

Chairman of the L.C.C. in 1912. 

Has presided over various courts- 
martial during the v/ar. 
CHILI, or CHILE. 

President Juan Luis Sanfuentes, 
succeeded in 1910. 

A Republic on the Pacific Coast of 
South America. 

Area, 307,620 square miles. 

Independent of Spain since 1918. 

Sometimes styled " The United 
States of South America." 

Great nitrate output and general 
mineral wealth, also agriculture. 

Capital, Santiago. Chief port, 
Valparaiso. 

The Admiralty's report of the 
j naval battle between German and 



British ships off the coast of Chili, 
issued on the 4th November, 1914, 
shows that H.M. Ships " Good 
Hope," " Monmouth," and *' Glas- 
gow " engaged the " Scharnhorst," 

Gneisenau," '* Leipzig," and 
" Dresden," in stormy weather, the 
action lasting an hour. The *' Good 
Hope " caught fire, blew up, and 
sank. The " Monmouth," also on 
fire, drew off, but was again attacked. 
The " Glasgow " was not greatly 
damaged, and had few casualties. 

The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin 
Elizabeth," which was in harbour 
when the siege began, was blown 
up by the Austrians. 
CHILSTON, Viscount. 

Aged 68. 

Formerly Rt. Hon. Aretas Akers- 
Douglas. 

Was First Commissioner of Works, 
Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Treasury, and Chief Conservative 
Whip. 

Was Home Secretary from 1902 
until 1908. 

Was raised to the Peerage in 191 1. 
CHINA. 

Li-Yuan-Hung, succeeded in 1916. 

Total area, 4,370,000 square miles. 

Population, over 400.000,000. 

Most populous country in East 
Asia. 

Capitals, Pekin in the north, Nan- 
king in the south. 

All important ports on the coast 
and rivers now open to foreign trade. 

Russia had, prior to the war with 
Japan, practically annexed Man- 
churia, Port Arthur and Talienwan 
being the naval and commercial 
termini of Trans-Siberian Railway in 
that part of what was once Chinese 
territory. 

It has great industries in agricul- 
ture, tea, and silk culture, and many 
manufactories. 

Country partly mountainous, 
partly fertile plains, with numerous 
navigable rivers. 

Broke off relations with Germany 
on the 13th March, 1917. 

On the 14th August, 1917, she 
declared war against Germany and 
Austria- Hungary 



46 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



CHINDA, Viscount. 

Aged 63. 

Japanese Ambassador in London, 
succeeding the Marquis Inouye in 
July, 1916. 

Was formerly Japanese Consul in 
San Francisco. 

Was Consul-General at Shanghai. 

Was Minister to Brazil and Minis- 
ter at the Hague. 

Was Envoy Extraordinary at 
Petrograd in 1900, and Minister in 
Berlin in 1908. 

CHRISTIAN, Private H. 

2nd Battalion, Royal Lanes Regi- 
ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

CHRISTIANIA. 

The capital and chief port of 
Norway. 

Population, 241,834. 

On the 25th June, 1917, the 
German Minister was recalled 
because of the discovery of a German 
bomb plot in Norway. 

CHRISTIE, Rifleman (Lance-Cor- 
poral) John Alexander. 

London Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

CHURCH LADS' BRIGADE. 

Has done good work in the v/ar. 

There are to-day 1,310 companies 
of the Church Lads' Brigade proper, 
including the Church Lads' Brigade 
Cadets, which is for younger boys 
and serves as a school for recruits. 
Something like 200,000 members are 
ex-members, and ex-members joined 
the colours voluntarily. 

Among the many war distinctions 
gained by the Church Lads' Brigade 
are no less than 10 V.C's. 

President. Field- Marshal H.R.H. 
the Duke of Connaught. Governor 
and Commandant, Field-Marshal 
Lord Grenfell. Headquarters, Ald- 
wych House, Catherine Street, Ald- 
wych, W.C. Chaplain and Secretary, 
the Rev. Edgar Rogers, M.A. 

CHURCHILL, Rt. Hon. Winston 
L. S., P.C, M.P. 

Aged 45. 

Son of the late Lord Randolph 
Churchill. 

Was a soldier at 19 years of age. 



Left the Conservatives and joined 
the Liberal Party in 1904. 

Was Under Secretary for Colonies 
from 1905 until 1908. 

President of the Board of Trade, 
1908. 

Home Secretary, 1910. 

First Lord of the Admiralty in 
1911, and resigned in May, 1915. 

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster from May to November, 1915. 

Saw the Spanish campaign in 
Cuba. 

Was with the British force through 
the Indian frontier wars in 1897- 
1898. 

Served in the Soudan campaign 
of 1898. ' 

Won distinction in the Boer War. 
Was captured, and made a dramatic 
escape that raised a great deal of 
heated controversy. 

On the 15th February, 1915, in 
the House of Commons, he outlined 
the answer of the Government to the 
threatened German " blockade," and 
said that its effect would be to apply 
the full force of naval pressure to the 
enemy. 

Resumed active service as an 
officer in November, 1915, and 
gazetted Lieut. -Colonel in March, 
1916. 

On the 13th November, 1915, his 
resignation as Chancellor of the 
Duchy of Lancaster was announced. 

On the 15th November, 1915 
(referring to the Dardanelles expedi- 
tion), he stated : " I recommend it 
as a legitimate war gamble." 

Appointed Minister of Munitions 
in July, 1917. Transferred to the 
War Office after the Victory Election. 

CIMA-TRE-PEZZI. 

On the 31st October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Italian First Army 
succeeded in capturing several im- 
portant heights in the Cima-tre-Pezzij 
with 40,000 prisoners and hundreds 
of guns. 

•♦CITY OF ATHENS." 

A liner. 

On the 1 1th August, 1917, she was 
mined off Cape Town ; 21 passengers 
and crew drowned 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



47 



"CITY OF BIRMINGHAM." 

She was sunk by a German sub- 
marine on the 27th November, 1916. 
Passengers and crew of 315, except 
4, saved. 
CIVIDALE. 

In Venetia. 

On the 27th October, 1917, it was 
taken by the Germans. 
CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION. 

Burlington Gardens, W. 1. 
"CLACTON." 

A British armed vessel. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
'the 3rd August, 1916. 
CLAMECY. 

On the 5th September, 1918, the 
French carried it. Bray, and Missy- 
sur-Aisne. 

CLAMP, Corporal William (43537 ). 

Late Yorkshire Regiment (Flem- 
ington). Gained the V.G in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
••CLAN CAMPBELL." 

A British merchant vessel. 

On the 6th April, 1916, it was 
reported that she had been torpedoed 
by a German submarine, without 
warning, in the Mediterranean. 

••CLAN MACNAUGHTON." 

A British armed liner. 
She was accidentally lost on the 
: 24th February, 1915. 
GLARE. 

A county, in the province of 
I Munster, Ireland. 

Area, 1 ,294 square miles. Popula- 
tion, 104,064. 
I County town, Ennis. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 

5 Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it 

became necessary to move columns 

of troops here — see under " Dublin." 

CLARE, Private George William 
(6657). 
Late Lancashire Regiment (Plum- 
stead). Gained the V.G. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

CLARK - KENNEDY, Lt. - Colonel 
W. H., C.M.G., D.S.O. 

24th Battalion, Quebec Rifles. 
Gained the V.G. in the war, 



CLARKE, Private (Acting -Cor- 
poral) Lea (73132). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.G. in the war. 
CLARKE, Sergeant J. (37721). 

15th Battalion, Lancashire Fusi- 
liers (Rochdale). Gained the V.G. 
in the war, 
♦' CLAUDIO." 

A Spanish steamer. 

On the 12th December, 1917, she 
was submarined by the Germans. 
Eight of the crew were drowned and 
several wounded. She was able to 
reach port under her own steam. 
CLAVEILLE, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Public 
Works for France in the new Minis- 
try for France formed in 1917. 
CLEMENCEAU, M. Georges. 

Aged 78. 

Premier of France, 1917. 

Proprietor of " La Justice." 

Member of the Chamber of 
Deputies, 1876. 

Acted as second to M. Floquet in 
his duel with General Boulanger 
thirty years ago. 

Was Prime Minister 1906-1909. 
In the fourth year of the war he was 
called upon to form a Ministry. 

Has done yeoman service for 
France in the war, and is one of the 
very few who have added lustre to 
their reputations. He was shot but 
not killed by a degenerate called 
Cottin, 19th February, 1919. 

M. Clemenceau made a splendid 
struggle to secure his country's future 
safety from German revenge, but 
many conflicting interests had to be 
studied for the final Peace terms. 
CLEMENTEL, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Com- 
merce for France in the new Ministry 
formed in 1917. 
" CLEOPATRA," H.M.S. 

She sank a German destroyer off 
Holstein on the 28th March, 1916. 
CLINTON, Private Thomas. 

On the 15th February, 1 91 7, he was 
sentenced to death at Manchester for 
the murder of Gompany-Sergeant- 
Major Lynch, of the Royal Welsh 
Fusiliers, on the 13th January, 1917 



48 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



GLIVE, Captain P. A. 

Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war. 

GLOUTMAN, Lieut. (Acting- 
Major) Mackay, M.G. 

59th Field Company, R.E. (T.F.) 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

COALITION GOVERNMENT. 

The first was formed by Mr. 
Asquith, after he had lost the con- 
fidence of the country by his '* Wait 
and See" policy. Mr. Lloyd Georsre 
displaced him as Premier and formed 
the second (and present) Coalition 
Government. 

GOATES, Captain John. 

A leading English tenor. Joined 
the Army during the war. 

GOBLENZ, or GOBLENTZ. 

A city, strongly fortified, at the 
junction of the Moselle and Rhine, 
Germany. 

The headquarters of the Eighth 
Army Co^rps. 

It has wine trade and piano 
factories. 

Population, 56,000. 

The factories, barracks, stations, and 
railways here were bombed by British 
airmen on eight occasions. 

On the 2nd October, 1917, French 
airmen dropped bombs here and on 
Stuttgart, Treves, and Frankfort-on- 
Main. 

On the 20th May, 1918, British 
bombed here and Metz. 

COFFIN, Lieut. -Colonel (Tempor- 
ary - Brig. - Gen.) Clifford, 
D.S.O. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

COLCHESTER. 

A seaport town of Essex, England, 
on the River Colne. Oyster fisheries. 

Has a population of 43,463. 

The Germans air-raided here on 
the 21st February, 1915. There 
were no casualties. 

♦* COLCHESTER." 

A Great Eastern steamer. 
She was captured or sunk by the 
Germans in March, 1916. 



COL-DEL-ROSSA. 

On the 28th January, 1918, the 
Italians captured it, with 1,500 
prisoners. 
GOL-DI-LINA. 

A mountain, 7,500 feet high. 

On the 18th April, 1916, it was 
captured by the Italians. 
COLLET, Flight-Lieut. 

On the 23rd September, 1914, he 
flew to Dusseldorf and dropped three 
bombs upon the Zeppelin sheds, 
returning safely. 

COLLIN, Second-Lieut. J. H. 

Late Lancashire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

COLLINGS-WELLS, Captain (Act.j 
ing-Lleut.-Colonel) J. S.j 
D.S.O. 

Late Bedford Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. i 

COLLINS, Acting-Corporal JohiJ 
(355652). 

Royal Welsh Fusiliers (Merthyr 
Tydvil). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
COLMAR. 

The capital of Upper Alsace. 

On the 20th July, 1 91 5, the station 
here was bombed by French aero- 
planes. 
COLOGNE. 

A city and seaport, strongly forti- 
fied, on the River Rhine. 

Capital of Rhenish Prussia. 

It has a magnificent cathedral with 
spires 515 feet in height. 

Population, 516,167. 

It has important trade and 
industries. 

The factories, station, and barracks 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on three occasions. 

On the 31st October, 1917, it was 
reported that the stained glass win- 
dows in the cathedral here were 
being replaced by ordinary glass as 
a precaution against air raids. 

On the 18th May, 1918, the British 
dropped 33 bombs here and drove 
down two German machines. Ail 
the British machines returned. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



49 



On the 9th November, 1918, it 
was reported, that the insurrection 
was spreading inland, Berlin and 
Cologne being affected. 

On the 14th November, 1918, 
American airmen landed here. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was reported that rioting was taking 
place. 

The city was occupied by the 
Allied forces- 

GOLONIAL OFFICE. 

Downing Street, S.W. 1. 

GOLTMAN, Private (Lance- Cor- 
poral) W. H., D.CM., 
M.M. (241028). 
l/6th Battalion, North Staffs 
Regiment (T.F.) (Winchill, Burton- 
on-Trent). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

COLUMBINE, Private Herbert G. 

(50720). 

Late Machine Gun Corps (Walton- 
on-the-Naze). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

GOLVILLE, Admiral the Hon. Sir 
Stanley, K.G.B., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 57. 

Entered the Royal Navy in 1874. 

Became Captain in 1896; Rear- 
Admiral in 1906: Admiral in 1915. 

Served in the Zulu War and the 
Soudan campaign. 

Commanded the flotilla on the 
advance of the Egyptian army on 
Dongola. 

Was Commander-in-Chief atPorts- 
mouth. 

COLVIN, Second-Lieut. Hugh. 

Cheshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

GOLYER-FERGUSSON, Second- 
Lieut. (Acting - Captain) 
Thomas Riversdale. 

Late Northampton Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

COMBE, Lieut. Robert G. 

Late Canadian Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 



GOMBLES. 

On the 22nd September, 1916, the 
French made a surprise attack near 
here and took 100 prisoners. 

On the 26th September. 1916, the 
Allies took Thiepval and Combles, 
and made great captures. 

GOMPIEGNE. 

A town on the River Oise, France. 

It contains a famous castle, sugar 
mills, manufactories, etc. 

Ha- a population of 17,000. 

On the 2nd September, 1914, the 
German advance was steadily con- 
tinued, the enemy's cavalry reaching 
the forest of Compiegne. The Allies 
retired in good order, inflicting 
heavy losses. 

It Vv^as evacuated by the Allies on 
tKe 31st August, 1914. 

GOMPTON-RIGKETT, Rt. Hon. 
Sir Joseph, P.O., D.L.,M.P. 

Aged 72. 

Paymaster-General in Mr. Lloyd 
George's Ministry. 
GONDE-LES-ANTRY. 

On the 30th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the French. 
CONEGLIANO. 

A town in the north-east of Italy, 
near Treviso. 

Population, 9,500. 

An important railway centre. 

On the 29th October, 1918, British 
and Italian troops entered here. 

GONGREVE, Brevet->Major Wil- 
liam La Touche, D.S.O., 

M.G. 
Late Rifle Brigade. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
CON NAUGHT AND STRATH- 
EARN, H.R.H. the Duke 
of,K.G., K.T.,K.P.,etc. 
Aged 69. 

Third son of Queen Victoria. 
Entered the Army, and held a 
command in the Egyptian expedition 
of 1882. 

Was Commander - in - Chief at 
Aldershot from 1893 until 1898. 
Was Field-Marshal in 1902. 
Was made Inspector-General of 
the Forces in 1904. 

D 



50 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Commander-in-Chief of the Medi- 
terranean Forces from 1907 until 
1909. 

Governor-General of Canada from 
1911 until 1916. 

Appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the 

Volunteer Force on the 29th January, 

1917. 

CONNAUGHT, H.R.H. Prince 

Arthur of, K.G., K.T., 

G.C.M.G., G.G.V.O., G.B. 

Aged 36. 

Is an officer in the Scots Greys. 

Married the Duchess of Fife, 
great-granddaughter of Queen Vic- 
toria, in October, 1913. 

Went to the front, attached to the 
Headquarters Staff. 
CONSTANTINE, King. 

On the 11th June, 1917, his abdi- 
cation was demanded by M. Jonnart. 
He abdicated in favour of his second 
son, Alexander. 

CONSTANTINESCO, M. George. 

A Roumanian by birth, naturalised 
British subject. 

He v^as one of the scientific 
wonders of the war, and was in 
charge of the " Mystery Works " at 
West Drayton, Middlesex. 

CONSTANTINOPLE. 

The capital and chief port of 
European Turkey, at the south 
entrance to the Bosphorus. Turkish 
town (Stamboul) and Christian sub- 
urbs (Galatea and Pera) separated by 
the Golden Horn. The ancient 
Byzantium. 

Has a magnificent mosque, St. 
Sophia. 

Population, nearly 1,250,000. 

The British Ambassador left on 
the 31st October, 1914. 

On the 14th April, 1916, British 
naval aeroplanes raided here, drop- 
ping bombs on a powder factory, 
aeroplane sheds, and on Adrianople 
railway station. 

On the 9th July, 1917, R.N.A.S. 
airmen attacked the Turkish Fleet off 
Constantinople, and bombed the 

Goeben " and other ships. 

On the 30th October, 1918, Tur- 
key began negotiations for peace. 

On the 1st November, 1918, 



Turkey accepted the Allies* terms. 
Army to demobilise. 

On the 14th November, 1918, 
Allied Fleets arrived off here. 

CONSTANTSA. 

Was taken by the Germans on the 
26th October, 1915. 

CONTALMAISON. 

On the 7th July, 1916, east of La 
Boiselle the British line moved for- 
ward 500 yards on a front of nearly 
2,000 yards. Later in the day the 
British carried Contalmaison, but 
failed to hold it. 

On the 12th July, 1917. strong 
German attacks were made, but they 
completely failed. 

CONTEMPTIBLE LITTLE 
ARMY. 

An historical term of reproach used 
by the Ex-Kaiser in reference to the 
British Expeditionary Force under 
Lord French. He expected to push 
back the British army into the sea, 
but the Battle of the Marne proved 
the turning point of the war. 

COOK, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph, 
G.C.M.G.,P.C. 

Ex-Premier of Australia. 

Began life as a coal-miner in 
Staffordshire. 

Elected in 1891 as a Labour Mem- 
ber in the House of Assembly, New 
South Wales, but ultimately joined 
the Liberal Party, of which he is now 
leader. 

Created a Privy Councillor in 1914. 

COOK, Sir Edward T., K.B.E. 

Aged 62. 

Knighted in 1912. 

Wrote admirable pamphlets on the 
war in 1914. 

Joined the Press Bureau during the 
war. 

Appointed Co-Director,June,1915. 

Received K.B.E. in 1917. 

COOK, Sir Theodore A. 

Aged 52. 

Since the war has written spirited 
articles in the " Field," which at- 
tracted much attention. 

Knighted in June, 1916. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



51 



COOKE, Private T. 

Late Australian Infantry. Gained 
the V.C, in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
COOKSON, Lieut. - Commander 
S. C, D.S.O. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
COOPER, Sergeant Edward 
(R2749). 
K.R.R.C. (Stockton). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
" COQUETTE," H.M.S. 
A destroyer of 335 tons. 
She was mined, together with 
Torpedo-boat II, off the east coast 
and sunk on the lOth March, 1916, 
with a loss of 45 lives. 
CORBEHEM. 

On the 13th October, 1918, 

British troops cleared the enemy out 

of here and Arleuse, both of which 

villages remained in our possession. 

CORBETT, Sir Julian. 

Aged 65. 

Is engaged in writing the official 
history of the war. 

Knighted in February, 1917. 
CORBON. 

On the 11th October, 1918, 
French troops took it. 
CORFU. 

The largest and most northern of 
Ionian Isles, Greece. 

Has an area of 274 square miles, 
and a population of 125,000. 

Mountainous. Produces olivesand 
wines. 

On the 11th January, 1916, the 
French landed here, and the Greeks 
protested. 

On the 10th February, 1916, 
„ 75,000 Serbian troops arrived here. 
CORINTH. 

An ancient city of Greece. 
On the 11th June, 1917, a French 
force landed here, and Franco-British 
forces occupied Larissa. 
"CORMORAN." 

A German light cruiser. 
She was sunk in November, 1914. 
CORNISH COAST. 

The Leyland liner " Armenian " 
was sunk off here by a submarine on 



the 1st July, 1915, 29 lives being lost, 
21 of whom were Americans. 

♦' CORNWALLIS," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in the year 
1904, having a displacement of 
14,000 tons and a speed of 19^ knots. 

She was sunk by a submarine in 
theMediterranean on the 8th January, 
1917, with the loss of 13 lives. 

CORNWELL, Boy John Thomas. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

CORPSES, Desecration of. 

Information reached the Allies 
early in the war that the Germans 
were utilising corpses for the manu- 
facture of glycerine and other pro- 
ducts, and that these corpses were 
sent in bundles of four, fastened 
together with wire, from the battle- 
fields. This was strenuously denied 
by the Germans, though an advertise- 
ment had appeared in a German 
newspaper calling for chemists to 
direct " Kadaveraustalt," or corpse- 
reducing factory. 

The Germans maintained that the 
word '' Kadaver " was never used of 
human corpses — though this is not 
true, as German dictionaries show — 
and they professed that the whole 
story was a lie. 

During 1917, however, a German 
Army Order, dated the 21st Decem- 
ber, 1916, fell into British hands, 
which contained the following in- 
structions : 

*' When corpses are sent to the 
corpse-utilisation factories, returns 
as to the unit, date of death, illness, 
and information as to (contagious) 
diseases, if any, are to be furnished 
at the same time." 

Some weeks later photographs of 
Germ.an dead being loaded into rail- 
v/ay waggons v/ere captured on 
German prisoners, and showed the 
bodies to be bound together with wire 
exactly in the conditions described. 

'* CORRINGTON." 

A U.S. transport. 
On the 1st July, 1918, she was tor- 
pedoed and sank. 



52 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



CORTEMARCK. 

On the 15th October, 1918, the 
French troops took it and Roulers. 

GOSGROVE, Gorporal W. 

Royal Munster Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
COSTA RICA. 

President Alfredo G. Flores, suc- 
ceeded in 1914. 

Republic in South Central 
America. 

Area, 18,400 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 380,000. 

Agricultural, coffee, and banana 
culture. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many on the 18th September, 1917. 

COTTER, Lance- Corporal W. R. 

East Kents. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
COTTIN. 

A criminal degenerate who shot 
M. Clemenceau. Sentenced to death 
14th March, 1919. 

COUCY-LE-CHATEAU. 

In the Department of Aisne, ten 
miles north of Soissons. 

A village famous for its formidable 
castle, now in ruins, one of the most 
striking monuments of the feudal 
ages in Europe. This huge strong- 
hold, which covered an area of 1 0,000 
square yards, was built early in the 
thirteenth century. The wealthy 
Louis d'Orleans bought it, and in 
1498 it passed to the French Crown. 
The castle, dismantled in 1652 by 
Mazarin's orders, had fought for its 
last lord Philippe Egalite of Orleans. 
The donjon is the finest specimen 
in Europe of mediaeval military 
architecture. Compared with this 
giant, the largest towers known 
appear mere spindles. It is 210 
feet high and 100 feet in diameter, 
and the walls are in some places 34 
feet thick. Four small towers, a 
moat, and high walls also protected 
the fortress, which stands on an 
eminence, approached by long steep 
slopes on all sides but one. 

In 1917 the Germans in their 
retreat from the Somme deliberately 
blew up this magnificent castle. 



COUNTER, Private J. T. (94081). 

King's Liverpool Rcgiment(Bland- 
ford, Dorset). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
COURCY. 

On the 28th May, 1918, the Ger- 
mans took it, and claimed to have 
taken 25,000 prisoners. 
COURTRAI. 

A town on the River Lys, West 
Flanders, Belgium. Has linen fac- 
tories. 

Population, 34,500. 
On the 17th October, 1918, 
British troops captured it. 
COURY, Second - Lieut. Gabriel 
George. 
South Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
CO VERB ALE, Sergeant Harry 
(4926). 
Manchester Regiment (Old Traf- 
ford, Manchester). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
COWDRAY, Viscount, of Midhurst, 
P.C.,D.L. 
Aged 63. 

Formerly Sir Weetman D. Pearson, 
M.P. 

President of S. Pearson & Son, 
Ltd. 

Was appointed Chairman of the 
Air Board on the 2nd January, 1917, 
in succession to Lord Curzon, but 
without salary. 

Constructed Dover Harbour works, 
the East River Tunnel, New York, 
Blackwall Tunnel, etc. 

Interested in the Tehuantepec 
Railway, Mexico, competitor of the 
Panama route. 

Was made a Viscount in 1916. 
COWLEY, Lieut.-Com. Charles H. 
R.N.V.R. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
"COWSLIP," H.M.S. 
A British gunboat. 
She was sunk by torpedo on the 
25th April. 1918. 
COX, Brigadier-General E. W. 

On the 9th September, 1918, the 

death was reported in France of this 

General by drowning while bathing. 

His death removed one of the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



53 



most gallant of the younger officers 
who had gained notable promotion 
since the war began. Gazetted in 
1900 to the Royal Engineers, ap- 
pointed Captain ten years later, going 
to the War Office as a General Staff 
Officer. In 1917 became General 
Staff Officer, 1st Grade, and in 
January last was appointed Brigadier- 
General (Intelligence Department). 
He was only 35 years of age, and 
served in France since the war began, 
In 1915 he was av/arded the D.S.O. 

COX, Private Christopher (13909). 

Bedfordshire Regiment. Gained 
the V C. in the war. 

CRACOW. 

The capital of the Austrian pro- 
vince of Galicia ; formerly the capital 
of Poland. 

It has a strong fortress and a 
university. 

It is an important manufacturing 
town. 

Has a population of 92,000. 

The Austrians were making active 
preparations to resist the Russians 
here, and up to the 1 1th November, 
1914, the Russians had taken 22,000 
German prisoners. 

On the 29th November, 1914. 
the Russians v/on a signal victory ; 
25,000 Austrians were taken prisoners 
within the then last fortnight. 

It was relieved on the 20th Decem- 
ber, 1914. 

CRAIG, Second-Lieut. John Man- 
son. 

Royal Scots Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

CRAIG, Colonel James, M.P. 

Aged 48. 

Served in the South African War. 

Elected M.P. for East Co. Down. 

Appointed Treasurer of the 
Household in the new Ministry in 
December, 1916. 

CRAIOVA. 

A town in Roumania, the capital 
of Little Wallachia. 

Has a good trade in agricultural 
produce, and a population of 46,000. 

On the 21st November, 1916, 
Falkenhayn's troops occupied it. 



CRAONNE. 

In Mayenne, on the Oudon. 

On the 27th December, 1914, the 
French held the trenches captured 
near Puisaleine, on the heights of the 
Meuse, consolidating the occupation 
of the ground near here. 

On the 5th May. 1916, the French 
troops made a brilliantthrust forward, 
giving them the mastery of one of the 
great barriers of Laon, and including 
the capture of Craonne Ridge, taking 
6,400 prisoners. 

On the 25th June. 191 7, the French 
gained a crest of Craonne Ridge, and 
captured Dragon's Cave, taking 300 
prisoners. 

" CRATHIE." 

A British hired trawler. 
Sunk in August, 1914, while acting 
as a mine-sweeper. 

CRAWFORD, Earl of. 

Aged 48. 

Chief Conservative Whip in 1911. 

Went to the House of Lords on the 
31st January, 1913. 

Enlisted in the Army in 1915, 
receiving later a commission. 

Appointed President of the Board 
of Agriculture in July, 1916, 

Was appointed Lord Privy Seal in 
December, 1916. 

CREFELD. 

A busy manufacturing town in the 
Rhine Province, Prussia. Manufac- 
tures, velvet and silk. 

Population, 107,000. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was reported that riots were taking 
place here. 

•♦ CRESSY," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in 1910, having a displacement of 
12,000 tons and a speed of 21 knots. 

She was sunk, together with H.M. 
Ships " Aboukir " and " Hogue," off 
the Hook of Holland, by German 
submarines on the 22nd September, 
1914. Over 1,400 lives were lost ; 
900 were saved. 

She and the " Hague" were tor- 
pedoed while trying to save lives. 

It was thought that the " Cressy " 
sank one submarine. 



54 



A.B,C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



CRETE. 

On the 28th September, 1916, the 
Provisional Government issued a 
proclamation signed by M. Venizelos. 

Greek battleships joined the 
British Fleet. 

On the 2nd October, 1916, the 
new Provisional Government, under 
M. Venizelos, began to organise 
public services here. 

On the 4th October, 1916, the 
Greek Cabinet resigned. 

CREVECCEUR. 

On the 1st October, 1918, it was 
captured by the French troops. 

CREWE, Marquess of, K.G., P.C. 

Aged 61. 

Son of Lord Houghton. 

Married the youngest daughter of 
Lord Rosebery. 

Was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 
from 1892 until 1895. 

Was Secretary for India in 1910, 
and was Lord Privy Seal and Leader 
of the House of Lords. 

Created Marquess in 1911. 

Lieutenant of County of London 
in 1912. 

Was President of the Board of 
Education in the Coalition Ministry. 

Chairman of the London County 
Council in 1917. 

GRICHTON -STUART, Lieut.- 
Colonel Lord Ninnian. 

Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war. 

CRISP, Skipper Thomas. 

R.N.R. (10055 D.A.). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war (killed in 
action). 

GROISILLES. 

In the German retreat between 
the Scarpe and the Aisne on the 28th 
August, 1918, it was captured. 

CROIX DU BAG. 

Three and a half miles west of 
Armentieres. 

On the 4th September, 1918, it 
was taken by the Allied troops. 

CROIX SANS TETE. 

On the 10th October, 1918, the 
French held the plateau here. 



CROMIE, Captain, R.N. 

He was murdered in the attack on 

the British Embassy at Petrograd, 

where he was British naval attache. 

CROOKS, Rt. Hon. Will, P.C, M.P. 

Aged 67. 

Was a poor boy, brought up in a 
Poor Law Institution. 

By hard work and determination 
raised himself to be a leader among 
working men. 

Mayor of Poplar in 1901, and a 
member of the London County 
Council since 1892. 

One of the most successful of 
recruiting advocates during the war. 

Has addressed the troops on active 
service. 

Was appointed a Privy Councillor 
in 1916. 

CROSS, Private (Acting - Lance - 
Corporal) A. E. (6299). 
Machine Gun Corps (Camberwell). 
Gained the V.C in the war. 

CROWE, Second-Lieut. J. 

Worcester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
CROWN AGENTS FOR THE 
COLONIES. 
4 Millbank, Westminster, S.W. I. 
GRUICKSHANK, Private Robert 
Edward. 
London Regiment (Harringay). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
CRUTCHLEY, Lieut. Victor A. C, 
D.S.O. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
CRYSTAL PALACE. 

On the 10th February, 1915, it 
was closed to the public by order of 
the Admiralty. 
CTESIPHON. 

On the 22nd November, 1915. a 
great battle took place here, 18 miles 
from Baghdad, the Turkish posi- 
tion being captured. The British 
casualties amounted to 4,567 killed, 
wounded, and missing. 
CUBA. 

President Mario G. Menocal, suc- 
ceeded in 1913. 

Area, 45,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation. 2.150,000. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



55 



Largest of West Indian Isles. 
Taken from Spain by the United 
States, but later relinquished to the 
people and constituted an independ- 
ent Republic, 

Has rich copper mines, and pro- 
duces tobacco, coffee, and sugar. 

Capital, Havana. 

Declared war against Germany on 
the 7th April, 1917. 

GUBITT, Gaptain the Hon. W. H. 

Eldest surviving son of Lord Ash- 
combe. 

Lost his life in the war. 

CUINGY. 

On the 13th October, 1918, British 
troops took it. 

'♦GUMBERLAND," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in 1904, with a displacement of 9,800 
tons and a speed of 232 knots. 

She captured nine German mer- 
chant steamers and a gunboat off the 
Cameroon river, West Africa, on the 
1st October, 1914. 

GUNLIFFE, Lord, G.B.E. 

Aged 64. 

Governor of the Bank of England 
in 1913. 

Appointed a director of the Bank 
in 1895. 

Visited U.S.A. on important 
financial mission. 

Has done valuable work in connec- 
tion with the war, for which he was 
raised to the Peerage in November, 
1914. 

CUNNINGHAM, Corporal John 
(8916). 

Late Leinster Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the v/ar. 

CUNNINGHAM, Private J. (1221). 
East Yorks Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

CURRAGH. 

A plain. County Kildare, Ireland. 

Large military camp and race- 
course. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, 
troops weresentfrom here — see under 
" Dublin." 



CURREY, Private W. W. (1584a). 

53rd Battalion, Australian Imperial 

Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

GURRIE, General. 

Commander of Canadian troops. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was reported that he was leading his 
troops to the Rhine. 

CURTIS, Sergeant H. A. (14107). 

2nd Battalion, Royal Dublin 

Fusiliers (Newlyn, East Cornwall). 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 

GURZON OF KEDLESTON, Earl, 

K.G., G. G.S.I. , G.G.I.E., 

P.G.,F.R.S.,LL.D., etc. 

Aged 60. 

Son of Lord Scarsdale. 

Entered Parliament in 1886. 

Was Under Secretary for India, 
and then for Foreign Affairs. 

Viceroy of India from 1898 until 
1905. 

Created an Irish Peer in 1898. 

Chancellor of Oxford University 
in March, 1907. 

An Irish Representative Peer, 1908. 

Lord Rector of Glasgow, 1908. 

Made an Earl in 1911. 

Delivered stirring orations on the 
war in 1914. 

Became Lord Privy Seal in the 
Coalition Ministry. 

Received the Order of the Garter 
on New Year's Day, 1916. 

Became a member of the War 
Cabinet in July, 1916. 

Lord President of the Council in 
December, 1916, and Leader of the 
House of Lords. 
GUXHAVEN. 

An outpost of Hamburg, at the 
mouth of the River Elbe, Germany. 

Has a line harbour. 

Population, 7,000. 

On the 25th December, 1914, 
seven British naval seaplanes made 
an attack at daylight on German war- 
ships lying in Schilig Roads, of! here, 
escorted by H.M. Ships " Arethusa," 

Undaunted," a destroyer Hotilla, 
and submarines. 

The British ships, while standing 
by to pick up the seaplanes, were 
themselves attacked by enemy Zep- 
pelins, seaplanes, and submarines. 



56 



A.B.C OF THE GREAT WAR 



beating off the attack and succeeding 
in picking up six of the British sea- 
planes after they had discharged 
bombs on points of military import- 
ance. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
seized by revolutionaries. 
•♦ CYMRIC." 

A White Star liner, built in 1898, 
carrying the British flag, having a 
gross tonnage of 13,370, a length of 
585 feet, a breadth of 64 and a depth 
of 37 feet, and a speed of 15 knots. 

She was sunkonthe8th May, 1916. 
CYPRUS. 

British isle in the Levant, having 
an area of 3,584 square miles, and a 
population of 274,108. Greatest 
length, 140 miles; greatest width, 
60 miles. 

It has salt lakes, rock crystal, 
asbestos, copper, etc. 

Capital, Nicosia. 

Chief port, Larnaca. 

Centre of wine trade, Limasal. 

Was annexed by the British 
Government on the 4th November, 
1914. 
CZECHO- SLOVAKS. 

On the 14th June, 1918, they 
captured Kazan. 

On the 29th June, 1918, General 
Dieterich's force of Czecho-Slovaks 
secured the control of Vladivostock. 

On the 8th July, 1918, they 
occupied Irkutsk, 

On the 25th July, 1918, they took 
Simbirsk, on the Volga. 

On the 13th August, 1918, the 
British Government recognised them 
as an Allied nation, 
CZERNIN, Count. 

Austrian Foreign Minister. 
^ On the 15th April, 1918, he re- 
signed as the result of M. Clemen- 
ceau's publication of Emperor 
Charles's letter mentioning " the just 
claim? of France to Alsace." 

GZERNOWITZ. 

A town on the River Pruth. 

The capital of Bukowina, in the 
province of Austria. 

Has a university, Greek cathedral, 
and a thriving trade. 

Population, 88,000. 



The Russians reoccupied it on the 
29th October, ' 1914, and it was 
lost again. 

On the 17th June, 1916, after seven 
days' desperate fighting, it was cap- 
tured by the Russians. 

Onthe3rd July, 1 91 7, the Germans 
captured it, and entered the capital 
of Bukowina. 
DAGO. 

Islands in the Gulf of Riga. 

On the 14th October, 1917, there 
was a naval action off here. Russian 
torpedo-boat sunk; two German 
torpedo-boats sunk. 

On the 18th-19th October, 1917. 
the Germans captured it and Moon, 
with 6,200 Russian prisoners. 
"DAGUE." 

A French destroyer. 

She was mined on the 24th 
February, 1915. 
DALLHEIM. 

Onthe31st July, 1915, the French 
aeroplane squadron bombarded the 
German aviation camp here. 
DALZIEL, Driver Henry (1936). 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

DAMASCUS. 

On the 2nd October, 1918, it was 
occupied by the British troops. 
D A N C O X, Private Frederick 
George (21654). 
Worcestershire Regiment (Worces- 
ter). Gained the V.C. in the war. 

DANGLIS, General. 

In command of the Greek forces 
in Salonika. 

DANIELS, Co.-Sergt.-Major H. 

Rifle Brigade. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
DANIELS, Josephus. 

Secretary of the Navy in President 
Wilson's Cabinet. 

On the 12th November, 1918, he 
announced that the U.S. Navy would 
police the seas, as it had suffered less 
than any other nation, and the 
burden would naturally fall on the 
U.S. 

On the 14th November. 1918. he 
withdrew the U.S. censorship. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



57 



♦*DANTON." 

A French battleship. 

On the 19th March. 1917, she was 
torpedoed and sank In the Mediter- 
ranean. 

DARDANELLES. 

Strait between Europe and Turkey 
in Asia, 40 miles long. 

Commanded by forts. 

The Strait forms the well-known 
" Hellespont," successfully swum by 
Lord Byron. 

Also chief town of Turkish pro- 
vince of Bigha, Asia Minor, on the 
narrower part, of the Strait. 

Population (exclusive of garrison), 
13.000. 

The forts at the entrance to the 
Dardanelles were bombarded by the 
Anglo-French Fleet on the 3rd 
November, 1914. 

The bombardment by the Allied 
Fleets was resumed on the4th Novem- 
ber, 1914. 

A fleet of 32 British and French 
warships attacked the forts at the 
mouth of the Dardanelles, silencing 
those on the European side and 
damaging those on the Asiatic side, 
on the 19th February, 1915. 

The attack was renewed on the 
20th February, 19.5, and two of the 
Asiatic forts were Destroyed. 

On the 25th February, 1915, the 
Allies began to dredge for mines. 

On the 27th February, 1915, the 
forts were attacked by the Allied 
Fleets, H.M.S. " Queen Elizabeth" 
taking part with crusuing effect. 

On the 3rd March, 191 5, the opera- 
tions were still in progress. British 
battleships entered tie Straits and 
attacked several of the forts, doing 
much damage. 

On the 1 8th March, 191 5, an action 
was fought between the combined 
British and French squadrons and 
the great fortresses of the Narrows 
in the Dardanelles. Four of the 
forts were silenced, but three vessels 
of the Allied Fleets, the " Irresis- 
tible " and the " Ocean " of the 
British Fleet, and the " Bouvet " of 
the French squadron, were sunk by 
mines. 

On the 12th August, 1915, a 



Turkish transport was sunk in the 
Dardanelles. 

On the 9th March, 1917, the 
Government published the interim 
report as to the operations in the 
Dardanelles. 

BAR ES SALAAM. 

The capital of German East Africa. 

On the 4th January. 1915. British 
warships successfully bombarded 
this port. 

On the 4th September, 1916, it 
surrendered to the British. 

DARMSTADT. 

A town in Germany. 

Capital of Grand Duchy of Hesse 
Darmstadt, on the River Darm, near 
Frankf ort-on- Main. 

Carries on carpet and machinery 
manufactory. 

Population, 88,000. 

The railways here were bombed by 
British airmen. 

DARTNELL, Temporary-Lieut. W. 

Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

DAST, Jemadar Mir. 

55th Coke's Rifles. Gained the 
V.C. in the vv^ar. 

DAVEY, Corporal Philip (1327), 

M.M. 
Australian Imperial F"orce. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

DAVID, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Agri- 
culture for France in the new Minis- 
try formed in September, 1917, 

DAVIS, Arthur N. 

For many years the Kaiser s 
American dentist, who has written 
his reminiscences in the Press. 

DAVIES, Corporal J. R. 

Welsh Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

DAVIES, Corporal James Llewel- 
lyn. 

Late Royal Welsh Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the v/ar. 



58 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



DAVIES, Corporal J. T. (20765) 

South Lancashire Regiment (St. 

Helens). Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 

DAVIES, Squad-Com. R. B., D.S.O. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

DAWSON, Corporal J. L. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
DAY, Corporal Sidney James 
(15092). 
Suffolk Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
DAYKINS, Corporal (Acting- Ser- 
geant) J. B. (205353). 
2/4th Battalion, York and Lanes 
Regiment (T.F.) (Jedburgh, Scot- 
land). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
DAYLIGHT SAVING. 

Bill passed on the 8th May, 1916, 
and renewed in 1917, 1918, and 1919. 
DEAL. 

Ancient seaport and watering- 
place. East Kent, England, opposite 
to the Goodwin Sands, and near 
where Julius Caesar is said to have 
first landed. 

Population, 1,297. 
On the 20th March, 1915, there 
was an ineffectual air raid, the bombs 
dropped falling into the sea. 
DEAN, Temporary- Lieut. D. J. 

8th Battalion, Royal West Kent 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
DEAN, Lieut. Percy Thompson. 
R.N.V.R. (Motor Launch 282). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
DEASE, Lieut. M. J. 

Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
DEBENEY. 

French General. 

In command of the First French 
Army. 

On the 12th September, 1918. he 
was promoted to be Grand Officer of 
the Legion of Honour. 
DE BEERENBROUCH, Jonkheer. 
The Dutch Premier. 
Speaking on the 6th November, 
1918, on the Dutch military irregu- 
larities, he stated that demobilisation 
at the present lime would be equal 



to suicide to Holland. Twenty 
Soldiers' Councils had already been 
established in Holland. 
DEBRECZEN. 

A town in pastoral plain of Hun- 
gary, 114 miles east of Buda-Pest. 
The capital of Harduk. 

Population, 75,000 ; chiefly in- 
habited by Magyars. 

On the 28th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Aus:rian Emperor 
Charles was on the point of starting 
for here. A revolution was feared in 
Vienna. 
DEDEAGATCH. 

A seaport of Turkey, 10 miles 
north-west of the mouth of the River 
Maritza. Carries on oak and timber 
trade, and has many antiquities. 

It has a population of 4,000. 

It was bombaraed by the British 
Fleet on the 21st October, 1915. 
"DEFENCE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in the year 1909, laving a displace- 
ment of 14,600 tons and a speed of 
23 knots. 

She was sunk 3y German gunfire 

in the North Sea 3attle of Jutland on 

the 31st May, 1916 — see under 

" H.M.S. * Queen Mary.'" 

DEFENCE OF THE REALM ACT. 

Commonly called " Dora." 

No Act on the statute-book ha 
ever had suchsweeping and compre- 
hensive powers as the Defence of the 
Realm Act. Under its provisions it 
is a serious crime to publish details 
relating to n\ilitary, naval, and aerial 
movements unless they have been 
sanctioned ly the Censor. Suspec- 
ted persons are interned or deported. 
Munition n'orks and workers are 
under the authority of the Act. 
Lighting arrangements are controlled 
by " Dora, ' and so are some of our 
commercia. transactions. In fact, 
it would not be easy to say what 
department of activity in the kingdom 
does not come within the scope of the 
operations of the Act. 
DE LA WARR, Earl. 

Grandson of the late Lord Brassey, 
and succeeded to the earldom on the 
death of his father, the eighth earl, in 
1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



59 



He left Eton at the age of 16, and 
joined the Royal Navy, where he 
served during the war as an able 
seaman, and for over a year was 
picking up mines. 

DELBRUECK. 

Chief of Imperial Civil Cabinet 
(Germany). 

On the 2nd November, 1918. this 
statesman was charged to inform the 
Kaiser a second time of the decision 
of the Government with regard to his 
abdication. 

DELGASSE, M. 

Foreign Minister for France. 

On the 8th February, 1915, he was 
received by the King at Buckingham 
Palace. 

On the 13th October, 1915, he 
resigned as French Minister of 
, Foreign Affairs. M. Vivian took 
over his portfolio. 

DELVILLE WOOD. 

On the 27th August, 1918, the 
British captured it. 

♦♦DEMIR HISSAI." 

A Turkish destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
16th April, 1915. 

DENIECOURT. 

On the 18th September, 1916, the 
French took it. 

DENMARK. 

King Christian X., succeeded in 
1912. 

A kingdom in North- West Europe, 
consisting of Peninsula of Jutland 
Islands in the Baltic. 

Area, 14,829 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,800,000. 

Chiefly agriculture. 

Capital, Copenhagen. 

On the 1st January, 1917, she 
stopped sailings in fear of the Ger- 
man blockade. 

DENT, Sir Francis H. 

Aged 52. 

General Manager of the South- 
Eastern and Chatham Railway Co. 

Received knighthood on the 1st 
January, 1916, for exceptional ser- 
vices in the war. 



DE PASS, Lieut. F. A. 

34th Prince Albert Victor's Own 

Horse. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

DERBY, Edvv^ard George Villiers 

Stanley, Earl of, K.G., 

G.G.V.O., C.B. 

Aged 54. 

Was formerly Lord Stanley, M.P. 

Was Postmaster-Generalfrom 1903 
until 1905. 

Was Chief Press Censor in South 
Africa during the South African 
War. 

Was Lord of the Treasury. 

Financial Secretary to the War 
Office from 1900 until 1903. 

Was made Director of Recruiting 
on the 5th October, 1915, and upon 
entering into his duties he met in 
conference the Parliamentary Re- 
cruiting Committee and the Joint 
Labour Recruiting Committee. 

Received K.G. on New Year's 
Day. 1915. 

The war's best recruiter. Managed 
the " Derby" Scheme. 

Under Secretary for War in July, 
1916. 

Chairman of Air Committee, 1916. 

Was Secretary for War from 
December, 1916. 

British Ambassador in Paris, 18th 
April, 1918. 
'*DERFFLINGER." 

A German warship, completed in 
September, 1914. Tonnage, 28,000. 

Together with the German ships 
" Seydlitz,'' " Moltke," and " Blii- 
cher," she was engaged in a running 
fight with H.M. Ships " Lion," 

Tiger," " Princess Royal," " New 
Zealand," and "Indomitable," on 
the 24th January, 1915. 

The " Lion " was flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The" Bliichei " capsized and sank. 

The British casualties were 14 
killed and 29 wounded 

Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, 
125 were saved. 

She was engaged in the Battle of 
Jutland on the 31st May, 1916— see 
under " H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 
DERNBURG, Herr. 

Former German Colonial Minister. 
1 In June, 1917, at the Buda-Pest 



60 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Economic Congress, he stated : 
** The German Empires have used 
up their national resources to a 
greater extent than the Allies. . . . 
The world's means of transport are 
to a large extent destroyed by sea and 
rendered inefficient by land. There 
is no doubt that there will be an 
immense world-wide demand for 
war materials." 

On the 28th September, 1917, he 
stated : " Our lies are coarse and 
improbable : our intrigues are with- 
out salt and without grace." 
DE RESZKE, Lieut. Jean. 

Son of the famous tenor. 

Lost his life in the war. 
DESBOROUGH, Lord. 

Aged 63. 

Ex-Chancellor of the Primrose 
League. 

Chairman of the Thames Conser- 
vancy Board. 

A member of the Committee to 
Organise National Thrift. 

His son died in the war. 
D'ESPEREY, GeneraL 

On the 15th October, 1918, it was 
announced that, accompanied by a 
numerous Staff, he would depart 
very shortly for Sofia, where he would 
be installed for some time in order to 
supervise the execution of the im- 
portant clauses in military conven- 
tions at Salonika. 
•* DEUTSCHLAND." 

A German commercial submarine. 

On the 1 0th July, 1 9 1 6, she reached 
Baltimore with mails and cargo. 

On the 23rd August, 1916, she 
arrived at the mouth of the Weser 
on her return from the United States. 
DEVONPORT, Viscount. 

Aged 62. 

Formerly Sir Hudson Kearley, 
M.P. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Board of Trade from 1905 until 1909. 

Chairman of the Port of London 
Authority (without salary, at his own 
request) since 1907. 

Food Controller in Ministry from 
December, 1916, to June, 1917. 

On the 2nd February, 1917, he 
ordered voluntary rationing. 



On the 1st June, 1917, he resigned 
as Food Controller. 

Was created a Vircount in June, 
1917. 

DEVONSHIRE, Duke of, K.G., 
G.C.V.O. 

Aged 51. 

Succeeded to the dukedom in 1908. 

Son-in-law to Lord Lansdowne. 

Was Treasurer of the Royal 
Household from 1900 until 1903. 

K.C.V.O. in 1912. 

Appointed a Civil Lord of the 
Admiralty in the Coalition Ministry 
in June, 1915. 

K.G. on New Year's Day, 1916. 

Appointed Governoz-General of 
Canada on the 29th July, 1916. 

DEWAR, Lieut. D. 

Machine Gun Corps. 
Downing College oarsman. 
Lost his life in the war. 

DE WET. 

An African General in the South 
African War. 

On the 26th October, 1914, he and 
General Beyers joined the South 
African rebels, and Heilbron was 
seized. 

On the llth November, 1914, he 
was reported to have been routed by 
General Botha, but to have escaped. 

He was captured by the South 
African forces on the 1st December, 
1914. 

On the 30th March, 1915. he was 
committed for trial at Bloemfontein 
on a charge of treason, and on the 
21st June, 1915, he was found 
guilty, and sentenced to six years' 
imprisonment and fined £2,000. 

On the 21st December, 1915, his 
pardon and that of other South 
African rebels was announced. 

DE WIART, Lieut.-Coloncl A. C. 

Dragoon Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war 

DEYNZE. 

A town in East Flanders, on the 
Lys. 

Up to the 2nd November, 1918, 
nineteen villages had been conquered 
by the Franco-Americans, notably 
the important centres of Deynze, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



61 



Nazareth, Cruyshanten, and Aude- 
narde. 

On the 9th November, 1918, 
Deynze had been plundered and 163 
civilians massacred by the Bavarians. 
DIAZ, General. 

Commander-in-Chief of the Italian 
Army, being appointed on the 9th 
November, 1917. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
Supreme Council at Versailles sent 
to him the clauses of the armistice for 
Austria, and he communicated them 
to the enemy. 
DICKMAN, Major- General. 

In charge of the Third American 
A.rmy. 

On the 17th November, 1918, the 
American army under his command 
began its march into the territory 
evacuated by the enemy in accord- 
ance with the terms of the armistice, 
A.t nightfall the advance had reached 
the line Ecovviez-Sorby-Gouram- 
court-Mars and La Tour (14 miles 
from Metz, and scene of the big 
battle of August, 1870). 
DICKSON, Lieut. A. F. 

Cambridge oarsman. 

Lost his life in the war. 
DILLENGEN. 

A town on the River Danube, 
Bavaria, near Augsburg. 

Population, 6,000. 

The factories here were bombed by 
British airmen on five occasions. 
DIMMER, Lieut. - Colonel, V.C, 
M.G. 

Lost his life in the v/ar. 
DIMMER, Lieut. J. H. S. 

K.R.R. Corps. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
DIN ANT. 

A fortified town on the River 
Meuse, in the province of Namur, 
Belgium. Famous for brass and 
copper. 

Population, 7,500. 

It was sacked on the 3rd Seotem- 
ber, 1914. 
"DIOMED." 

A Holt liner. 

On the 22nd August, 1915. she 
was sunk ; 3 killed (including 



Captain J. Myles) and several 
injured. 

DIPLOMATIC PRIVILEGES,Trea. 

cherous Misuse of. 

In September the United States 
Government published messages sent 
by Count Luxburg, the German 
Charge d'Affaires in Argentina, in- 
structing his Government as to the 
position of Argentine ships, and 
advising that Government either to 
turn them back or to " sink them 
without trace." These messages 
were sent through the Swedish 
Embassy. In June the Norwegian 
Government discovered in the bag- 
gage of the Baron von Rantenfels 
a ton of high ' explosives specially 
prepared for the destruction of ships. 
Twenty Norwegian vessels were lost 
at sea, it is believed, through bombs 
placed on board them by this man 
and his agents. His luggage was 
marked with the special lead seal of 
the German Foreign Office, addressed 
to the German Legation in Chris- 
tiania, and he carried a German 
diplomatic passport. 

Germany impudently acknow- 
ledged that the explosives had been 
sent from Berlin with the approval of 
the German Foreign Office, and 
threatened war if Norway showed any 
resentment. 

President Wilson declared that from 
the opening of the war, and even 
before it, Germany filled the United 
States and " even our ofTiCes of 
Government with spies, and set 
criminal intrigues everywhere afoot, 
v/ith the support and even under the 
direction of official agents of the 
Imperial Government accredited to 
the Government of the United 
States.' 

DI REVAL, Thaon. 

Commander-in-Chief of the Italian 
Navy. 

On the 9th November, 1918. he 
issued a warning to Austro-Hunga- 
rian Fleet, who had not complied with 
armistice naval clauses. 

DIXMUDE. 

A town on the River Yser, West 
Flanders, Belgium. 



62 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 24th October, 1914, the 
Germans gained some ground here. 

The Germans succeeded in occu- 
pying Dixmude on the 1 1th Novem- 
ber, 1914. 

On the 16th November, 1914, the 
Germans continued in possession of 
th-e ruins that were once Dixmude, 
and made a further attempt to cross 
the canal, but were defeated. 

On the 30th September, 1918, the 
Belgian Army captured it. 

DJEMAL PASHA. 

Turkey. 

On the 14th November, 1918, it 
was reported that he had fled from 
the Turkish capital. 

DOBERITZ CAMP. 

Internment camp for English and 
other prisoners of the Germans. 

DOBRUDJA. 

Roumania. 

On the 24th December, 1916, the 
whole of the Dobrudja, except the 
north-east corner, was in the hands 
of the Germans. 

See also under " Arges." 

DOBSON, Lance- Corporal F. W. 

Coldstream Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

DOCKERS' BATTALION. 

It was inaugurated on the 12th 
April, 1915. Three hundred and 
fifty men paraded in khaki at their 
headquarters. 

DOIGNIES. 

On the 3rd September, 1918, 
British troops entered here. 

DOINGT. 

On the 6th September, 1918, 
British troops took it. 

DOIRAN. 

On the 12th December, 1915, the 
Bulgarians entered here and Ghev- 
geli. 

On the 24th September, 1918, 
British and Greeks took it. 

DOMPIERE. 

On the 7th November, 1918. the 
British troops took Dompiere and 
Monceau St. Waast. 



" DONEGAL." 

A British hospital ship, built in 
1904, belonging to the Midland 
Railway Company, flying the British 
flag, having a gross tonnage of 1,997 
and a speed of 19 knots. 

On the 17th April, 1917, she was 
torpedoed without warning and sunk 
in the Channel, together with the 
" Lanfranc ** ; 75 drowned, including 
16 Germans. 

"DONNETZ." 

A Russian battleship of the " K " 
type, launched in 1887, with a 
tonnage of 1,200. 

On the 28th October, 1914, she 
was sunk by Turkish torpedo craft 
off the port of Odessa. 

DOONER, Lieut.- ColoneL 

R.F.A. 

Bradfield College athlete. 

Lost his life in the war. 
DORNACH. 

In Alsace. 

On the 29th July, 1915, French 
airmen bombed an asphyxiating gas 
factory here. 

On the 26th August, 1915, the 
factory was again bombed by French 
airmen. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was reoccupied by French and 
Americans. 

DORPAT. 

On the 24th February, 1918, the 
Germans took it and Jitomir. Bol- 
sheviks abandoned demands and 
abjectly surrendered, accepting the 
German demands. 
DORRELL, Battery- Sergt.-Major 
G. T. 

R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
DOUAI, or DOUAY. 

A fortified town near Lille, North- 
Eastern France. Glass, bell-found- 
ing, arsenal, etc. 

Population, 37,000. 

On the 3rd March, 1915, Douai 
and Don junctions were destroyed, 
and a train was blown up by British 
airmen. 

On the 8th September, 1918, fires 
were observed here. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



63 



On the 9th September, 1918, 
German reports stated it was being 
evacuated. 

On the 5th October, 1918, the 
enemy was burning it. 

On the 7th October, 1918, it was 
in flames. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the British. 

DOUGALL, Lieut. (Acting-Cap- 
tain) E. S., M.C. 

Late Royal Field Artillery (S.R.). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
DOUGLAS-WYLIC, Lieut. -Colonel 
C. H. M. 

Headquarters Staff. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
DOUGLAS HAMILTON, Major 
A. F. 

Reserve of Officers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
DOUMER, M. 

Was appointed a Secretary of State 
and a member of the War Committee 
for France in the new Ministry 
formed in 191 7. 
DOVER. 

An old cinque port on the English 
coast, in the county of Kent. The 
nearest point of passage to France, 
the Straits of Dover being only 21 
miles wide. 

It is strongly fortified, and has a 
splendid national harbour, con- 
structed at a cost of £4,000,000. 

It is now proposed to construct a 
tunnel between England and France, 
under the Straits. 

Population of extended borough, 
43,647. 

A German air raid, the first on 
England, occurred here on the 24th 
December, 1914. There were no 
casualties. 

On the 19th March, 1916, Dover, 
Deal, Ramsgate, and Margate were 
raided by four German seaplanes, 
1 1 persons being killed. One of 
the raiders was brought down at sea 
by Flight-Commander Bone. 

On the 20th April, 1917, six Ger- 
man destroyers, after firing 500 
shells at Calais, attempted a raid on 
Dover. Two of them were sunk by 



H.M. Ships " Swift " and " Broke," 
of the Dover Patrol. 

On the 22nd August, 1917, 10 
German aeroplanes raided Margate, 
Ramsgate, and Dover, causing 24 
casualties, and bombing a hospital. 
British claim there were three 
machines destroyed. 

On the 2nd September, 1917, the 
Germans air-raided Dover, killing 1 
and injuring 6 persons. 

On the 15th February, 1918, Ger- 
man submarine bombarded it ; 1 
killed, 7 wounded. 

On the 16th February, 1918, there 
was a raid here, which was defeated; 
one machine was brought down. 

"DOVER CASTLE." 

A British hospital ship. 

On the 26th May, 1917, she was 
torpedoed in the Mediterranean. 
There were 6 killed. 

DOWNIE, Sergt. Robert (11213). 
Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

DOYLE, Sir A. Conan. 

Aged 60. 

He was a practising surgeon, but 
is now a novelist. 

Wrote " Sherlock Holmes " and 
many other books and plays. 

Energetic recruiter, lecturer, and 
writer on the war. Interested in 
spiritualism. 

Is engaged in writing a comprehen- 
sive history of the war. 

DOYLE, Go.-Sergeant -'Major 
Martin, M.M. (10864). 

1st Battalion, Royal Munster 
Fusiliers (New Ross, Co. Wexford). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

DRAGON'S CAVE. 

* A German stronghold. 

On the 25th June, 1917, it was 
taken by the French. 

DRAIN, Driver J. H. C. 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 

"DRAKE," H.M.S. 

British armoured cruiser. 
On the 2nd October, 1917, she was 
torpedoed in the Atlantic and sunk. 



64 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



"DRESDEN." 

A German ship. 

According to the Admiralty report 
published on the 14th November, 
1914, she was engaged, with the 
German ships " Scharnhorst," 

Gneisenau," and " Leipzig," off the 
coast of Chili, against H.M. Ships 

Good Hope/' " Monmouth," and 

Glasgow," in stormy weather, the 
action lasting an hour. 

The " Good Hope " caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. The " Mon- 
mouth," also on fire, drew off, but 
was again attacked. The " Glas- 
gow " was not greatly damaged, and 
had few casualties. 

The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin 
Elizabeth," which was in harbour 
when the siege began, v/as blown up 
by the Austrians. 

The " Dresden " escaped when, 
together with the " Gneisenau," 

Niirnberg," " Scharnhorst," and 

Leipzig," all of v/horn were sunk, 
they were engaged off the Falkland 
Islands by a British squadron, com- 
manded by Sir F. Sturdee, on the 
nth December, 1914. 

On the 14th March, 1915, she was 
caught near Juan Fernande? by H.M. 
Ships " Glasgow," " Kent," and 
'* Orama." After five minutes' light- 
ing she hoisted the v^^hite flag, and 
blew up and sank. 

DRESSER, Private Tom (242697). 
Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the v/ar. 

DREWRY, Lieut., V.C. 

Lost his life in the war. 

DREWRY, Midshipman G. L. 

R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the 



DRINA. 

A river, tributary of the Save, 
separating Serbia from Bosnia. 
Flows 300 miles from its Monte- 
negrin sourcetoabout 63 miles west of 
Belgrade. 

On the 21st September, 1914. the 
Austrians were beaten by the Serbians 
on the Drina, and f.ed in a state of 
panic. 



DRINK. 

On the 29th November, 1915. a 
new Order restricting the hours for 
the sale of drink in London to 
between noon and 2.30 p.m. and 
betv/een 6.30 p.m and 9.30 p.m. 
came into force. 

The hours were extended after the 
armistice. 

DRUMMOND, Lieut. Geoffrey H. 

R.N.V.R. Gained the V.C. in the 



DRUMMOND, Captain R. K. 

Eldest son of Dr. R. J. Drummond, 
A.F.C. Moderator. 

Lost his life in the war. 

DUBLIN. 

Metropolitan city and county of 
Ireland. 

Population — of county, 476,909; 
of city, 309,272. 

On the River Liffey, at its entrance 
to Dublin Bay. Has cathedral, uni- 
versity, castle, spirit and chemical 
produce, stout and glass works, etc. 

On the 25th April, 1916. a con- 
siderable body of armed rebels, called 

Sinn Feiners," seized the General 
Post Office, St. Stephen's Green, and 
the ammunition magazine in Phcenix 
Park. They besieged the Castle, cut 
the telegraph wires, and tapped the 
telephone. They held Sackville 
Street, the Four Courts, and blocks 
of buildings which included Liberty 
Hall, the " Daily Express " office. 
South Dublin Union, and Jacob's 
biscuit factory. The unarmed police 
were powerless, and a week of house- 
to-house fighting ensued between the 
rebels (under Pearse Macdough and 
a certain Countess Markievicz, who is 
now the first and only woman M.P.) 
and bodies of troops, "most of whom ' 
were draft-finding battalions or young 
Territorials from England," Lord 
French, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the Home Forces, having promptly 
dispatched the 59th Division, at St. 
Albans, to the seat of the disturbance 
to reinforce the troops from the 
Curragh. Rebel barricades had to 
be destroyed by artillery fire, and 
sniping tactics were met by the em- 
ployment of bombing parties and 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



65 



armoured motor-lorries. Many per- 
sons on both sides lost their lives, as 
well as civilian volunteers. The 
troops lost 440 of all ranks, of whom 
106 were killed in action; and the 
operations formed the subject of a 
dispatch from General Sir John 
Maxwell, as Commander-in-Chief of 
the Forces in Ireland, on the 25th 
May, who mentioned that as soon as 
the Dublin rebels had been crushed 
it became necessary to move columns 
of troops into various disaffected 
districts in Meath, Louth, Galway, 
Wexford, Clare, and Kerry. At 
Ashbourne a party of the Royal 
Irish Constabulary was ambushed by 
rebels ; 2 inspectors and 8 constables 
were killed and 14 were wounded. 

On the 30th April, 1916, the sur- 
render of 707 rebels was announced. 

DUFFY, Private James. 

Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers (Let- 
terkenny). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

DUKE, Rt. Hon. H. E., K.C., M.P. 

Aged 64. 

Formerly a journalist in the West 
of England. Then a barrister. Took 
silk in 1899. 

Conservative M.P. for Exeter. 

Privy Councillor in June, 1915. 

Was Chief Secretary for Ireland 
from July, 1916. 

Later appointed a Lord Justice of 
Appeal. 

•DUKE OF ALBANY." 

A British armed vessel, with a 
tonnage of 1,997, belonging to the 
Lancashire and Yorkshire and the 
London and North- Western Railv/ay 
Company. 

She was sunk by submarine in the 
North Sea on the 24th August, 1916. 

♦DUKE OF EDINBURGH," 
H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in 1906, having a displacement of 
13,550 tons and a speed of 22i knots. 

She assisted the Indian troops in 
capturing the Turkish forts at the 
southern end of the Red Sea on the 
15th November, 1914. 



DULCIGNO. 

An ancient city in Montenegrin 
territory, formerly belonging to Tur- 
kish Albania. Passed by Berlin 
Treaty of 1880. 

Population, 5,000. 

In November, 1918, the Italian 
Navy occupied it and the port of 
Antivari. 

DUMBA, Dr. 

The Austro-Hungarian Ambassa- 
dor in Washington. 

On the ! 0th September, 1915, he 
was four d out in a " flagrant viola- 
tion of diplomatic propriety " in 
America, and President Wilson de- 
manded his recall. 

DUN-SUR-MEUSE. 

On the 6th November, 1918, the 
Americans, having crossed the Meuse 
south of Dun-sur-Meuse, captured it. 
"DUNDALK." 

Steamship of 794 tons. 

On the 21st October, 1918, she 
was torpedoed in the Irish Sea ; 20 
of the crew of 33 missing. 

This fresh outrage was committed 
while the Germans were seeking 
peace. 
DUNKIRK. 

Most northerly port of France. 
Strongly fortified. Good harbour 
and trade. 

Population, 41,500. 

On the 30th December, 1914, a 
German squadron of aeroplanes 
attacked here, 15 persons being killed 
and 32 v/ounded. 

On the 30th April, 1915, the 
German long-range guns shelled 
Dunkirk, killing 20 people. 

On the 26th March, 1917, the 
Zeebrugge destroyers shelled Dun- 
kirk, and sank a French destroyer. 

On the 25th April, 1917, it was 
bombarded by a German flotilla. 

On the 1st October, 1917, German 
aeroplanes attacked it. 

On the 31st October, 1917, enemy 
aeroplanes dropped about 30 bombs 
here. No casualties or damage. 

On the 9th November, 1917, 
enemy aeroplanes dropped about 50 
bombs here ; 3 persons v/ere killed 
and 3 injured. The hospital at 



66 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Zuydcoote was also attacked by enemy 
aeroplanes, which dropped incen- 
diary bombs. Seven persons be- 
longing to the hospital stai? were 
killed and 9 were injured. 

On the 24th November, 1917, it 
was bombed by enemy aeroplanes. 
There were no victims, and the 
material damasje was insignificant. 

On the 6th December, 1 917, it was 
bombed by enemy aeroplanes ; 2 
civilians were killed. 
DUNSIRE, Private R. 

13th Royal Scots. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
DUNSTAN, Corporal W. 

Australian I mperial Force. Gained 
ihe V.C. in the war. 
DUNVILLE, Second-Lieut. John 
Spencer. 

Late Dragoons. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
DUPUY, M. Jean. 

Was appointed a Secretary of State 
and a member of the War Com- 
mittee for Francein the new Ministry 
formed in 1917. 
DURAZZO. 

A seaport of Turkey, in Albania. 

At midday on the 4th October, 
1918, the Allied warships entered 
the port, passing through minefields 
guarding it, and entirely destroyed 
the fortifications of the port and 
depots containing material for the 
Austrian army operating in Albania. 
DUREN. 

A manufacturing town, on the 
River Ruhr, Rhenish Prussia. 

Population, 28,500. 

The factories here were bombed by 
British airmen on tvv'o occasions. 

DURHAM. 

A cathedral city on the River Wear. 
Capital of County Durham, North- 
East England. 

University and m.anufacturing city. 

Population, 28.500. 

Area of Durham County, 1,011 
square miles. 

Population of Durham County, 
1,370,011. 

Many collieries and other 



industries, besides agriculture and 
stock-keeping. 

On the 27th October, 1916, three 
Zeppelins raided the British coast. 
There v/ere 17 British casualties. 
One Zeppelin was brought down off 
the Durham coast by Lieut. L V. 
Pyott, R.F.C. Another was brought 
down off the Norfolk coast by Lieut. 
E. Cadburv, and Sub-Lieuts. E. L. 
Pulling and G. W. R. Fane, R.N.A.S. 
DUSSELDORF. 

A town on the River Rhine, 
Prussia. One of the handsomest 
and most flourishing districts in 
Germany. Has iron foundries, 
m.achinery and other factories. 

Population, 360.000. 

Art and educational centre. 

On the 10th October. 1914. British 
airmen returned safely after a success- 
ful attack on the Diisseldorf airship 
shed, a Zeppelin being destroyed. 
DUTCH COAST. 

On the 1st May, 1915. two German 
torpedo-boats and one British de- 
stroyer were sunk off here. 

On the 22nd January, 1917, two 
actions in the North Sea took place 
near here. 

In the first the British light forces 
met a division of enemy destroyers, 
sank one, and scattered the others ; in 
the second, off Schonwen Bank, one of 
the British destroyers was torpedoed, 
with a loss of 3 officers and 44 men. 

On the 16th July, 1917, six large 
German steamers were intercepted 
by British naval forces off here. 
Four were sunk and others badly 
damaged by gunfire. 
DWYER, Private E. 

East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
DWYER, Sergeant John James 
(2060). 

Australian Machine Gun Corps. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
EAST COAST, ENGLAND. 

The following German air raids 
were reported : 

On the 16th April, 1915, when 
bombs were dropped on Lowestoft. 
Halesworth, Maiden, and Southwold 
but little damage was done. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



67 



On the east and south-east coast on 
the 4th June, 1915, when 24 were 
killed and 40 injured. 

On the 6th June, 1915, when 24 
were killed and 40 injured, 

Zeppelin raid on the 9th August, 
1915, when 14 were killed and 14 
injured, and some fires were caused. 

On the 11th August, 1915, when 
no damage was done. 

Zeppelin raid on the 12th A^ugust, 
1915, when 6 v/ere killed and 23 
injured, and damage to property. 

On the 13th August, 1915, when 
there were no deaths, but 7 injured. 

Zeppelin raid on the 17th August, 
1915, when 10 v/ere killed and 36 
injured. 

On the 11th and 12th September, 

1915, when there were no casualties 
or damage. 

On the 23rd Januarj', 1916, when 1 
was killed and 6 injured. 

On the 20th February, 1916, by 
German seaplanes dropping bombs, 
killing 1 boy and injuring another. 

On the 31st March, 1916, by five 
Zeppelins on the east and north-east 
coasts, killing 43 persons and injuring 
66. Flight-Lieut. Brandon dropped 
a number of bombs on one Zeppelin. 

On the 1st April, 1916, when 16 
v/ere killed and 100 injured. 

Zeppelin raid on the 4th April, 

1916. There was no damage and no 
casualties. 

On the 1st May, 1916, it and the 
Scottish border were raided by five 
airships. 

On the 2nd May, 1916, when 9 
were killed and 27 injured. 

Air raid by three German airships 
on the 30th July, 1916. There were 
no casualties. 

On the 9th August, 1916, 160 
high explosive and incendiary bombs 
were dropped by airships on it and 
the north-east coast districts and the 
south-east of Scotland ; 6 persons 
were killed and 16 injured, and some 
damage to property. 

On the 24th August, 1916, v/hen 
8 were killed and 36 injured. 

On the 2nd September, 1916, when 
2 were killed and 13 injured. 

On the 25th September, 1916. 
there was a raid by seven Zeppelins 



on it, the south-east and north coasts, 
and North Midlands. In the indus- 
trial districts of the latter region the 
damage done was chiefly to small 
houses ; 36 persons were killed and 
37 injured. No military damage was 
done. 

On the 1st October, 1916, when 1 
was killed and 1 injured. 

Air raid on this and the north coast 
on the 27th November, 1916, when 1 
was killed and 16 injured. Two 
airships were brought down. 

On the 23rd May, 1917, when 1 
v/as killed. 

On the 27th May, 1917, on the 
south-east coast, when 76 v/ere killed 
and 1 7 injured. 

On the 16th June, 1917, when a 
Zeppelin v/as brought down in flames 
by a pilot of the R.F.C. ; 3 of the 
crew survived. 

A second airship raided the Kent 
coast ; 3 were killed and 20 injured. 

EASTERN COUNTIES, 

ENGLAND. 

The following air raids were re- 
ported : 

On the 17th August, 1915, when 
10 were killed and 36 injured. 

On the 7th September, 1915, when 
10 v-zere killed and 43 injured, and 
damasre done to property. 

On'' the 13th October, 1915, a 
Zeppelin raid was made on London 
and the Eastern Counties ; 56 were 
killed and 114 injured, including 15 
soldiers killed and 13 injured. 

On the 31st March, 1916, six 
Zeppelins raidedthe Eastern Counties 
and the north-east coast ; 43 v/ere 
killed and 66 were injured. Zeppelin 
L 15 was brought down. 

On the 24th April, 1916, when 
there were no casualties or damage. 

On the 30th July, 1916, when 
there were no casualties or damage. 

On the 3rd September, 1916, 13 
enemy airships attacked the Eastern 
Counties, and attempted to attack 
London, but were driven ofr. One 
of the Zeppelins was destroyed. 

On the 24th September, 1916, 12 
German airships raided London and 
parts of the Eastern, South-Eastern, 
and East Midland Counties ; 38 



68 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



persons were killed and 125 injured 
in London. Two airships were 
brought down, one in flames, all the 
crew being killed ; the other landed, 
and was destroyed by her crew, who 
surrendered. 

On the 1st October. 1917, by 10 
Zeppelins. One of the newest type 
approached North London, but was 
driven off and brought down in 
flames at Potter's Bar by Lieut. 
Tempest, R.F.C. Another made 
an unsuccessful attempt to attack 
London from the north-east, 1 
person being killed and 1 injured. 
The others dropped bombs promis- 
cuously over the open country. 

On the 17th October, 1917, by 10 
or 12 Zeppelins here and on the 
North-Eastern Counties. One air- 
ship got through to London, and 
dropped three bombs. Total 

casualties, 34 killed, 56 injured. On 
their return journey, drifting over 
France, four were brought down, one 
captured intact west of Belfort, and 
another believed lost. 
EAUGOURT L'ABBAYE. 

South of the Ancre. 

On the 1st October, 1916, it was 
taken in the course of a British 
advance. 
EBERT, Herr. 

On the 12th November, 1918, it 
was reported that the German 
Cabinet would consist of Ebert, 
Barth, Dittman, Haase, Landsberg, 
and Scheidemann. 

On the 14th November, 1918, it 
was reported that he had appealed 
to President Wilson for immediate 
dispatch of foodstuffs to Germany. 
ECLAIRES. 

On the 8th November, 1918, Sir 
D. Haig reported sharp fighting in 
the neighbourhood of Eclaires and 
Limont Fontaine, south of Haut- 
mont. The villages were captured 
by our troops, together with a 
number of prisoners. 
ECOURT ST. QUENTIN. 

In the Department of Pas-de-Calais. 

Seven and a half miles south of 
Douai. 

On the 4th September, 1918, it 
was occupied by British troops. 



ECUADOR. 

President Leonidas Plaza, suc- 
ceeded in 1912. 

Republic of South America, be- 
tween Colombia and Peru. 

Area, 1 18,630 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,750,000. 

Cocoa the chief product. 

Capital, Quito. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many during the war. 

'♦ EDEN," H.M.S. 

A British torpedo-destroyer of the 
"E" class, completed in 1904-5, 
having a displacement of 540-560 
tons and a speed of 25^ knots. 

She was sunk in the Channel by a 
collision on the 16th June, 1916. 
EDENWALLE. 

On the 16th October, 1914, the 
capture of it and Boschewege was 
confirmed. 

EDWARD, PRINCE OF WALES, 
H.R.H. 

See under " Wales." 
EDWARDS, Private Wilfred 
(13303). 
K.O, Yorkshire Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

EDWARDS, Sergeant Alexander 

(265473). 
Seaforth Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

EGG DAY. 

Organised by the National Egg 
Collection for the Wounded, Feb- 
ruary 17th. 

EGERTON, Corporal Ernest 
Albert (71130). 
Notts and Derby Rifles (Longton). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

EGRI-PALANKA. 

In Macedonia. 

On the 26th October, 1918, the 
Italian cavalry reached the Bulgarian 
frontier and took Egri-Palanka. 
EGYPT. 

Sultan Hujisein Kamel, succeeded 
in 1915. Resigned 9th October, 
1917. 

Including the provinces recon- 
quered in the Soudan, it contains 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



69 



760,000 square miles, and has a 
population of 11,000,000. 

Egypt proper stretches from the 
Mediterranean to Wady Haifa, but 
Egyptian and British authority has 
now been extended over the whole of 
Eastern Soudan, up the Great Lakes, 
including, by arrangement with 
France and Babu, El Ghazai and 
Darfur, to the west of the Nile. 

Capital, Cairo. 

Chief port, Alexandria. 

Capital of Soudan, Khartoum. 

Martial law was proclaimed here 
on the 3rd November, 1914. 

In view of the state of the war 
arising out of the action of Turkey, 
Egypt was on the 16th December, 
1914, placed under the protection of 
England. The Khedive was deposed. 
_ On the 23rd March, 1915, a Tur- 
kish raid here v/as frustrated by 
British aeroplanes. 
EGYPT, Ex- Sultan of. 

On the 9th April, 1915 (when 
Sultan) his attempted assassination 
was reported. 

On the 10th July. 1915, a further 
attempt was made to assassinate him 
by a bomb which failed to explode. 
EGYPT, Sultan of (Prince Ahined 
Fuad). 

Aged 51. 

Youngest brother of the Sultan 
Hussein Kamel, whom he succeeded 
on October 9th, 1917. 

Son of the Khedive Ismail Pasha, 
who reigned from 1863 to 1879. 

Served for a time in the Italian 
Army. 
EHRANGE. 

Germany. 

The railway junction here was 
bombed by British airmen on six 
occasions. 
EISNER, Kurt. 

In November, 1918, the Soldiers', 
Workmen's, and Peasants' Council 
formed at Munich elected him Presi- 
dent, and proclaimed the Bavarian 
People's Republic. 
EL-ARAISH. 

A fortified seaport of Morocco, on 
the Atlantic. 

Has a population of 5,000. 



On the 19th May, 1916, it was 
raided by sea and air by British 
ships, aeroplanes, and seaplanes, and 
the town was reduced to ruins. 

On the 21st December, 1916, it was 
captured by the British troops. 
ELASALLE, M. 

Mayor of Lille. 
"ELBING." 

A German light cruiser. 
She was sunk by British gunfire in 
the Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 
1916— see under " H.M.S. 'Queen 
Mary.' " 
ELGOCK, Lance -Corporal Roland 
Edward, M.M. 
11th Battalion, Royal Scots (Wol- 
verhampton). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
EL-FASHER. 

The capital of Darfur, East Soudan. 
Population, 12,000. 
It was occupied by the British on 
the 23rd May, 1916. 
ELLIOTT-COOPER, Captain 
(Temporary - Lieut. -Col.), 
N.B., D.S.O., M.G. 
Royal Fusiliers Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
EL-MUGHIER. 
Palestine. 

On the 21st September, 1918, 
British and Indian troops occupied 
it, and thus got astride the road which 
comes down from Shechem to the 
Jordan. 
ELSEGHEM. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
British army captured it. 
EMDEN, 

A seaport on Dollart Bay, Hanover, 
Prussia. Agricultural produce, live- 
stock, etc. 

Population, 17,000. 
On the 8th November, 1918, the 
revolution at German ports con- 
tinued to spread rapidly over the 
entire area from Rostock to Emden, 
and outbreaks occurred at Oldenburg, 
Bremen, and other places. 
"EMDEN." 

A German light cruiser of the 
"D" type, launched in 1908. 
Tonnage, 3,600. 



70 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



She was active among British 
merchant ships in the Bay of Bengal 
in August, 1914. 

She shelled Madras on the 22nd 
September, 1914, and she also 
captured six British merchantmen in 
East Indian waters. 

She continued her depredations in 
the Indian Ocean, having destroyed 
four more British merchant ships on 
the 27th September, 1914. 

On the 20th October, 1914, she 
still continued her exploits in the 
Indian Ocean, having sunk or cap- 
tured five more British merchant 
ships. 

She reappeared on the roadstead 
of Penang, flying the Japanese flag, 
and succeeded in torpedoing two war- 
ships a Russian cruiser and a French 
destroyer, on the 30th October, 1914. 

On the 9th November, 1914, she 
was sunk at Keeling, Cocos Island, 
by H.M.S. " Sydney." 
EMERGHIGOURT. 

On the 19th October, J918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported : " We have 
driven German rearguards from 
Emerchicourt and Pecquencourt, and 
are in contact with the enemy east 
of Vred and Cattlebb." 
EMERSON, Temporary- Second- 
Lieut. J. S. 

Late Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
EMMOTT, Lord, G.G.M.G. 

Aged 61. 

Chairman of Ways and Means 
from 1906 until 1911. 

Raised to the Peerage in 191 1, and 
made Under Secretary for the 
Colonies. 

Visited Australasia with Parlia- 
mentary party in 1913. 

Received G.C.M.G. in 1914. 

Appointed First Commissioner of 
Works in August, 1914, but retired 
in May, 1915. 
EMS. 

A river of North Germany, of 205 
miles, flowing to the North Sea. 

A British submarine, E 9, sank a 
German torpedo-destroyer off the 
Ems on the 6th October, 1914, and 
returned safely. 



ENEMY TITLES. 

On the 19th June, 1917, enemy 
titles among members of the British 
Royal Family were abolished, but 
enemy members of the British Peer- 
age were not removed from the 
records till March, 1919. 
ENGEL. 

On the 4th November, 1917, the 
men of the R.N.A.S. carried out a 
successful bombing raid on the aero- 
plane sheds here. Bombs were seen 
to fall among hangars and sheds in 
the aerodrome. 
ENGLAND. 

Area, 50,823 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 32,526,071. 

South and most populous portion 
of Great Britain, the largest European 
Isle. Nearest point to the Continent 
(Dover), 21 miles from the north-east 
coast of France. Greatest length, 
Berwick to the Lizard, 420 miles ; 
greatest breadth, Lowestoft Ness to 
Land's End, 360 miles. 

Chief ports, London (the Metropo- 
lis of the Empire), Liverpool, Bristol, 
Southampton, Hull, Newcastle-on- 
Tyne, Sunderland, Yarmouth, Ply- 
mouth, and Falmouth. 

Before the war Great Britain had 
a peace strength of 616,000 and 
700,000 available men. 

Sheannounced,throughSirE.Grey, 
that she would stand by France in 
defending the neutrality of Belgium 
on the 3rd August, 1914. 

Declared war against Germany on 
the 4th August, 1914, at 11 p.m. 

Sent ultimatum to Germany, de- 
manding that Belgian neutrality 
must be respected, on the 4th August, 
1914. 

Declared war on Austria on the 
12th August, 1914. 

Landing in France of the first 
British Expeditionary Force on the 
16th August, 1914. 

England and France lent 
£10,000,000 each to Belgium on the 
21st August, 1914. 

England, France, and Russia agreed 
not to treat for peace separately on 
the 5th September, 1914. 

Declared war against Turkey on 
the 5th November, 1914. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



71 



Declared war against Bulgaria on 
the 15th October. 1915. 

ENVER PASHA. 

Turkish statesman. 

On the 19th September, 1918. it 
was reported that he made a request 
for a command in the German Army. 

On the 14th November, 1918. it 
was reported that he had fled from 
the capital, 

EPEHY. 

On the 21st September. 1918. it 
was captured by British troops. 

EPINOY, or EPINCY. 

On the 29th September, 1918. it 
was captured by British troops. 

ERSKINE, Acting- Sergeant J. 

Scottish Rifles. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

ERZBERGER, Herr. 

Secretary of State for Germ.any. 

Head of German delegates to 
General Foch. 

On the 8th November. 1918. he 
and his colleagues arrived in French 
lines at Guise, on the Oise. and were 
taken to a village on the Aisne, where 
they were to be received by General 
Foch, General Weygand, and Ad- 
miral Wemyss. 

On the 11th November. 1918. 
he signed the arm.istice convention. 

On the 14th November. 1918, he 
was appointed to the new German 
Cabinet. 

ERZERUM. 

Atown in Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, 
in vilayet (district) of same name. 
Has forest and mineral springs in 
district, and a large garrison. 

The massacre of Armenians took 
place in 1895, and an earthquake 
happened here in 1901. 

Population, 40,000. 

On the 16th February. 1916, it fell 
to the Russians, under the Grand 
Duke Nicholas, after five days' hard 
attacks, v.'ith a large number of 
prisoners. 

On the 11th March, 1916, the 
Turks recaptured it from the Rus- 
sians. 



ERZINGAN. 

A tov/n in the Western Euphrates 
valley. Asiatic Turkey. Military 
centre. The ancient Arainga. 

Population, 23,000. 

On the 26th July, 1916, the 
Russians captured it, thereby com- 
pleting the conquest of Armenia. 

ESPARGES. 

On the 10th April, 1915, it was 
reported that the French had cap- 
tured it. 

ESSEN. 

A tov/n in Rhenish Prussia. 
Krupp's ordnance engineering 
works. 

Population, 125,000. 

On the 24th February, 1916. the 
Allies air-raided Essen. 

On the 24th September, 1916, 
Krupp's works here were bombed by 
two French airmen, who returned 
safely after a flight of 500 miles. 

On the 7th July, 1917, French 
airmen bombed here and ether Ger- 
man towns as reprisal for enemy 
raids on the previous day on Nancy 
and Epernay. 

ESSEX COAST, ENGLAND. 

On the 21st February, 1915, there 
was a German air raid here. Bom.bs 
were dropped on Colchester, Brain- 
tree, and Coggeshall. There was 
no less of life, and only trifling 
dam.age was done. 

On the 26th April, 1916, there was 
a Zeppelin raid over here, Kent, 
and the Thames estuary, resulting 
in 1 man being injured. 

On the 2nd August. 1916, six Ger- 
man airships raided Norfolk, Suffolk, 
and Essex. The total damage was 
small. 

An air raid was made on the 5th 
June. 1917. on Essex and naval 
establishments in the Medway. 
Eighteen German machines were 
employed ; four machines were de- 
stroyed or shot down, and six were 
driven down ; 12 persons v/ere 
killed and 36 injured. 

ESSIGNY-LE-GRAND. 

On the 19th September. 1918, it 
was captured by the French. 



72 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



ETH. 

On the 4th November, 1918, it was 
captured by the British. 
" EUPHRATES." 

A Belgian relief ship. 

She was sunk on the 25th February, 
1917. 
EVANS, Sir Samuel. 

President of the Probate, Divorce, 
and Admiralty Courts. 

Died on the 13th September, 1918. 
EVANS, Sir L. Worthington, Bart., 
M.P. 

Aged 51. 

Great authority on company law 
and insurance. 

Special manager for the Globe 
Company in liquidation. 

Received a Baronetcy in 1916, and 
became Joint Parliamentary Secretary 
to the Minister of Munitions. 

Appointed Minister of Pensions 
in the Victory Cabinet. 

EVANS, Major (Acting -Lieut. - 
Colonel ) Lewis Pugh , 
D.S.O 

Royai Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
EWOOD. 

On the 7th September, 1918, the 
Americans attacked and entered 
here. 
EXHERE. 

North of Brussels. 

On the 7th June, 1915, the Zeppe- 
lin shed here was bombed by British 
airmen, A Zeppelin was destroyed. 
EYDOUX. 

French General. 

Chief of French Mission to Greece. 

On the 6th November, 1918, it was 
reported that he was killed through 
falling downstairs. 
•♦EYRIG." 

A British hired trawler. 

Sunk in August, 1914, while acting 
as a mine-sweeper. 
E 11. 

On the 27th May, 1915, there was 
a daring exploit by Lieut. -Comman- 
der Martin E. Nasmith in the Sea of 
Marmora and at Constantinople, 
torpedoing a transport lying along- 
side the arsenal. 



E 13. 

British submarine. 

On the 19th August, 1915, she ran 
ashore on her way to the Baltic, on 
the Danish island of Saltholm. 
E 14. 

A British submarine. 

She was sunk by gunfire in the 
Dardanelles on the 28th January, 
1918. 
E 15. 

British submarine. 

On the 18th April, 1915, while 
attempting a difficult reconnaissance 
of the Kephez minefields in the 
Dardanelles, she ran ashore at Kephez 
Point. The officers and crew were 
made prisoners. 

"FALABA." 

An Elder-Dempster liner. 

On the 28th March, 1915, she was 
torpedoed to the south of St. George's 
Channel ; 1 12 of the passengers and 
crew were drowned or killed by the 
explosion of the torpedo. 

FALKLAND ISLANDS. 

A British possession in South 
Atlantic. 

Area, 6,500 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,000. 

Capital, Stanley, on Port William. 

Wool and cattle-rearing industry. 

The German ships '* Dresden," 

Gneisenau," " Niirnberg,' " Leip- 
zig," and " Scharnhorst " were en- 
gaged off here on the 8th December, 
1914, by a British squadron, com- 
manded by Sir F. Sturdee. The 
engagement lasted five hours. The 

Dresden " escaped. All the others 
were sunk. 

FALMOUTH. 

A seaport on the south coast of 
Cornwall, England. 

Has a population of 13,136. 

On the 22nd February, 1917, seven 
Dutch ships were torpedoed off here ; 
three were sunk. 

FALMOUTH," H.M.S. 

Captain J. D. Edwards. 

A second class protected cruiser, 
completed in 1913, having a displace- 
ment of 5,250 tons and a speed of 

24i knots. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



73 



She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 

She was torpedoed by a submarine 
in the North Sea on the 19th August, 
1916. 

FAMARS. 

A village in France, in the Depart- 
ment of Nord. Three miles south 
of Valenciennes. 

On the 27th October, 1918, a 
determined counter-attack was made 
here, and was repulsed after severe 
fighting. 

«'FANTASSIN." 

A French torpedo-destroyer. 

She was sunk by accident on the 
5th June, 1916. 
FARNHAM, Lord. 

Lost his life in the war. 
FARRER, Sir George. 

On the 20th May, 1915, he died 
from injuries sustained in a railway 
accident in German South-West 
Africa, where he was acting as 
Assistant Quarterm.aster-General to 
the South African Forces. 
FAULDS, Private W. T. 

South African Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
**FAURETTE," H.M.S. 

One of the fleet auxiliaries, of 2,644 
tons. 

She was mined off the east coast 
and sunk on the 13th March, 1916, 
with 14 lives. 
FAVERSHAM. 

An old market town in Kent, 
England, 10 miles west of Canter- 
bury. 

Population, 10,619. 

An air raid occurred here on the 
16th April, 1915. There were no 
casualties. 

FAVRE, Jules. 

In 1871 he asked Germany for an 
armistice and the right to provision 
Paris. 
*• FEARLESS," H.M.S. 

Captain W. F. Blunt. 

A light cruiser, completedin 1913, 
having a displacement of 3,440 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 



She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 

FELIXSTOWE, 

A watering-place in East Suffolk, 
England, 12 miles south-east of 
Ipswich. 

Population (with Walton), 8,667. 

On the 22nd July, 1917, the Ger- 
mans air-raided Felixstowe and Har- 
wich ; 1 1 were killed and 26 were 
injured. 

On the 12th August, 1917, 20 
German aeroplanes appeared o^ 
Felixstowe. They then turned south 
and attacked Southend and Margate, 
killing 32 and injuring 43 at South- 
end. One German machine is 
reported to have been lost. 

FERDINAND, Maximilian Zu 
Solma Hohensolms Lich. 

German Prince. 

Cousin of the Grand Duchess of 
Hesse. 

On the 8th September, 1918, it 
was reported that he had been killed 
at the front. 

FERDINAND, King of Bulgaria. 

On the 5th October, 1918, he 
abdicated in favour of Prince Boris. 

FERDINAND FRANCIS, the Arch- 
duke of Austria. 

Nephew and heir of the Emperor 
Francis Joseph of Austria. 

Together with his consort, he was 
assassinated on the 28th June, 1914, 
at Sarajivo. The German Military 
Party deliberately made this a pretext 
for starting a world-war of aggression. 
They had been secretly preparing 
for a generation. 
FERON, M. 

President of the Belgian section of 
the Inter-Allied Parliamentary Con- 
ference. 
FERROL. 

A seaport and naval arsenal on 
north-west coast of Spain, near 
Corunna. 

Population, 36,000. 

On the 14th November, 1918, the 
German submarines UC 48 and 
UB 23 were put in dock for repairs 
and cleaning and for replacing of 



74 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



guns which had been removed. In 
order to prevent flight of the crews 
Spaniards were substituted for Ger- 
mans. 
FETHI BEY. 

Formerly Minister at Sofia, 
On the 18th October, 1918, he was 
appointed new Minister of Interior 
for Turkey. 

FIELDING, Major- General. 

At one time Commanding London 
District. 

FINCH, Sergeant Norman Augus- 
tus. 
R.M.A. Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 

FINLAY, Lord, Lord Chancellor, 
P.G., G.G.M.G., LL.D.,K.G. 

Aged 77. 

Graduated in medicine before 
being called to the Bar. 

Entered Parliament in 1885. 

Solicitor-General from 1895 to 
1900. 

Attorney-General in September, 
1900. 

Lord Chancellor in December, 
1916. 

Succeeded by Sir F. E. Smith in 
the Victory Cabinet. 

FINLAY, Lance-Gorporal David. 

Black Watch. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

FIRMAN, Lieut. Humphrey Osbal- 
deston Brooke. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war, 
FISHER, Hayes. 

On the 8th November, 1918, the 
seal of the Duchy of Lancaster was 
bestov/ed upon him, which had 
previously been surrendered by Lord 
Beaverbrook, the retiring Chancellor 
of the Duchy, Appointed Minister 
for Education after the Victory 
Election, 
FISHER, Lance-Corporal F. 

13th Canadian Battalion. Gained 
the V,C, in the war. 
FISHER, Rt. Hon. Herbert A. L., 
M.P. 
Aged_53. 

Appointed Vice-Chancellor of the 
University of Sheffield in 1912. 



Is a Trustee of the British 
Museum. 

President of the Board of Education 
since December, 1916, 

FISHER, Second-Lieut. Edmund. 

Brother of the Minister of Educa- 
tion. 

Lost his life in the war. 

FISHER OF KILVER STONE, 

Admiral of the Fleet, Lord, 
O.rvl., G.C.B., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 78. 

Was in the Crimean War. 

Has been Controller of the Navy, 

Senior Naval Lord of the Admir- 
alty from 1904 until 1910. 

Created Peer, 1909. 

Retired, 1910. 

Served on Special Naval Com- 
mittee, 1912, 

Appointed Hon. Colonel of 1st 
Royal Naval Brigade in September, 
1914. 

Returned to the Admiralty as 
First Sea Lord during the war, but 
resigned in May, 1915. 

Chairman of the Inventions Com- 
missions July, 1915. 

FISMES. 

A town in France, in the Depart- 
ment of Marne, 

On the 4th August, 1918, the AlHes 
took it, and crossed the Vesle at 
several points. 

FITZ CLARENCE, Brigadier- 
General. 

2nd Worcesters. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

FIUME. 

At the mouth of the Flamara river 
40 miles south-east of Trieste, ir 
Hungary. 

On the 25th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Croats rose and 
seized this port. 

On the 26th October, 1918. the 
revolt was crushed and order re- 
stored. 

FLEMING -SANDES, Temporary - 
Second-Lieut. A. J. T. 
2nd East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C, in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



75 



FLEMING, Major Valentine. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war in May, 
1917. 
FLENSBURG. 

A seaport of Prussia, on the Baltic 
coast, Schleswig - Holstein. Has 
large coal and other trade. 

Population, 50,000. 

The old Danish capital of 
Schleswig. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
completely in the hands of the revo- 
lutionaries. The railway line be- 
tween Flensburg and Kiel was 
destroyed, 
FLEURY. 

On the 3rd August, 1916, French 
troops retook the village of Fleury, 
and captured 1,750 prisoners. 

On the 4th August, 1916, the 
Germans regained the chief part of 
it; also the Thiamont works. 
FLEVILLE. 

On the 6th October, 1918, Ameri- 
can troops forced the enemy to evacu- 
ate it. 
" FLIRT," H.M.S. 

A torpedo-destroyer, completed in 
1899, having a tonnage of 380 and a 
speed of 30 knots. 

On the 26th October. 1916, 10 
German destroyers from Zeebrugge 
raided the Channel and pushed nearly 
to Folkestone, sinking the " Flirt." 
FLORINA. 

South of Monastir. 

On the 3rd May, 1916, it was 
occupied by French troops. 

On the 20th August, 1916, the 
Bulgarians captured it. 

FLOWERDEW, Lieut. G. M. 

Late Canadian Cavalry. Gained 
the V.C. in the v/ar. 

FLYNN, Sir Albert, C.B., B.A. 

Late Director of Army Accounts, 
War Office. Appointed in January, 
1907. 

Appointed to a Higher Division 
Clerkship in the Royal Dockyard, 
Chatham, in January, 1884. 

Transferred to the War Office in 
November, 1885. 

B.A,, London University, 1891. 



Specially employed in South Africa 
as Assistant Financial Adviser to Lord 
Kitchener in 1901. 

Appointed asain for special duty in 
South Africa in 1903. 

Appointed Principal A.ccountant, 
Assistant: Director of Accountsin June, 
1904, and Direccor uf Army Accounts 
in January, 1907. 

Appointed War Office representa- 
tive on the Pensions Commutation 
Board in October, 1908. 

Appointed C.B. on the 24th June, 
1910. 

Director of Finance to the 
Ministry of Pensions. Appointed on 
the 14th November, 1916. 

Acting Secretary to the Ministry 
of Pensions, 

FOCH, Marshal Ferdinand. 

Aged 68. 

Educated at Tarbes and St 
Etienne. 

Was in the war of 1870. 

Became Captain at the age of 27. 

Marshal of France in 1918. 

He wrote books and delivered many 
notable lectures on tactics and 
strategy. 

In the preface of one of his books 
on war he quotes Napoleon to this 
effect: " It is notgeniusthat suddenly 
reveals to m.e what I must say or do 
in a circumstance which to others 
v/ould be unexpected ; it is reflection 
and meditation." 

In his volume '* Manoeuvres in 
Battle " he shows how much con- 
sideration goes to any successful 
exploit. 

One of his sayings is knov/n all over 
France : " A battle won is a battle in 
which one v/ill not ov/n oneself 
beaten." 

He v/as raised to the command at 
Nancy of the 20th Corps, and v/as 
holding this post v/hen war broke out. 
He is a man of simple tastes, loving 
the open air. Very much interested 
in forestry, and is fond of literature 
and music. 

Not long ago he uttered these 
revealing words : " Ah, you do not 
know what a father suffers when 
m.ourning enters into his house 
permanently I My son is gone, and 



76 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



one of my daughters Is widowed. I 
shall return to a house that I left full 
of happiness on a summer Sunday, to 
find poor wee orphans who never 
even knew their father. I am nearing 
the twilight of my life, and I think I 
have been a faithful servant, whose 
hope is to rest in the peace of our 
Lord. There are, like myself, thou- 
sands and thousands of fond old 
fathers who have lost all they loved, 
the sons on whom their hope was 
set. But we haveno right to self-pity. 
Our country — our beloved patrie — is 
all that matters. Let us accept the 
sacrifice. The whole of humanity 
is at stake. Liberty must first 
triumph. Afterwards we may weep." 

On the 30th March, 1918, he was 
appointed Generalissimo of all Allied 
forces in France. 

On the 5th November, 1918, he 
was placed at the head of strategic 
direction of all forces against Ger- 
many in the last phases of the war. 
Full agreement reached by Allies on 
German armistice. Germany told to 
apply to Foch for terms. 

On the 7th November, 1918, Ger- 
man delegates arrived on the Western 
Front, and Foch, by wireless, said if 
they wished to ask him for armistice 
they were to advance by the Chimay- 
Fourmies-La Capelle-Guise road. 
Orders had been given to receive 
them and conduct them to place fixed 
for the interview. 

On the 8th November, 1918, 
armistice terms were handed by Foch 
to German delegates with the formal 
demand that they should be rejected 
or accepted within 72 hours, expiring 
at 11 on the Monday morning 
following. 

The German courier bearing the 
text of armistice was sent to Spa (17 
miles south-east of Liege, near 
Prussian frontier). It was officially 
announced that the members of the 
German delegation were General of 
Infantry von Gruedell, Secretary of 
State fderr Erzberger, Ambassador 
Count Oberndorf, General von Win- 
terfeld, and Naval Captain von 
Selow. 

The German courier had 100 
miles to travel from Guise, where 



German party entered French lines, 
to Spa. 

On the 1 1th ISlovember, 1918, the 
armistice was signed at 5 a.m., and 
hostilities ceased on the whole front 
at 1 1 o'clock (French time). 

On the 11th November, 1918, 
General Foch arrived at his house in 
Paris, and received a great ovation. 

On the 14th November, 1918, 
Foch warned German High Com- 
mand as to German violence and 
pillage at Brussels and other places, 
and that steps would be taken to put 
an end to it if it did not cease. 

FOCSANI, or FOKTCHANY. 

A fortified town on the River 
Milkov, Putuz district of Roumania. 

It has a population of 25,000. 

On the 7th January, 1916, the 
Germans took it by storm. 

FOLKESTONE. 

Watering-place and steampacket 
station, Kent, England, 70 miles from 
London and 29 miles from Boulogne. 

Population, 33,495. 

On the 25th May, 1917, it was 
raided by 17 German machines; 3 
were destroyed. Seventy-six persons 
were killed and 176 injured. The 
British claim there were 3 aeroplanes 
brought down. The Germans only 
admit 1 lost. 

FONTAINE-NOTRE-DAME. 

A village two miles west of Cambrai. 

On the 23rd November, 1917, 
British troops attacked and captured 
it, together with a number of pri- 
soners. It was later retaken by 
the enemy in a counter-attack. 

On the 28th September, 1918, it 
was captured by British troops. 

FOOD, Ministry of. 

Palace Chambers, Bridge Street, 
S.W. 1 

FOOD, Theft of. 

With almost incredible meanness 
the Germans stole the good flour 
supplied by the charity of the Ameri- 
can people to feed the Belgians and 
the civilians in the occupied territory 
of Northern France, substituting 
their own bad flour for it. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



^ 77 



FORBACH. 

A town near Saarbruck and Metz, 
German Lorraine. 
Population, 8,500. 
The railways here were bombed by 
British airmen. 
FORBES -ROBERTSON, Captain 
(Acting -Lieut. -Colonel) J., 
D.S.O., M.C. 
Border Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
FOREIGN OFFICE. 

Downing Street, S.W. L 
FORET-DE-MORMAL. 

On the 25th October, 1918, Haig 
reported successful operations on the 
bordcx-s of Foret-dc-Mormal, captur- 
ing hill known as Mount Carmel and 
the village of Engle-Fontaine. 

On the 28th October, 1918, he 
reported : " We have improved our 
positions on the borders of Foret-de- 
Mormal and north of Foret-de- 
Raisnes." 

FORET-DE-RAISNES. 

On the 24th October, 1918, Haig 
reported : " We have cleared this big 
forest north of Valenciennes." 
*♦ FORMIDABLE," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in the year 
1901 , having a displacement of 1 5,000 
tons and a speed of 18 knots. 

Had a complement of about 750 
officers and men. 

On the 1st January, 1915, she was 
sunk in the Channel by torpedoes 
fired from a German submarine. A 
British light cruiser and a Brixham 
fishing-smack saved between them 
199 lives. 
FORSHAW, Lieut, V/. I. 

Manchester Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
FORSTER, Rt. Hon. H. Y/., M.F. 

Aged 53. ^ 

Conservative M.P. for Sevenoaks 
Division for 25 years. 

Was a Lord Commissioner for the 
Treasury from 1902 until 1905. 

Financial Secretary to the War 

Office, 1915. 
FORT LA FOMPELLE. 

At Rheims. 

On the 1st June, 1918, it was lost 
and retaken by the French. 



" FORTUNE," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 
She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
31st May, 1916— see under " H.M.S.^ 
Queen Mary ' ". 
FOSCANI. 

On the 8th January, 1917, it was 
captured by the Ninth Army, under 
Falkenhayn ; 5,499 rank and file 
were taken prisoners. 
FOSS, Captain C. G. 

Beds Regiment. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

FOSTER, Corporal Edward (13290) 

East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
FOSTER, Maximilian. 

The official American correspond- 
ent at the front. 
"FOUCAULT." 

A French submarine. 
On the 14th January, 1916, she 
sank an Austrian cruiser off Cattaro. 

'*FOURCHE." 

A French torpedo-destroyer. 
She was submarined on the 23rd 
June. 1916. 
FOURIE, Captain. 

On the 20th December. 1914, he 
and his brother, Lieut. Fourie, ring- 
leaders in the South African re- 
bellion, v^^ere found guilty of treason. 
Captain Fourie was shot, and his 
brother was sentenced to five years' 
imprisonment. 

FRANCE. 

President, M. Poincare. 

A powerful Republic (former 
Monarchy and Empire), West Europe. 
Bounded on the north by Belgium 
and the English Channel ; west by 
the Bay of Biscay ; south by the 
Pyrenees and the Mediterranean ; 
east by Italy, Switzerland, and 
Germany. 

Greatest length, about 600 miles ; 
greatest breadth, 540 miles. 

Area, 207,146 square miles, or 3^ 
times the size of England and Wales. 

It is divided into 87 Departments. 

The chief towns are Paris (the 
capital ; next to London, the largest 



78 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



cltyin Europe), Bordeaux, Marseilles, 
Toulon, Brest, and Havre. 

Her colonies include Algeria^ 
Cochin China, Senegambia, Reunion, 
Pondicherry, Martinique, and Guad- 
eloupe ; besides three protectorates, 
Tunis, Annam, and lonquin. 

Population of the Republic, 
39,500.000, one-third of whom live 
in towns. 

Before the war she had a peace 
strength of 790,000 men and6,000,000 
available men. 

Germany invaded a portion of the 
French territory on the 2nd August, 
1914. 

On the 3rd August, 1914, Germany 
declared war against France. 

England, through Sir E. Grey, 
announced that it Vvould stand by 
France in defending the neutrality of 
Belgium on the 3rd August, 1914. 

France declared war against Aus- 
tria on the 10th August, 1914. 

France and England lent 
£10,000,000 each to Belgium on the 
21st August, 1914. 

France, England, and Russia 
agreed not to treat for peace separ- 
ately on the 5th September, 1914. 

The sale of absinthe was prohibited 
on the 7th January, 1915. 

France declared war against Bul- 
garia on the 16th October, 1915. 

On the 14th March, 1917, General 
Lyantey resigned as Minister of War. 

On the 19th March, 1917, a new 
Government was formed, v/ith M. 
Ribot as Prime Minister. 

In September, 1917, the French 
Government notified Germany that 
German officers would be carried in 
all French hospital ships. The plan 
was executed, and on the 10th 
September the German Government 
was obliged to abandon its brutal 
practice of attacking such ships. 
Germany undertook to stop the 
attacks on the condition that the 
officers were landed. 

On the 28th October, 1915, the 
French Ministry resigned, M. Briand 
becoming Premier and Foreign 
Minister. 

He wasfollowed by M.Glemenceau, 
the most successful Premier of recent 
years. 



FRANCE'S FLAG DAY. 

Organised by London Committee 
of French Red Cross. 
FRANCENIGO. 

On the 31st October. 1918, the I4th 
British Corps reached the Livenza at 
Francenigo. 
"FRANCONIA." 

An Admiralty transport, Cunard' ■ 
liner. 

On the 4th October, 1916, she was 
sunk by a submarine in the Mediter- 
ranean. 
FRANKFORT. 

A city on the River Main, a tribu- 
tary of the Rhine. A " free city " 
until 1866, when it was annexed to 
Prussia, province Hesse-Nassau. 

The headquarters of the 18th 
German Army Corps. 

Restored cathedral, and thriving 
trade. 

Population, 416,000. 

The factories, station, and railways 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on six occasions. 

On the 2nd October, 1917, French 

airmen dropped bombs here and on 

Stuttgart, Coblentz, and Treves. 

'♦FRAUENLOB." 

A German light cruiser. 

She was sunk in the Jutland battle 

on the 31st May, 1916 — see under 

" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" 

FREIBURG. 

A busy town in Baden, Black 
Forest, Germany. Has many fine 
buildings and fountains. 

Population, 85,000. 

On the 7th December, 1914, 
French airmen raided the German 
air sheds here. 

On the I4th April. 1917. it was 
bombed by a small force of British 
aeroplanes, and notices were dropped 
to the effect that this was a reprisal 
for the sinking of the hospital 
ships " Asturias " and " Gloucester 
Castle." 

On the 13th March, 1918, British 
aeroplanes bombed here. 
FREMLOIS. 

On the 8th November. 1918, the 
French reported; "We have pene- 
trated into suburbs of Fremlois." 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



79 



FRENCH, Field-Marshal Viscount, 
O.M., K.P., K.G.M.G., 
G.C.B., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 67. 

Joined H.M.S. "Britannia" in 1866 
and served in the Royal Navy for- 
four years. Joined the Hussars in 
1874. 

Made a name as a cavalry officer in 
1884-5 in the Egyptian campaign. 

Served in the South African War, 
under Lord Roberts, with splendid 
success. 

Had chief command at Aldershot. 

Appointed General in 1907, and 
Field iMarshallin 1913. 

Was Inspector-General of Forces 
from 1907 until 1911. 

Chief of Imperial Staff from 1911 
until 1914. 

Was appointed at the outbreak of 
the war Commander-in-Chief of the 
British Forces in France, and arrived 
in Paris on the 15th August, 1914. 

In December, 1914, he received 
the Order of Merit. 

Was decorated with the Medaille 
Militaire in March, 1915. 

His complaints as to the wrong 
kind of shells being supplied was 
taken up bv the "Times" and 
"Daily Mail."" The Field Marshal 
resigned on the 15th Decem.ber, 
1915, and was created Viscount 
French of Ypres, and became Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Home Forces. 

On the 6th June, 1917, he was 
invested with the K.P. 

Appointed Viceroy of Ireland in 
1918. 

FRESGATY. 

Germany. 

The aerodromes here were bombed 
by British airmen on numerous 
occasions . 

FRESNOY. 

In the Department of Aisne, ten 
miles north east of St. Quentin. 

On the 8th May, 1917, it was 
attacked by Germans in great 
strength and recaptured, but with 
verv heavy casualties. 

On the 22nd September, 1918, it 
was captured by English and Scottish 

oops. 



FREYA- STELLUNG. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
Germans, having lost Buzancy and 
this place, were being pursued by the 
Americans. 
FREYBERG, Captain (Temporary- 
Lieut. - Colonel) Bernard 
Cyril, D.S.O. 
Royal West Surrey Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

FREYTAG-LORINGHOVEN, 
General. 

In his " Deductions from the 
World War " he states : " We had 
already, before the war, taken steps 
to restore the character of universality 
which belonged to universal military 
service by the lav/. We shall have 
to continue to pursue this road in 
future, quite apart from the necessary 
increase of garrison artillery and 
technical troops." 

FRICKLETON, Lance - Corporal 
Samuel (6/2133). 
New Zealand Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

FRICOURT. 

See under " Somme, " 
FRIEDBERG. 

A town in Upper Hesse, on the 
River Usa, near Frankfort-on-the- 

Main. 

It has a population of 5,500. 

On the 17th April, 1917, it was 
bom.barded by British aeroplanes as 
a reprisal for German attacks. 

" FRIEDRICH CARL." 

A German armoured cruiser. 
She was sunk by mine in Novem- 
ber, 1914. 
FRIEDRICH, Prince Eitel. 

The Kaiser's second son. 

In April, 1918, his death from 
typhus contracted at the front v/as 
reported, but this does not seem to 
have been officially confirmed. 

FRIEDRICHSCHAFEN. 

A small town on the Lake of Con- 
stance, Wiirtemburg. 

Population, 4,750. 

On the 21st November, 1914, the 
Zeppelin factory here was raided by 
British aeroplanes. 



80 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 27th June, 1915, the 
Zeppelin sheds here were bombed 
by French airmen. 
FRISBY, Lieut. (Acting -Captain) 
G. H. 

Coldstream Guards (B.R.) (at- 
tached to the 1st Battalion). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
FRISE. 

On the Somme. 

On the 30th January, 1916, it was 
captured by the Germans. 
FRISIAN. 

On the 11th August, 1918, there 
was a skirmish between the British 
and German light naval forces on 
the Frisian coast. A Zeppelin was 
destroyed and six British motor-boats 
lost, but crews saved. 

On the same day a Zeppelin of the 
latest type was brought down in 
flames by British air squadron off 
the coast here. 
FRIULI (Central). 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
Italian cavalry overran the whole of 
the Central Friuli plain, enveloping 
and capturing the enemy. 
FROIDMONT-GOHARTILLE. 

On the 28th October, 1918, the 
French obtained a footing in enemy 
trenches north of this place, and 
maintained positions despite several 
counter-attacks. 

On the 5th November, 1918, in the 
region of the north of Soissons, the 
French reached a line running 
through the sugar factory here. 
FROYENNES. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported : " We drove 
the enemy out of the woods in this 
neighbourhood, and our troops are 
now less than two miles from the 
town." 
FRY, Captain. 

He was taken prisoner by the 
Germans on the 9th January, 1917. 
FRYATT, Captain. 

Captain of the Great Eastern 
steamer " Brussels." 

He was captured in the North Sea. 
Court-martialled and shot by the 
Germans at Bruges. 



The Germans stated he was 
sentenced to death for attempting 
in March to ram a German sub- 
marine. 

His callous murder forms one of 
the many outrages of the War. 
FUCINO, Lake. 

Now drained. 

In the province of Aquila, Central 
Italy, formerly 37 miles round. 

On the 13th January, 1915, a 
severe earthquake occurred, with 
great destruction and loss of life. 
FUERSTENBERG-STAMM- 
HEIM, General Count. 

German Consul. 
FULLER, Lance-Corporal W. 

Welsh Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
FULLER, Lance-Corporal W. D. 

Grenadier Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
FUNCHAL. 

The capital of Madeira. 

Wine trade. 

Population, 31,000. 

On the 3rd December. 1916, a, 
German submarine bombarded it. i: 
FUNDENI. 

A strong position on the Sereth. 

On the 20th January, 1917, it was 
captured by the Germans. 
FYNN, Private J. H. S. 

Welsh Borderers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
GAINFORD, Lord. 

Aged 59. 

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster, with seat in Cabinet, 1910. 

President of the Board of Educa- 
tion from 1911 to May, 1915. 
GALICIA. 

A province of Austrian Poland. 

Area, 30,308 square miles, and a 
population of 7,500,000. 

On the 1st and 2nd July, 1915, the 
German armies overran Galicia, and 
the Russians retreated into Poland. 

On the 15th September, 1915, the 
Russian victories were resumed, and 
the Russians claimed to have taken 
40,000 prisoners in a fortnight ending 
the 12th September. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



81 



On the 6th July, 1917, the Russians 
advanced and took 1,000 more 
prisoners. 

" GALLIA." 

A French transport. 

On the 4th October, 1916, she was 
sunk by a German submarine while 
she was carrying 2,000 French and 
Serbian troops. 

Several hundred lives were lost. 

GALLIENI, General. 

The French Minister for War. 

On the 16th March, 1916, he 
resigned, and was succeeded by 
General Roques. 

He saved Paris early in the war. 

He died on the 27th May, 1916. 
after an operation. 

GALLIPOLI. 

A seaport in European Turkey, on 
the Dardanelles. Has vineries. 

Population, 30,000. 

On the 4th June, 1915, the Allies 
attacked the Turkish positions here, 
gaining 500 yards along a front of 
nearly three miles. 

On the 8th January, 1916, it was 
completely and successfully evacu- 
ated, with only one casualty, all the 
artillery, except 17 worn-out guns, 
being got away. 
GALWAY. 

A county, on Galway Bay, Con- 
naught, West Ireland. Seat of the 
Queen's College Fishery. 

Capital of same name. 

Area, 2,453 square miles. Popu- 
lation — county, 181,680; capital, 
13,249. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it 
became necessary to move columns 
of troops here — see under " Dublin." 
GALWAY CASTLE." 

A British vessel. 

On the 10th September, 1918. she 



subn 



154 



;unk by 
persons were killed. 
GARFORTH, Corporal C. E 

15th Hussars. Gained the 
in the war. 
GARROS. 

I The famous French airman. 

On the 19th April, 1915, he was 



v.c. 



brought down in the German lines 
and taken prisoner. 

It was stated by a Berlin message 
on the 4th October, 1918, that he was 
shot down and killed on the German 
side of the lines. 

GARUB. 

The British South African forces 
operating in German South-West 
Africa occupied Garub on the 24th 
February, 1915. 

'♦ GASCONIER." 

A Dutch steamer. 

On the 20th August, 1918, when 
she was en route from Brooklyn to 
Rotterdam with grain and flour for 
the Belgian Relief Committee, pro- 
vided with the special flag and the 
Relief Committee's marks, and under 
a safe conduct from the German 
Government, she v/as attacked in 
Norwegian waters by a German 
submarine, which opened fire on her 
without warning, and v/hen the boats 
were lowered continued to fire on her. 

The steamer caught fire and sank 
quickly, and of the 21 rescued seamen 
several were wounded. 

GASCOYNE-CECIL, Captain J. 

Son of the Bishop of Exeter. 
Lost his life in the war. 

GAS SERVICES. 

In Sir D. Haig's victory report he 
wrote : " Some idea of the magni- 
tude of the work performed and of 
the energy and zeal displayed by all 
ranks can be gained from the fact 
that the 21 special companies, with 
the assistance of two American com- 
panies attached for instruction, dis- 
charged during the period March- 
November a total of over 2,250 tons 
of gas. Between the 1 1th March and 
the 7th October gas was discharged 
on 1 19 nights out of 210." 

GAUCHE WOOD. 

On the 18th September, 1918, the 
British recaptured it. 

GAUCHET, Vice-Admiral. 

On the 12th December, 1916, he 
succeeded Admiral de Fournet in 
command of Allied Fleet in Mediter- 
ranean, 



82 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



" GAULOIS." 

A French battleship. 

On the 27th December, 1916, she 
was sunk by a submarine in the 
Mediterranean. 
GAVRELLE. 

On the 27th August, 1918, the 
British captured it. 

GAZA. 

An ancient Philistine city of Syria, 
near the Mediterranean. 

It has a population of 40,000. 

On the 27th March, 1917, General 
Murray gained a complete victory 
over 20,000 Turks, capturing 900 
prisoners. 

On the 7th November, 1917, 
General Allenby captured it. 
"GAZELLE." 

A German cruiser. 

On the 26th January, 1915, she 
was damaged by a Russian sub- 
marine in the Baltic. 
GEARY, Second-Lieut. B. H. 

East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

GEDDES, Rt. Hon. Sir Auckland, 
K.G.B.,P.G. 

Minister of National Service, 1917. 

On the 8th November, 1918, he 
was sworn in as President of the 
Local Government Board, in succes- 
sion to Mr. Hayes Fisher, who 
succeeded Lord Beaverbrook as 
Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster. 

GEDDES, Rt. Hon. Sir Eric, K.G.B. , 
G.B.E., P.G., M.P. 

Aged 42. 

Is M.P. for Cambridge. 

Was Inspector-General of Trans- 
portation from March to July, 1917. 

On the 14th May, 1917, he was 
appointed Comptroller at the Ad- 
miralty. 

Appointed First Lord of the 
Admiralty on the 16th July, 1917. 

He was succeeded by Mr A. 1. 
Balfour after the General Election in 
December, 1918 

On the 14th October, 1918, 
speaking at a dinner of the Pilgrims, 
in New York, he appealed to America 
to expedite construction of destroyers 



and anti-submarine craft, asserting 
that a boat menace was greater than -' 
ever. 
GEE, Lieut. (Temporary-Gaptain), 
M.G. 
Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

•♦ GEELONG." 

A P. & 0. liner. 

She was sunk by enemy submarine 
on the 2nd June, 1916, in the 
Mediterranean. 

"GEIER." 

A German cruiser. j 

On the 7th November, 1914, she 
was interned at Honolulu. 



" GENISTA," H.M.S. 

A mine-sweeper. 

On the 23rd October, 1916, she was 
torpedoed and sunk by an enemy 
submarine, fighting till she sank. All 
the officers and 73 men were lost. 

GENSAN, M. van 

Dutch Minister of War. 

GEORGE v., His Majesty, Emperorj 
of India. 

Aged 54. 

The second son of Edward VII. 
and Queen Alexandra. 

Entered the Navy as a cadet in 
1877, and spent two years on the 
training ship " Britannia," later 
making a three year voyage round 
the world on the " Bacchante." 

On the death of the first son of 
Edward VII. and Queen Alexandra, 
the Duke of Clarence, in 1892, hef 
became heir to the throne. 

He was married to Princess Mary 
of Teck in 1893. 

On the accession of his father he 
became Duke of Cornwall and, later, 
Prince of Wales. 

In 1901 he made the tour of the 
colonies with the Princess. 

In 1905 they visited India. 

He succeeded to the throne in May, 
1910, and was crowned in 191 1 , visit- j 
ing India, with Her Majesty, 
December of that year. 

He visited Berlin in 1913, with 
Queen Mary, for the marriage of 
Princess Victoria Luise ; and visited 
Paris in April, 1914, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



83 



After the war broke out the King 
entered heart and soul into the 
country's cause. 

He has visited the Headquarters in 
France, and has inspected the Fleet 
on active service several times. 

On the 3rd December, 1914, he 
visited the Headquarters of the 
Belgian Army, and invested King 
Albert with the Order of the Garter. 

On the 28ch October, 1915, while 
on a visit to France to inspect the 
troops at the front, he met with an 
accident, caused by his horse rearing 
and falling on His Majesty's leg. 

He returned to London, and took 
open-air exercise for the first time on 
the 30th November, 1915. 

On Armistice Day, the 11th 
November, 1918, the King, with 
Queen Mary and Princess Mary, 
drove through the streets of London, 
and were greatly cheered. The 
King previously appeared on the 
balcony at Buckingham Palace and 
addressed the people. 

On the 12th November, 1918, the 
King and Queen attended a thanks- 
giving service in State at St. Paul's. 

He has contributed largely to the 
various charities, and on the 2nd 
April, 1916, gave £100,000 to the 
nation for war purposes. 
GEORGE, Prince. 

Fifth son of King George and 
Queen Mary. Aged 17. 

On the 19th January, 1917. he left 
Sandringham for the Royal Naval 
College, Osborne. 

GEORGE, Rt. Hon. David Lloyd, 
P.C.,M.P. 

Aged 56. 

The son of late William George, 
Master of Hope Street Unitarian 
Schools, Liverpool. He was born 
in Manchester, not in Wales as is 
erroneouslysupposed by manypeople. 

A solicitor by profession. 

Entered Parliament in 1890. 

Was President of the Board of 
Trade, 1905. 

Was Chancellor of the Exchequer 
from 1908 to 1915. 

Introduced the National Insurance 
Bill, 1911. 

In the first Coalition Ministry | 



undertook the newly created post of 
Minister of Munitions. 

On the death of Lord Kitchener 
he became Secretary for War. 

At the Lord Mayor's banquet on 
the 9th November, 1914, he affirmed 
the decision of the Government to 
carry on the war to the last extremity. 
On the 9th September, 1915. he 
addressed the Trade Union Congress, 
and asserted that " the country is not 
doing its best." He claimed, in 
answer to the challenge to show how 
the Government had kept its promise 
to intercept war profits, that the State 
had taken control of practically the 
whole of the engineering works in the 
country, and appropriated the profits 
made for the purposes of the State. 

On the 28th September, 1916, he 
declared that any step at this time by 
the United States or any other 
neutral in the direction ofpeace would 
be construed by England as an un- 
neutral, pro-German m.ove. 

On the 1st December, 1916, he 
made proposals to Mr. Asquith for 
the reform of war administration and 
a smaller Cabinet. 

He resigned on the 5th December, 
1916, and on the 6th December 
accepted the Premiership, and 
became First Lord of the Treasury 
and a member of the War Cabinet. 

He was one of the most prominent 
members of the final Peace terms, 
although it is generally believed that 
he was largely responsible for the 
long delay. 
GERARD, James W., G.C.B. 

Former U.S.A. Ambassador to 
Germany, appointed in 1913. 

Formerly Justice of the Supreme 
Court in the State of New York. 

On the outbreak of war discharged 
delicate duties as representative of 
neutral U.S.A. 

On the entry of the U.S.A. into the 
war he was accorded a great welcome 
on returning to New York. 

Published amazing book detailing 
incidents of historic importance, in- 
cluding interviews with the Kaiser. 
^Received G.C.B. in August, 1917. 
GERMAN Ex-EMPEROR,Wilhelm 
II., Ex-King of Prussia. 
Aged 61. 



84 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Succeeded his father in 1888. 

His first notorious act was the 
virtual dismissal of Bismarck. 

In September, 1907, he spoke of 
the German nation as " the block of 
granite upon which the Lord our God 
can build up and complete His work 
of civilising the world." 

In October, 1908, the " Daily 
Telegraph " published the report of 
an interview in which the Emperor 
revealed a series of startling secrets 
in reference to European diplomacy 
during the Boer War. This led to 
an unexampled storm of criticism in 
Germany. 

In 1910 the storm broke out again 
when he repeated his claim to 
autocracy in Prussia, but quieted 
down on assurance being given that 
he did not mean what he seemed to 
say. 

He spoke at Hamburg in August, 
1 91 1 , of Germany's need for strength- 
ening her Navy, so that " no one can 
dispute with us the place in the sun 
that is our due." 

He visited London for the un- 
veiling of the Queen Victoria 
memorial. 

His only daughter married on the 
24th May, 1913, Prince Ernest of 
Cumberland, in the presence of King 
George, Queen Mary, the Tsar, and 
a brilliant company. The young 
couple became Duke and Duchess of 
Brunswick, and had an heir born in 
March, 1914. 

He was chief instigator of Austria 
in issuing the ultimatum to Serbia in 
July, 1914, which led to the great 
war. 

He has been the restless War Lord 
ever since. 

Has visited Bulgaria and lunched 
with King Ferdinand. 

Has paid visits to the front, east 
and west. 

On the 13th May, 1915, the names 
of the German Emperor, the German 
Crown Prince, the Emperor of 
Austria, the King of Wiirtemburg, 
the Grand Duke of Hesse, Prince 
Henry of Prussia, the Duke of Saxe- 
Coburg, and the Duke of Cumber- 
land were struck off the roll of the 
Knights of the Garter by command 



of our King as Sovereign of the 
Order. 

During 1917 he held important 
conferences, one resulting in the 
overthrow of the Imperial Chancellor, 
Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg. 

Among his famous utterances 
during the war are the following : 

In an Army Order of the 19th 
August, 1914: "Address all the 
skill and all the valour of my soldiers 
to exterminate first the treacherous 
English, and walk over General 
French's contemptible little army." 

In a telegram to President Wilson 
on the 10th August, 1914 : " Belgian 
neutrality had to be violated by 
Germany on strategical grounds." 

Order to the German Army in the 
East on the 13th September, 1914: 

Remember that the German people 
are the chosen of God. On me, the 
German Emperor, the Spirit of God 
has descended. I am His sword, His 
weapon, and His viceregent. Woe to 
the disobedient, and death to cowards 
and unbelievers ! " 

Published in the " Daily Tele- 
graph " on the 13th August,^ 1917, 
on the torpedoing of the " Lusi- 
tania " : " No gentleman would kill 
so many women and children." 

Published in the " Daily Tele- 
graph " on the 15th August, 1917: 

There was no longer any inter- 
national law." 

On the 16th October, 1918. it was 
stated that the Kaiser had been in 
Berlin during the past week-end. 
According to a Berne dispatch, at a 
recent meeting of the Crown Council 
at Imperial Headquarters he declared 
he would do his duty to the end, and 
that he would not permit any adver- 
sity to damp him. 

On the 1st November, 1918, he 
left for General Headquarters, and 
there were rumours of his abdica- 
tion. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, 
replying to messages sent to him by 
the municipality of Berlin on the 
occasion of the anniversary of Sedan, 
he said : " I am fully convinced that 
no enemy will ever be able to shake 
the strong structure of the German 
Empire. Never could the German 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



85 



people be vanquished when it was 
united." 

On the 9th November, 1918. he 
abdicated, and the Crown Prince 
renounced succession. 

On the 12th November, 1918, the 
Workmen's and Soldiers' Council in 
Berlin announced the arrival of the 
Kaiser, the Empress, and the Crown 
Prince in Holland. 

On the 14th November, 1918, the 
property of the Prussian Crown was 
confiscated, and placed under the 
administration of the Ministry of 
Finance. The personal property of 
the King and Royal Family was not 
affected thereby. 
GERMAN Ex-CROWN PRINCE 
WILHELM. 

Aged 38. 

Eldest son of the German Em- 
peror. 

In June, 1905, he married the 
Duchess Cecilie Augustine Maud, 
youngest sister of the Grand Duke 
Frederick Francis IV. of Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin. 

He toured in the Far East in 
1910-11. 

He represented the Emperor at 
the Coronation of King George in 
1911. 

He commanded one of the armies 
which marched on France in August, 
1914, but has secured no fame. 
GERMAN SAMOA, or NAVI- 
GATOR ISLES ARCHI- 
PELAGO. 

In the Pacific Ocean, between New 
Hebrides and Tahiti, the two largest 
isles of the group Savaii. 

Area,660 square miles. Population, 
17,000. 

They were ceded to Germany in 
1900, and Tituila (5,439 miles; 
population, 3,000) and Manur, with 
Ofu and Olesanga (20 square miles ; 
population, 2,000) to the United 
States, Great Britain withdrawing. 

They were surrendered to the New 
Zealand Force on the 29th August, 
1914. 
OERMAN SOUTH-WEST 
AFRICA. 

On the 9th July, 1915, the con- 
quest was announced. Governor 



Seitz surrendering all the German 
forces to General Botha. 
GERMANY. 

Ex-Kaiser, Wilhelm II., succeeded 
in 1888. 

Empire of Central Europe. 

Area, 208,780 square miles. Popu- 
lation, about 65,000,000. 

Composed of 4 kingdoms, 6 grand 
duchies, 7 principalities, 3 free towns, 
besides the conquered territory of 
Alsace-Lorraine. 

Politically and commercially Ger- 
many was one of the leading Powers. 

Main rivers, Rhine, Danube, Elbe, 
Weser, and Vistula. 

Before the war she had 25 Army 
Corps of 40,000 to 50,000 men ; a 
peace strength of 871,000 men and 
9,898,000 available men. 

On the 5th July, 1914. the German 
Ambassador in Constantinople told 
the Italian Ambassador, " We are in 
for war," and mentioned the secret 
Council of Potsdam. 

On the 21st July, 1914, the pre- 
liminary mobilisation notices were 
sent out in Germany. 

On the 24th July, 1914. secret 
instructions were given by German 
officers at Metz to covering troops on 
the French frontier, and the inter- 
national mails were held up in Ger- 
many. 

On the 25th July, 1914, the railway 
stations in Germany were occupied 
by the military authorities, and the 
civilian traffic interfered with. 

On the 26th July, 1 91 4, the cavalry, 
infantry, and artillery were moving 
by train in Germany to the Belgian 
frontier. 

On the 27th July, 1914, the Ger- 
man reservist officers at Antwerp 
were recalled. 

On the 28th July, 1914, the Ham- 
burg-Amerika steamers at Antwerp 
and Port Said were recalled. The 
German reservists from abroad 
arrived in Germany. 

On the 29th July, 1914, there was 
a German Councilat Potsdam. Large 
numbers of additional Germanreserv- 
ists were warned, and the decision to 
invade Belgium was reached. The 
German covering force was posted on 
the French frontier. 



86 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Germany sent an ultimatum to 
Russia that there would be war if 
Russia did not stop her preparations. 
The Tsar offered to accept Hague 
arbitration, and ordered Yanushke- 
vich to suspend local mobilisation. 

On the 30th July, 1914, German 
mobilisation was declared. 

On the 31st July, 1914, Germany 
declared to be in a state of war. 

Declared war against Russia on the 
1st August, 1914, and detained British 
steamers. 

Invaded Luxemburg and tore up 
rails on the 1st August, 1914. 

Invaded a portion of the French 
territory on the 2nd August, 1914. 

Declared war against France on the 
3rd August. 1914. ^ 

Received Britain's declaration of 
war on the 4th August, 1914. 

Received ultimatum from Great 
Britain, demanding that the neu- 
trality of Belgium should be respected, 
on the 4th August, 1914. 

Japan declared war against Ger- 
many on the 23rd August, 1914. 

Great Britain declared the blockade 
of Germany on the 1st March, 1915. 

On the 12th January, 1915, the 
use by Germans of poisonous shells 
was reported from Paris. 

Italy declared war on Austria on 
the 22nd May, 1915, and Germany 
recalled Prince Biilow from Rome. 

Italy declared war on Germany on 
the 28th August, 1916. 

Roumania declared war on Ger- 
many and Austria on the 28th August, 
1916. 

On the 5th November, 1916, 
Germany and Austria proclaimed an 
" independent State of Poland." 

On the 12th December, 1916, the 
Chancellor announced in the Reich- 
stag that peace overtures had been 
made by four enemy Powers to the 
Allies through neutral Govern- 
ments. 

On the 15th December, 1916, the 
British Government replied to Ger- 
man " proposals," declaring that the 
Allies still required " adequate 
reparation for the past and security 
for the future." 

On the 18th December, 1916, the 
official text of the German ** Peace 



Note " was delivered to the Foreign 
Office. 

On the 25th December, 1916, 
Germany replied to President 
Wilson's Note, ignoring his sugges- 
tion to state terms, but proposing an 
immediate peace conference. 

On the 28th December, 1916. she 
replied to the Swiss Note. 

On the 30th December, 1916. the 
Allies replied to the German Note, 
rejecting the enemy's overtures as an 
' empty and insincere " proposal, 
and demanding safeguards against 
future aggression. 

On the 31st January, 1917, the 
German Government announced that 
its submarines would sink British 
hospital ships, and announced unre- 
stricted submarine war, all sea traffic 
to be stopped in a zone of water round 
Great Britain, France, and Italy. 

On the 3rd February, 1917, diplo- 
matic relations between the U.S.A. 
and Germany were broken off. 
Count Bernstorff was given his pass- 
ports, and Mr. Gerard was recalled 
from Berlin. 

The U.S.A. declared war against 
Germany on the 6th April, 1917. 

Cuba declared war against Ger- 
many on the 7th April, 1917. 

Panama declared war against Ger- 
many on 10th April, 1917. 

Brazil broke off relations on the 
10th April, 1917. 

Bolivia broke off relations on the 
14th April, 1917. 

Guatemala on the 27th April. 1917. 

Honduras on the 17th May. 1917. 

Nicaragua on the 19th May, 1917. 

Haiti on the 18th June, 1917. 

Siam declared war against Ger- 
many on the 22nd July, 1917. 

China declared war against Ger- 
many on the 14th August, 1917. 

Costa Rica broke off relations on 
the 18th September, 1917. 

Peru on the 6th October, 1917. 

Uruguay on the 7th October, 1917. 

Ecuador and San Domingo also 
broke off relations. 

The terms of armistice signed by 
the Germans on the 1 1th November, 
1918, were read out in the House of 
Commons by Mr. Lloyd George in 
the afternoon. Such terms included 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



87 



the evacuation of invaded territories, 
Belgium, France, Alsace-Lorraine, 
and Luxemburg, to be completed 
within 14 days. Railways of Alsace- 
Lorraine to be handed over. Ger- 
man troops who had not left these 
territories within 14 days to be 
treated as prisoners of war. The 
occupation by the Allied and U.S.A. 
forces to be kept up pending the 
evacuation. The evacuation of 
Rhinelands to be completed within 
16 days. Immediate repatriation 
without reciprocity of Allied and 
U.S.A. prisoners. All German 
troops in Russia, Roum.ania, and 
elsewhere to be withdrawn. Com- 
plete abandonment of treaties of 
Bukarest and Brest- Litovsk. Imme- 
diate cessation of all hostilities at sea. 
Handing over to Allies and U.S.A. of 
all submarines. The surrender by 
the German Government of the 
following equipment : 5,000 guns, 
of which 2,500 to be heavy and 
2.500 field guns, 30,000 machine- 
guns, and a large number of trench 
mortars. 
GHENT. 

A large commercial and cathedral 
city. The capital of East Flanders, 
Belgium, on the River Scheldt. Has 
extensive cotton and other manufac- 
tories. Contains a splendid town hall. 

Has a population of 166,000. 

On the 12th October. 1914, the 
Germans occupied Ghent without 
opposition. 

On the 7th June, 1915, a Zeppelin 
was destroyed between here and 
Brussels by R. A. J. Warnford at a 
height of 6,000 feet. 

On the 15th June, 1917, British 
aeroplanes bombarded Ghent aero- 
drome. 

On the 19th October, 1918, the fate 
of Ghent was sealed. 

On ,the 26th October, 1918, 
General Plumer's army was marching 
on Ghent. 

GHISTELLE. 

On February 16th, 1915, the 
British made an air raid here, Middle- 
kerke, Ostend, and Zeebrugge ; 240 
bombs were dropped by 40 aero- 
planes. 



GIBBS, Philip. 

War correspondent. 

Was an editor at Cassell's at 21 
years of age, and afterwards was 
literary editor of the " Daily Mail," 
the " Chronicle," and the ill-fated 

Tribune." 

His dispatches have appeared in 
the " Daily Chronicle," " Daily 
Telegraph," and a New York paper. 
GIBERCOURT. 

On the 10th September, 1918, the 
French captured it. 

GILL, Sergeant Albert (2815). 

Late King's Royal Rifles. Gained 
the V.C. in the war 

GIRLS, Rape of. 

It was stated in the French official 
report of the 20th March, 1917 : "In 
evacuating Noyon the enemy has 
carried away by force young girls of 
from 15 to 25." 
GIROUARD, Sir E., P.C, K.C.M.G. 

Aged 53. 

Was Governor of British East 
Africa. 

High Commissioner and Com- 
■ mander-in-Chief of Northern Nigeria 
from 1909 until 1912. 

Director of Soudan Railv/ays. 

Railway Commissioner for the 
Transvaal after the Boer War. 

Has rendered valuable assistance 
in Army organisation during the war. 

GIVENCHY. 

On the 3rd June, 1915, the British 
captured German trenches here. 

On the 11th June, 1915, at the 
north-east of Givenchy, the British 
expelled the enemy from his trenches 
on a front of 200 yards. 

On the 5t"h September, 1918, it 

was reported that south of Neuve 

Chapelle as far as here the British 

regained the old lines held by us 

prior to the 9th April, and east of 

Givenchy occupied portions of the 

old German positions. 

GLADSTONE, Viscotmt, of Hawar- 

den, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 

G.B.E., P.C. 

Aged 65. 

Youngest son of William Ewart 
Gladstone. 



88 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Entered Parliament in 1880, and 
became his father's Private Secretary. 

Made a Lord of theTreasury inl88 1 . 

Financial Secretary at the War 
Office in 1886. 

Under Secretary at the Home 
Office in 1892. 

First Commissioner of Works in 
1894. 

Home Secretary from 1905 until 
1910. 

Appointed Governor-General of 
South Africa in 1910 until 1914, and 
was raised to the Peerage. 

Created G.B.E. in 1917. 

Organised successfully the relief 
of Belgian refugees. 
GLADSTONE, Lieut. W. E. C. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the v^ar on the 13th 
April, 1916. 
"GLASGOW," H.M.S, 

A protected second class cruiser, 
completed in 1910, having a displace- 
ment of 4,800 tons and a speed of 25 
knots. 

She was, according to the Admir- 
alty's report issued on the 4th 
November, 1 91 4, engaged, with H.M. 
Ships " Good Hope " and " Mon- 
mouth," off the coast of Chili, against 
the German ships " Scharnhorst," 

Gneisenau," " Leipzig," and 

Dresden," in stormy weather, the 
action lasting an hour. 

The " Glasgow " was not greatly 
damaged, and had few casualties. 
The " Good Hope " caught fire, blew 
up, and sank. The " Monmouth," 
also on fire, drew off, but was again 
attacked. 

The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin 
Elizabeth," which was in harbour 
when the siege began, was blown 
up by the Austrians. 

On the 14th March, 1914, in 
company with H.M. Ships " Kent" 
and " Orama," she caught the Ger- 
man cruiser " Dresden" near Juan 
Fernandez. After five minutes' 
flighting the " Dresden " hoisted the 
white flag, and blew up and sank. 
GLAZEBROOK, Major P. K. 
Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war in March, 
1918. 



♦GLENART CASTLE." 

A hospital ship. I 

On the 26th February, 1916, she 
was deliberately torpedoed and sunk 
by the Germans. She was outward 
bound at 4 a.m., showing all her Red 
Cross lights. She filled rapidly and 
v/ent down. Of 182 persons on 
board, only 22 were saved. The 
submarine is believed to have 
attacked the survivors in the boats, as 
bodies were discovered afterwards in 
one of the boats with wounds in them 
v/hich could only have been inflicted 
by fire from German weapons. 
Partly for this reason the loss of life 
was exceedingly heavy. 

* GLENGYLE." 

A merchant vessel, belonging to 
Messrs. McGregor, Son & Co., 
having a gross tonn* of 9,000 and a 
speed of 13 knot Built in the year 
1914. 

She was sunk by enemy submarine 
on the 2nd January, 1916, in the 
Mediterranean. 

"GLOBE." 

London Independent Evening 
Newspaper. 

On the6th November, 1915, it was 
suspended at the instance of the War 
Office. 

On the 22nd November, 1915, 
after being suspended for a fortnight, 
it resumed publication. 

"GLOUCESTER CASTLE." 

British hospital ship. 

On the 30th March, 1917, she was 
torpedoed in the Channel by the 
enemy and sunk. All on board were 
rescued. 

"GNEISENAU." 

A German armoured cruiser. 

She v/as sunk by gunfire by the 
Brilish off the Falkland Islands on 
the 8th December, 1914. 

Accordingto the Admiralty's report 
published on the 4th November, 
1914, she was engaged, with the Ger- 
man ships " Scharnhorst," " Leip- 
zig," and "Dresden," off the coast of 
Chili, against H.M. Ships " Good 
Hope," "Monmouth," and " Glas- 
gow," in stormy weather, the action 
lasting an hour. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



89 



The "Good Hope" caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. The " Mon- 
mouth," also on fire, drew off, but 
was again attacked. The " Glas- 
gow " was not greatly damaged, and 
had few casualties. 

She was sunk, with the " Scharn- 
horst," " Niirnberg," and " Leip- 
zig," whei, they were off the Falkland 
Islands, by a British squadron, com- 
manded by Sir F. Sturdee, on the 8th 
December, 1914. 

The engagement lasted five hours. 
The " Dresden " escaped. 

GODIYAK. 

In the bend of the Cerna. 
On the 20th September, 1918, 
Serbian troops took it. 

GODLEY, Private S. F. 

City of London Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

GODOLLO. 

A market town near Buda-Pest, 
Hungary. The King's summer 
palace. 

Population, 6,000. 

On the 1st November, 1918, it was 
reported that the Austrian Emperor 
Karl had fled to his castle here. 

" GOE3EN." 

A German ship (nominally Tur- 
kish), completed in August, 1912. 
Tonnage, 22,600. 

She was chased to Messina on the 
5th August, 1914, in company v/ith 
the" Breslau," another German ship. 

She escaped from Messina on the 
7th August, 1914, and escaped to the 
Dardanelles, v/hen she and the 
" Breslau" were sold to Turkey on 
the 12th August, 1914. 

On the 20th January, 1918, she 
and the " Breslau " sallied out from 
the Dardanelles, and sank the 
British monitors " Raglan " and 
M 28. " Breslau " was driyen into a 
minefield and sunk. " Goeben," 
damaged, and followed by the British 
destroyers " Lizard " and " Tigress," 
beached at Nagara Point, and was 
there bombed by British aircraft 
without success. 

On the 27th January, 1918, she was 
refloated and taken to Constantinople, 



«' GOLIATH," H.M.S. 

A third class battleship, completed 
in the year 1 900. She had a displace- 
ment of 12,950 tons and a speed of 
18i knots. 

She was torpedoed in the Darda- 
nelles on the 12th May, 1915, by a 
Turkish destroyer ; 500 lives were 
lost. 
GOMPERS, Mr. 

American Labour leader. 

In May, 1918, he stated : " When 
you begin to discuss peace you lose 
the will and po\ser to fight." 
GONNELIEN. 

Near Cambrai. 

On the 1st December, 1917, the 
British recaptured it. 
GONTRODE. 

On the 7th November, 1917, 
during the night over three tons of 
bombs were dropped on the enemy's 
aerodromes here and at St. Denis 
Westrem, and on aerodromes in the 
valley of the River Lys. Railway 
communications were also bombed, 
and satisfactory results observed. 
GOOD, Sergeant A. 

Canadian Scottish. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
♦'GOOD HOPE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 
1902, having a displacement of 1 4,1 00 
tons and a speed of 24 knots. 

According to the Admiralty report 
issued on the 4th November, 1914, 
she was engaged, with H.M. Ships 

Monmouth" and " Glasgow," off 
the coast of Chili, against the German 
ships " Scharnhorst," " Gneisenau," 

Leipzig," and " Dresden," in 
stormy weather, the action lasting an 
hour. 

The " Good Hope " caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. The " Mon- 
mouth," also on fire, drew off, but 
was again attacked. The " Glas- 
gow " was not greatly damaged, and 
had few casualties. 
GOOLD-ADAMS, Sir Hamilton J. 

Aged 60. 

Was Governor of Cyprus from 
1911 until 1914. 

Appointed Governor of Queens- 
land in November, 1914. 



90 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



GORDON, Lance- Corporal Ber- 
nard Sidney, M.M. 
41st Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
GORITZIA. 

On the 9th August, 1916, it was 
captured by the Italians, who routed 
the Austrians, their prisoners amount- 
ing to over 12.000. 

On the 28th October, 1917, it fell, 
and the Italians retreated towards the 
Tagliamento. The Germans claimed 
10,000 prisoners and 700 guns, 
GORLE, Temporary -Lieut. R. V. 
A Battery, 50th Brigade, Royal 
Field Artillery. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
GORRINGE, GeneraL 

On the 6th April, 1916, he suc- 
ceeded General Aylmer in command 
of the Kut Relief Force. 
GORT, Captain and Brevet-Major 
(Acting - Lieut. - Colonel) 
Viscount John Standish 
Gurtees Prendergast Vere- 
ker, D.S.O., M.V.O., M.C. 
1st Battalion, Grenadier Guards. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
GOSCHEN, Rt. Hon. Sir W. E., 
Bart., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
G.C.V.O., P.C. 
Aged 72. 

Ambassador. Vienna, 1905-1908; 
Berlin, 1908-1914. 

Has had 46 years' experience in 
the diplomatic service. 

Was treated with extreme dis- 
courtesy by the Kaiser and the Berlin 
populace on the declaration of war. 
Received a Baronetcy on the 1st 
January, 1914. 

GOSLING, Sergeant William 
(645112). 
R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
GOURAUD. 

French General. 

On the 18th November, 1918, he 
stated he would lead his troops into 
Strasburg next day. 

GOURLEY, Sergeant C. E. (681886 ), 
M.M. 

Royal Field Artillery (West Kirby). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 



GRAHAM, Lieut. John Reginald 
Noble. 

Argyle and Sutherland Highlan- 
ders. Gained the V.C. in the war 

GRAHAME-WHITE, Claude. 

Aged 40. 

Great aviator. 

Is Chairman and Managing Direc- 
tor of the Grahame White Aviation 
Company, Ltd. 

After the outbreak of war he served 
for a short time as a flight commander 
on special service in the Royal Naval 
Air Service, making one of the first 
patrol night flights over London. 

He also took part in one of the first 
big air raids on the German positions 
along the Belgian coast. 

With the approval of the Admiralty 
he resigned his commission to give 
attention to the Hendon Aerodrome, 
the principal aviation centre in Great 
Britain, belonging to the company of 
which he is Managing Director. 

GRANDCOURT. 

On the 6th and 7th February, 1917, 
the British line advanced near here 
and captured 1,000 yards of German 
trenches, and on the 7th February, 
1917, the British captured the town. 

GRAND PRE. 

It was captured on the 17th 
October, 1918. 
GRANET, Sir Guy. 

Aged 52. 

General Manager of the Midland 
Railway for the last 12 years, having 
been Assistant Manager previously. 
Married the Hon. F. J. Gully, 
daughter of Viscount Selby, former 
Speaker of the House of Commons. 

Knighted, 1911. 

Did important war work on various 
Committees on the war. 
GRANT, Sergeant J. G. (10/2950). 

1st Battalion, Wellington Regi- 
ment, N.Z.F. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
GRAPPA. 

On the 28th October, 1918, the 
Italian infantry defeated several 
counter-attacks, consolidated posi- 
tions, and took 500 prisoners. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



91 



enemy's front collapsed. The hostile 
artillery was all captured. 
GRAVES George. 

Aged 43. 

Famous actor and comedian. 

Married on 18th September, 1918, 
Miss Madge Compton, a popular 
young actress. 

Did much useful work for 
charities in the war. 
GREAVES, Acting- Corporal Fred 
(23715). 

Notts and Derby Rifles (Bal- 
borough). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
GREECE. 

The treacherous King Constantine 
was deposed and was succeeded by 
his son King Alexander, in 1917. 

A kingdom in the south part of 
Balkan Peninsula. Bounded on the 
north by Turkey, on the west and 
south by the Mediterranean, and on 
the east by the Aegean Sea ; and 
ncluding islands in the Mediter- 
anean, Aegean, and Ionian Sea?. 

Up to the time of the Balkan War 
it comprised 24,977 square miles, 
and had a population of 2,700,000. 

Afterthe war she received additional 
territory, extending her area to about 
43,500 square miles, and increasing 
the population to nearly 5,000,000. 

The capital is Athens. 

On the 7th October, 1915, a 
Coalition Ministry was formed. M. 
Zamis became Premier. 

On the 10th October, 1915, she 
declared armed neutrality. 

On the 17th October, 1915, Great 
Britain offered Cyprus to Greece in 
return for her full and immediate 
support of Serbia against Bulgaria. 

On the 26th October, 1915, Sir 
Edward Grey stated in the House of 
Commons that Greece had refused 
the offer of Cyprus, which therefore 
lapsed. 

On the 25th November, 1915, the 
Entente Note was sent, requesting 
security for Allied troops in Mace- 
donia, to which a favourable reply 
was sent Greece conceding the de- 
mand of the Allies to make Salonika 
their base for operations in the i 
Balkans. I 



On the 21st June, 1916. Great 
Britain, France, and Russia set out 
their ultimatum in a Note to Greece. 
On the 22nd June, 1916, the new 
Greek Cabinet met, and they agreed 
to the proposals of the Entente to 
dissolve the Chamber, reconstruct 
the gendarmerie, and guarantee an 
attitude of benevolent neutrality. 

On the 19th September, 1916, the 
Allies declared a blockade of the 
Greek coast. 

On the 10th October, 1916, the 
Allied Government demanded the 
handing over of the Greek Fleet, 
except three warships, and this was 
complied with. 

On the 4th December, 1916, the 
Greek Government offered to sur- 
render eight batteries. 

On the 17th December,^ 1916, the 

Greeks accepted the Allies* demands. 

She was reported to be in a state of 

war with Germany on the 5th July, 

1917. 

GREEN, Captain J. Leslie. 

Late R. A.M. C. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
GREENLAND HILL. 

On the 27th August, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
GREENWOOD, Temporary-Major 
(Acting - Lieut. - Colonel) 
Harry, D.S.O., M.C. 
9th Battalion, King's Own York- 
shire Light Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
GREGG, Lieut. M. F. 

Royal Canadian Regiment, Nova 
Scotia. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
GREGG, Sergeant W. (S6522), 
D.C.M., M.M. 
Rifle Brigade (Derby). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
GREGORY, Thomas W. 

Was Attorney-General in President 
Wilson's Cabinet. 
'*GREIF." 

A German armed vessel. 
She was destroyed by gunfire on 
the 29th February, 1916. 
GRENFELL, Captain F. O. 

9th Lancers. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 



92 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



GRETNA GREEN. 

A village at the head of Solvvay 
Firth, on the borders of Scotland and 
England, formerly noted for clandes- 
tine marriages. 

On the 22nd May, 1915, the worst 
disaster in the history of British rail- 
ways took place at Quinton's Hill, a 
mile north of Gretna Green, on the 
Caledonian line, a heavily laden 
troop train, going southward with 
500 officers and men, running into a 
local passenger train, the Scotch 
express from Euston crashing into 
the wreckage of both of them ; 157 
killed (among them many of the 7th 
Royal Scots, including three officers) 
and 200 injured. 

GREVILLIERS. 

On the 13th March, 1917, it was 
taken by the British. 
GREY OF FALLODEN, Viscount, 
K.G. 

Aged 55. 

Was Under Secretary for Foreign 
Affairs. 1892. 

Was Secretary for Foreign Affairs 
from 1905 until 1916. 

Received honour of K.G. in 
February, 1912. 

On the 27th July, 1914, he an- 
nounced his proposals for a Confer- 
ence of Germany. France, Italy, and 
Great Britain, and their acceptance 
by France and Italy ; but on the 
following day Austria-Hungary de- 
clared war on Serbia, and com- 
menced operations. 

Announced on the 3rd August, 
1914: "England will stand by 
France in defending the neutrality of 
Belgium." 

, On the 22nd March, 1915, pre- 
siding at a lecture on the war, he laid 
upon Germany, by a refusal to settle 
the dispute by a conference, the 
appalling responsibility for the war. 
One essential condition of peace, he 
said, must be reparation to Belgium, 
and the admission of the claim of the 
Allies of the right to pursue a national 
existence in the enToyment of their 
own liberty as well as the liberty of 
other nationalities. 

On the 21st March, 1916, he slated 
that Great Britain, France, and 



Russia had given Belgium a guarantee 
that she would be asked to take part 1 
in peace negotiations, and the Allies 
would not cease hostilities until i 
Belgium was reinstated and amply 
indemnified. 

On the 6th July, 1916, he was 
given an Earldom, which was, at his 
request, changed to a Viscountcy. 

On the resignation of the first 
Coalition Ministry he retired from the 
Foreign Office. 
GRIBBLE, Lieut. (Temporary- 
Captain) J. R. 

Royal Warwickshire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
GRIEVE, Captain Robert Cuthbert. 

Australian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
GRIFFITH, Rt. Hon. Ellis J., K.C., 
M.P. 

Aged 59. 

Was Parliamentary Under Secre- 
tary to the Home Office from 1913 
until 1915. 

Privy Councillor in June, 1914. 

Resigned his post in the Govern- 
ment. ; 
GRIFFITHS, Colonel Sir J.Norton, 
M.P. 

Aged 48. 

Served in the Matabele War of 
1896-7. 

Served in the South African War 
as Captain and Adjutant to Lord 
Roberts' bodyguard. 

Took a. strong military attitude in 
the present war. 

Received Knighthood in February, 
1917. 
GRIFFITHS-BOSCAWEN, Colonel 
Sir Arthur, M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Was the Parliamentary Secretary to 
the Minister of Pensions. 

Was on the London County Coun- 
cil for three years. 

Acted as Private Secretary to the 
Chancellor of the Exchequer for five 
years. 
GRIMBALDESTON,Sergt.(Acting- 
C.Q.M.S. (13531). 

King's Own Scottish Borderers 
(Blackburn). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



93 



GRIMSHAW, Corporal (now 
Sergeant) John (2609). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
♦• GRIVE." 

A British armed steamer. 
Her loss was announced on the 31st 
December. 1917. 
GRODNO. 

A town in Russia, 80 miles from 
Vilna. 

On the 2nd September, 1915, it 
fell after fierce house - to - house 
fighting. 
GRODUS. 

A town and province of Lithuania, 
North- West Russia. 

Has an area of 15,000 square miles, 
and a population of nearly 2,000,000. 
Agricultural, stock-raising, and has 
wool and tobacco factories. 

On the 1st September, 1915, the 
fall of Grodus wai; reported. 
GROENER, General. 

On the 30th October, 1918, he was 
appointed as successor at General 
Headquarters to General Ludendorff. 
GROGAN, Major and Brevet- 
Lieut. -Colonel (Tempo- 
rary - Brigadier - General) 
George William St. George, 
C.M.G., D.S.O. 
Worcester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

GUATEMALA. 

President Don Manuel Estrada- 
Cabrera, succeeded in 1917. 

Republican State in Central 
America. Adjoins Mexico, Hondu- 
ras, San Salvador, and the Pacific. 

Area, 48,300 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,000,000. 

Coffee and sugar produce. 

Capital, New Guatemala city, 
seated on broad and high plain, 
mountain surrounded. Population, 
72,000. 

Old Guatemala is a small place, 25 
miles v/e"st-south-west of the capital. 
Population, 6,000. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many on the 27th April, 1917. 
'• GUERNSEY." 

A London and South- Western 
cross-Channel steamer. 



On the 9th April, 1915, she was 
wrecked ; 7 of the crew were 
drov/ned. 

GUEST, Captain the Hon. Fred- 
erick, M.P., D.S.O. 

Aged 43. 

Son of the late Lord Wimborne. 
Served in South Africa. 
Appointed Treasurer to the House- 
hold in 1912. 

Awarded D.S.O. in 1917. 
Chief Whip May, 1917. 

"GUILDFORD CASTLE." 

A hospital ship. 

On the 10th March, 1918. the 
Germans unsuccessfully tried to 
torpedo her. 

GUILLEMONT. 

On the 9th September, 1916, after 
a brilliant attack, it and Guichy were 
captured by the Irish troops. 

GUISE. 

A town on the Oise, in the Depart- 
ment of Aisne. 

On the 19th October, 1918, the 
French reported that their troops 
were only three miles from here. 

On the 28th October, 1918, they 
reported they had occupied La Motte 
Farm, west of Guise, and reached 
approaches to west of Heril-la- 
Vievielle, west beyond Monce-au- 
Le New, and pushed their lines to the 
outskirts west of Parguy-Ies-Bois. 

" GUISEPPE GARIBALDL" 

An Italian armoured cruiser. 
She was sunk by an Austrian sub- 
marine on the 18th July, 1915. 

" GULFLIGHT." 

A United States oil tank vessel. 

On the 1st May, 1915, she was 
torpedoed by a German submarine ; 
3 American lives lost. 

GULF OF FINLAND. 

On the east arm of the Baltic Sea, 
extending about 250 miles between 
Finland and the north, and the 
Government of Petrograd (late St. 
Petersburg) and Esthonia on the 
south. 

The German cruiser " Magde- 
burg " was sunk here by the Russians 
on the 27th August, 1914. 



94 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



GULLAND, Rt. Hon. John W., 
Ex-M.P. 

Aged 55. 

Appointed Junior Lord of the 
Treasury and Scottish Whip in 1909. 

Succeeded the late Mr.Illingworth, 
and became Chief Liberal Whip in 
January, 1915, 

Privy Councillor, December, 1916 

Lost his seat at the Victory Election. 
GUMBINNEN. 

An industrial town in the province 
of East Prussia, Germany, on the 
River Pissa. 

Has a population of 14,500. 

On the 20th August, 1914, the 
Russians took the offensive along the 
while line and occupied Gumbinnen, 
GUYGNCOURT. 

On the 9th September, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
G 194. 

A German destroyer. 

She was rammed on the 25th 
March, 1916. 
HABAROVSK. 

On the 16th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Japanese. 
HAGKETT, Sapper W. 

Late Royal Engineers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HAGONDANGE. 

Germany. 

The factories and railways here 
were bombed by British airmen on 
six occasions. 
HAGUE, The. 

The capital city of South Holland 
and seat of the Dutch Government. 
It has palaces, art galleries, etc. 

Population, 280,515. 

On the 24th June, 1917, delegates 
of the British and German Govern- 
ments met here to discuss questions 
relating to prisoners of war. 
HAGUENAC. 

A fortified town of Alsace, Ger- 
many, near Strasburg. 

Population, 14,500. 

The station and barracks here were 
bombed by British airmen. 
HAIFA. 

A town of Syria, on the Bay of Acre. 



On the 24th September, 1918, it 
was captured by British cavalry. 

HAIG, Field-Marshal Sir Douglas, 
O.M.,K.T.,G.C.B.,K.C.I.E., 
G.C.V.O. 

Aged 58. 

Was Commander - in - Chief at 
Aldershot. 

Served in the Soudan, 1898. 

Served in South Africa from 1899 
until 1902. 

Inspector-General of Cavalry in 
India, 1903-6. 

Director of Military Training, 
1906-7. 

Director Staff Duties at Head- 
quarters, 1907-9. 

Chief of Staff in India. 1909-11. 

Was in command of one of the 
Corps of the Expeditionary Force in 
France. 

Received G.C.B. as a birthday 
honour in 1915. 

Succeeded Viscount French as 
Commander-in-Chief of the British 
Forces in France on the 15th Decem- 
ber, 1915. 

Promoted to Field- Marshal on the 
1st January, 1917. 

Knight of the Thistlein July, 1917. 

After the disastrous retreat of 
March, 1918, Marshal Foch was 
given the supreme command of the 
whole allied forces In the held. 

In his victory report Haig wrote : 

At the moment when the final 
triumph of the Allied cause is assured 
we and all others of the Allied and 
Associated Armies can look back on 
the years that have gone with a satis- 
faction undimmed by a hint of dis- 
cord or conflict of interest and ideals. 
Few alliances of the past can boast 
such a record. Few can show a 
purpose more tenaciously and faith- 
fully pursued, or so fully and 
gloriously realised." 

HAIG-BROWN, Colonel. 

Son of the former Head Master of 
Charterhouse. 

Lost his life in the war. 

HAINE, Second-Lieut. Reginald 
Leonard. 
H.A.C. Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



95 



" HAIRREDIN BARBAROSSA." 

A Turkish battleship. 
She was sunk by British sub- 
marines on the 9th August, 1915. 
HAITI. 

President, Genera! Dartiguenave, 
succeeded in 1915. 

Isle in the West Indies. 

Area, 28,523 square miles. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many on the 18th June, 1917. 

HALAHAN, Captain. 
R.N. 

Lost his life in the Zeebrugge fight. 

"HALCYON," H.M.S. 

A torpedo vessel, completed in 
1895, having a displacement of 1,070 
tons, engaged in patrolling. 

She was fired on early in the 
morning of the 3rd November, 1914, 
off Yarmouth, England, bv a German 
squadron, which made off, throwing 
out mines. 

HALDANE OF CLOAN, Viscount, 
K.T., O.M. 

Aged 63. 

At the close of 1905 he was made 
War Minister, and organised the 
Territorial Force. 

Succeeded Lord Loreburn as Lord 
Chancellor in 1912. 

Made a Knight of the Order of the 
Thistle in April, 1913. 

Resigned Lord Chancellorship in 
the Cabinet crisis of May, 1913. 

HALICZ. 

A town in Stanislau district, 
Galicia, Austria. 

Has brine wells. 

Population, 5,000. 

On the 27th June, 1915, the Ger- 
mans captured it. 

On the 5th September, 1916, the 
Russians achieved victory near here, 
taking 4,500 prisoners, of whom 
2,000 were Germans ; and on the 6th 
September, they captured the bridge- 
head of Halicz and set the town on 

On the 10th July, 1917, Korniloff 
captured Halicz, and took 2,000 
prisoners and 30 guns. 

On the 23rd July, 1917, the Ger- 
rnans recaptured it. 



HALL, Corporal A. C. (2631). 

54th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

HALL, Arthur Daniel, F.R.S. 

Aged 55. 

Was a DevelopmentCommissioner, 
and has written on agriculture after 
the war. 

Has been Permanent Secretary to 
the Board of Agriculture and 
Fisheries since March, 1917, 

HALL, Col.- Sergeant F. W. 

8th Canadian Battalion. Gained 
the V.C in the war. 

HALLES. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
Americans reported that all the 
towns on the west bank of the Meuse, 
south of Halles, were in our hands. 
The attack that morning extended to 
the east bank of the Meuse. 

HALLIWELL, Lance -Corporal Joel 

(9860). 
Lancashire Fusiliers (Middleton). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

HALLOWES, Temporary- Second- 
Lieut. R. P. 

4th Middlesex Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

HALTON, Private Albert (241475). 
King's Own Rifles, Lancashire 
Regiment (Carnforth). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

HAM. 

A tov/n on the River Somme, near 
Amiens, France. 

It has an old castle. Napoleon III. 
escaped from prison here in 1846. 

Has a population of 3,135. 

On the 19th March, 1917, the 
French took Ham and Chaniy. 

In September, 1918, the Germans 
placed incendiary bom.bs, many of 
them connected by wire with their 
forces which had retreated, and then 
exploded these charges, setting the 
place on fire and completely wrecking 
it. According to the statements of 
prisoners, the German Staff intended 
" to raze everything standing in the 
country to the ground." 



96 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



HAMBURG. 

Important commercial city of Ger- 
many, on the Elbe. Great transit 
port. 

Population, 1,050,000. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
reported that hard fighting was taking 
place in the streets here. The 
soldiers occupied the railway station, 
and were masters of the greater part of 
the city. 

On the 9th November, 1918, the 
Prussian diplomatic representative 
was arrested in his hotel, and Ham- 
burg was under revolutionary ad- 
ministration, and all prisons were 
opened. 

HAM EL. 

On the 13th October. 1918, British 
troops captured it. 

HAMILTON, General Sir Ian, 
G.C.B., D.S.O. 

Aged 67. 

Was in the Boer War, and com- 
manded the infantry at Elandslaagte 
and the troops on Waggon Hill and 
Cessar's Camp. 

Afterwards Chief of Staff in South 
Africa. 

Present at much of the fighting in 
the Japanese War of 1904-5. 

Commander - in - Chief of the 
Southern Command from 1905 until 
1909. 

Adjutant-General to the Forces. 

Commander-in-Chief in the Medi- 
terranean, and Inspector-General of 
the Overseas Forces, 1910-14. 

Sent brilliant dispatches as to the 
Allies* gallant fight in Gallipoli in 
July, 1915. 

Took command of the attack on the 
Dardanelles companies in the early 
part of 1915. Resigned in October, 
1915. 

On the 4th September, 1918, he 
was appointed Lieutenant of the 
Tower in succession to General Sir 
Horace Smith-Dorrien. 

HAMILTON, Private (Acting-L.- 
Corporal ) John Brown 
(331938). 
Highland Light Infantry. Gained 
he V.C. in the war. 



HAMILTON, Private John. 

1st Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
"HAMPSHIRE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 
1905. It had a displacement of 
10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ knots. 

She was torpedoed and sunk while 
on her way to Russia on the 5th June, 
1916. Lord Kitchener went down 
in her. 

The evidence given at the inquiry 
upon her loss has been strictly kept 
from the public. 

On the 18th November, 1918, Dr. 
Macnamara stated in the House of 
Commons that it had not been found 
possible to salve the " Hampshire." 
The position was not exactly known, 
but she was lying in 32 fathoms. 
Inquiries showed that she had struck 
a mine. 
HANKEY, Lieut. - Colonel Sir 
Maurice, K.C.B. 

Aged 42. 

Joined the Royal Artillery in 1895 

Secretary to the Committee of 
Imperial Defence. 
HANNA, Sergeant-Major Robert 
(75361). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HANNAPPES. 

On the 19th October, 1918, the 

French reported that it was in their 

hands, as well as most of the localities 

bordering the Oise Canal. 

HANOVER. 

A province of Prussia, formerly an 
independent kingdom. 

Area, 14,869 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,950,000. 

Has great mineral wealth. 

The Capital of the Province, on 
the Leine. 

On the 8th November, 1918, the 
rebels seized the barracks and dis- 
armed the officers here. 
HANSEN, Captain P. H. 

Lincoln Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HARCOURT, Viscount. 

Aged 57. 

Secretary for the Colonies from 
1910 until 1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



97 



He acted for a long time as Private 
Secretary to his father, Sir William 
Harcourt. 

Appointed an Ecclesiastical Com- 
missioner, 1913. 

First Commissioner of Works 
until December, 1916, and on his 
resignation was made Viscount. 

HARDEN, Maximilian. 

Aged 57. _ 

A German journalist and poli- 
tician. 

Editor of " Zukunft." 

A great friend of Prince Bismarck. 

He wrote during the war some 
unpalatable " home truths " as well 
as bitter attacks on Germany's 
opponents, amongst them the follow- 

'''In October, 1914: " We willed 
this war. We had to will it." 

The 14th October, 1914: " The 
sovereign fault was the confession 
that Germany violated the neutrality 
of Belgium. . . . From this confes- 
sion neither God nor devil can set us 
free. The attempts made after- 
wards to insinuate that others were 
preparing to violate this neutrality 
do not render us innocent." 

In October, 1914: "One prin- 
ciple, and one principle only, counts. 
It sums up and contains all others, 
' Force.' " 

In March, 1918 : " The weak are 
the prey of the strong." 

HARDINGE OF PENSHURST, 
Lord,K.G. ,G.C.B. ,G.C.M.G. , 
G.C.S.I., G.G.I.E., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 61. 

Formerly Sir Charles Hardinge. 

Was permanent head of Foreign 
Office from 1906 until 1910. 

Ambassador to Petrograd from 
1904 until 1906. 

Was Viceroy of India, 1910-16. 

Has filled many diplomatic ap- 
pointments at ConstantinopiC, Berlin, 
Washington, Sofia, Bucharest, Paris, 
and Teheran. 

On the 14th June, 1915, at the 
request of the Government, he agreed 
to retain the Viceroyalty of India 
until March, 1916. 

Was appointed K.G. in March, 
1916. 



Became again Permanent Under 
Secretary for Foreign Affairs in June, 
1916. 

Was severely criticised by the 
Mesopotamian Commission in 1917. 

HARDY, Rev. Theodore Bayley, 
D.S.O., M.C. 

Fourth Class Army Chaplain De- 
partment, attached to the Lincolnshire 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

HARDYMAN, Lieut. -Colonel. 

The youngest British Lieut. - 
Colonel. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HARGICOURT. 

On the 22nd September. 1918, it 
was captured by the Australians. 

HARLMANUSV/EILERKOPF. 

On the 26th April, 1915, it was 
retaken by the Germans, and re- 
captured by the French. 
HARLOCK, Bombardier E. G. 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
HARMSWORTH, Captain the Hon. 
H. A. V. 
The eldest son of Lord Rother- 
mere. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HARNES. 

On the 13th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the British. 

HARRIS, Rt. Hon. F. Leverton, 
M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Joined the Ministry in December, 
1916. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Minister of Blockade. 
HARRIS, Dr. J. Rendel. 

Learned scholar, who suffered 
severely from being torpedoed on a 
voyage in 191 7. 
HARRISON, Lieut.- Commander 
A. L., R.N. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

HARRISON, Lieut. -Colonel E. F. 

Officer of the Legion of Honour 
and Deputy Controller of Chem.ical 
Warfare. 

G 



98 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



The remains of this officer were 
buried at Brompton. 
HARRISON, Temporary- Second- 
Lieut. John, M.C. 

East Yorks Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HARTLEPOOL. 

A seaport on the Durham coast, 
England, sometimes called East 
Hartlepool. With adjoining town- 
ship of West Hartlepool, officially 
considered one port. 

Good trade. Flourishing ship- 
building and other industries. 

Population of East Hartlepool, 
20,618, and West Hartlepool, 63,932. 

On the 16th December, 1914, a 
German cruiser force made a raid, 
shellingit, Scarborough, and Whitby, 
between 8 and 9 a.m. A British 
patrolling squadron cut them off, but, 
favoured by mist and superior speed, 
they succeeded in making good their 
escape. Much damage was done, 
churches (including Whitby Abbey), 
prominent buildings, hospitals, and 
hotels being struck. The raid re- 
sulted in the deaths of 127 civilians 
and the wounding of 567, chiefly 
women and children. 

On the 13th March, 1918, two 
Zeppelins raided here ; 8 persons 
were killed and 22 injured. 
HARVEY, Major F. J. W. 

R.M. Light Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HARVEY, Lieut. Frederick Maurice 
Watson. 

Canadian Force. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

HARVEY, Private S. 

1st Yorks and Lanes Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HARVEY, N. (42954). 

1st Battalion, Royal Inniskilling 
Fusiliers (Newton - le - Willows). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HARWICH. 

A seaport and watering-place in 
Essex, England, on the River Stour. 

Has a population of 13,623. 

On the 10th May, 1917, a scouting 
force of light cruisers and destroyers, 
under Commodore Tyrwhitt, attacked 



1 1 enemy destroyers near here and 
chased them back to Zeebrugge. 

On the 3rd July, 1915, an air raid 
took place. There were no casualties. 

On the 4th July, 1917, an air raid 
was made, 12 to 14 German machines 
being employed ; two machines were 
destroyed or shot down ; 1 1 persons 
were killed and 36 injured. 

There was another German air raid 
on the 22nd July, 1917, here and on 
Felixstowe, 15 to 20 German machines 
being employed ; one was driven 
down ; 1 1 persons were killed and 
36 injured. 
HASSAN KALCH. 

A town in Asia Minor. 

Has a population of 8,000. 

On the 20th January. 1916, the 
Russians captured the town and took 
many prisoners. 
'♦HAUS ATONIC." 

An American steamship. 

On the 3rd February, 1917, she I 
was sunk in daylight off Scilly Isles! 
by a German submarine. 
HAUTMONT. 

See under "Eclaires." 
HAUVINE. i 

On the 7th October, 1918, French 
troops entered it. 
HAVRE. 

On the 28th October, 1918, it was 
stated that the Belgian Government 
would definitely leave Havre in the 
course of a few days and establish itself 
on reconquered Belgian territory. 
"HAWKE," H.M.S. 

A protected first class cruiser, 
completed in 1892, with a displace- 
ment of 7,350 tons and a speed of 19 
knots. 

She and the " Theseus " were 
attacked by German submarines 
the North Sea on the 15th October, 
1914, and the " Hawke " was sunk 
There were about 70 survivors. 
HAWKER, Captain L. G. 

Royal Flying Corps. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HAYWARD, Lieut. (Acting -Cap- 
tain) R. F. J., M.C. 

Wiltshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C, in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



99 



" HAZARD," H.M.S. 

A British gunboat. 
She was sunk in collision on the 
28th January, 1918. 
HEALY, Lieut. 

Famous swimmer. 
Lost his life in the war. 
HEAVSIDLE, Private Michael 
(4/9720). 
Durham Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
HEDGES (Temporary - Lieut.) 
Frederick William. 
Bedford Regiment (attached to 6th 
Battalion Northampton Regiment). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HEIDELBERG. 

A famous university, on the River 
Neckar, near Mannheim, in the 
Grand Duchy of Baden. 
Population, 57,000. 
The station here was bombed by 
British airmen. 
HEITHO. 

A Renter's telegram from Tokio, 
dated the 20th September, 1918, 
stated : " The War Office announces 
that 15,000 armed Austrian and 
German prisoners of war from 
Blagovestchensk have reached here, 
and have been disarmed." 
"HELA." 

A German light cruiser of the 
D" type, launched in 1895, with 
a tonnage of 2,004. 

She was torpedoed from British 
Submarine E 9 (one of the 17 of the 
E " class, which were completed in 
1912-14, and having a displacement 
of 810 tons) on the 13th September, 
1914, off Heligoland, and sunk. 
HELFERICH, Dr. 
Aged 46. 

German Secretary of State for the 
t Interior. Appointed in May, 1916. 
A Rhinelander by birth. 
Formerly Professor of Political 
Science in the University of Berlin. 
At the outbreak of war he was made 
Secretary to the Treasury. 
HELIGOLAND. 

An island in the North Sea, off the 
mouth of the Elbe (now a base for the 
German Navy; formerly British). 



Two German destroyers and two 
German cruisers were sunk and a 
third cruiser disabled here by a 
British battle squadron on the 28th 
August, 1914. Another vessel dis- 
appeared on fire, and many destroyers 
were damaged. The British vessels 
were scarcely damaged, and casual- 
ties numbered 69 killed and wounded 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 

On the 17th November, 1917, a 
German patrol vessel was sunk 30 
miles from here by British light 
cruisers. Four German Dread- 
noughts attacked them, and drove 
them off. 

On the 19th July, 1 918, the British 
Fleet swept the Bight of Heligoland, 
and its aircraft bombed Zeppelin 
sheds at Tondern, destroying two 
Zeppelins ; four British ships were 
lost, three in neutral territory. 
♦* HELIGOLAND." 

An Austrian light cruiser. 

She was submarined and sunk on 
the 13th January, 1916. 
HELLDORF, Captain von. 

The German courier who, on the 
9th November, 1918, carried the 
terms of armistice from Foch to Spa. 
He was held up by German fire. 
HELSINGFORS. 

The seaport capital of Finland. 

On the 10th November, 1917, it 
was reported that the Germans 
landed troops here and entered the 
town. 

On the 14th April, 1918, the 
Germans captured it from the Red 
Guards. 
HENDERSON, Rt. Hon. Arthur, 
M.P. 

Aged 56. 

Was President of the Board of 
Education from May, 1915, to 1916. 

Minister without Portfolio in Mr. 
Lloyd George's Ministry from 
December, 1916, to 13th August, 
1917. 

Elected Chairman of the Labour 
Party on the outbreak of war. 

Co-operatea on Parliamentary Re- 
cruiting Committee. 

Appointed Privy Councillor in 
January, 1915, 



100 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



First Labour member to receive 
Cabinet rank. 

His son David fell in the war. 

On the 23rcl August. 1916, he 
became Paymaster - General and 
Labour Adviser. 

On the 9th May, 1917, he was 
deputed, with two colleagues, to go 
to Petrograd to impress upon 
Russian Labour and Socialist repre- 
sentatives the necessity of avoiding 
a separate peace. 

On the 29th May, 1917, his depar- 
ture for Russia was announced, Mr. 
G. Barnes taking his place in the War 
Cabinet in his absence. 

On the 11th August, 1917, he 
resigned from the War Cabinet, being 
succeeded by Mr. G. Barnes. 

Lost his seat as M. P. in the Victory 
Election. 

HENDERSON, Major (Acting- 
Lieut. - Colonel) Edward 
Elers Delavel. 

Late North Staffs Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

HENDERSON, Second-Lieut. (Act- 
ing-Captain) Arthur, M.G. 

Late Argyll and Sutherland High- 
landers. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

HENDICOURT. 

On the 13th September, 1918, its 
capture by the Allies was reported. 

HERMANNSTALL. 

On the 1st September, 1916, the 
Russians advanced into the Bukowina, 
on the north flank of the Roumanians, 
and captured it. 

♦♦HERMES," H.M.S. 

An unprotected second class 
cruiser, completed in 1899, having a 
displacement of 5, 600 tons and a speed 
of 20 knots. 

On the 31st October, 1914 she 
was torpedoed in the Straits of Dover 
and sunk by a German submarine, all 
the crew being saved except 45. 

HERPY MILL. 

On the 26th October, 1918, the 
French pushed their line forward as 
far as the road from Recourrance to 
Condeles Herpy, and captured Herpy 
Mill. 



HERRING, Temporary - Second - 
Lieut. Alfred Cecil. 

Northamptonshire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HERTLING, Count. 

On the 1st November, 1917, he 
succeeded Dr. Michaelis as German 
Chancellor. 
HERTZ, The Very Rev. Dr. J. Her- 
man, Chief Rabbi. 

Aged 47. 

A Hungarian. 

Was in South Africa from 1898 
until expelled by President Kruger, 
and then Rabbi in New York. 

On the 16th February, 1913. he 
was elected Chief Rabbi in England. 

Visited the front in 1915, and 
addressed many Jewish soldiers. 
HERZING. 

Germany. 

The railways here were bombed by 
British airmen. 
"HESPERIAN." 

An Allan liner, carrying 653 
passengers and crew. 

On the 4th September, 1915, she 
was torpedoed south-west of the 
Frasnet. Passengers landed at 
Queenstown. The vessel sank later, 
with the loss of 20 lives and 3,400 
mail bags. 
HESSE. 

On the 11th November. 1918, a 
Republic was proclaimed. 

On the 12th November, 1918, it 
was reported that the Grand Duke of 
Hesse had been placed under preven- 
tive arrest. 
HEW^ART, Sir Gordon, K.C., M.P. 

Aged 49. 

M.P. for Leicester since 1913. 

Solicitor-General since December, 
1916, and knighted. 

Became Attorney-General in the 
Victory Cabinet. 
HEWINS, W. A. S., M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Was Under Secretary for the 
Colonies. 
HEWITSON, Lance-Corporal J. 
(15883). 

Royal Lancashire Regiment (Coni- 
ston). Gained the V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



101 



HEWITT, Second-Lieut. Denis 
George Wyldbore. 

Late Hampshire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

HEWITT, Lance -Corporal William 
Henry (8162). 
South African Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

♦•HIGHFLYER," H.M.S. 

A protected second class cruiser, 
completed in 1889, having a displace- 
ment of 5,600 tons and a speed of 20 
knots. 

She sank the '' Kaiser Wilhelm der 
Grosse " on the 27th August, 1914, 
off Rio de Oro, in the Spanish colony 
of North- West Africa. 

•'HILARY," H.M.S. 

A British armed ship. 

On the 29th May, 1917. she was 
torpedoed and sank in the North Sea, 
with the loss of 4 men. 

HILL 60. 

On the 18th April, 1915, the British 
exploded a mine under Hill 60, on 
the Ypres-Comines Railway, and 
captured the hill. 

On the 19th April. 1915, the Ger- 
mans made desperate but unsuccess- 
ful attempts to retake it. 

On the 1st May, 1915, an attack 
was again made here by the Germans, 
who used asphyxiating gases. 

The Germans obtained a footing 
on the 5th May, 1915, but were dis- 
lodged, except for a small portion at 
, the foot of the hill, on the 6th Mav, 
1915. 

HILL 63. 

It was captured by the Allies on 
the 5th September, 1918. 

HILL 70. 

On the 15th August, 1917, the 
British captured this hill, penetrating 
the enemy's position to a depth of 
from 500 to 1,500 yards. 

HILL 140. 

On the 29th September, 1915, the 
French gained this hill, the highest 
point of the crests of Vimy, east of 
Givenchy. 



HILL 227. 

On the 11th August, 1916, after a 
bombardment of Doiran, the French 
advanced and captured the station 
and Hill 227. 

HILL 304. 

On the 17th June, 1917, all 
positions on Hill 304, Verdun, lost 
by the French since the 29th June, 
1917, were won back, and the German 
line proper was pushed astride the 
Esnes-Malancourt road on a front 
of a mile and a half. 
HILL, Private A. R. 

Welsh Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
HINDENBURG, von. 

On the 30th August, 1916, he was 
appointed Chief of the German 
General Staff, in succession to 
General von Falkenhayn. 

HINTZE, von. 

German Admiral. 

On the 19th October, 1918. it was 
reported that he had taken up his 
new office at Main Army Head- 
quarters as the representative of the 
Foreign Office. 

HIRSCH, Second-Lieut. (Acting- 
Captain) David Philip. 

Late Yorks Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HIT. 

In Mesopotamia. 

On the 9th March, 1918, General 
Marshall occupied it. 

HOBHOUSE, Rt. Hon. Sir Charles 
Edward, M.P. 

Aged 57. 

Chancellor of the Duchy of 
Lancaster from 1911 until 1914. 

Postmaster-General from 1914 
until 1915. 

Knighted in 1917. 

HOBOKEN. 

A town in the province of Antwerp. 

A shipbuilding industry. 

Population, 10,000. 

Has many important public 
buildings. 

On the 8th October, 1914, in the 
bombardment by the Germans on 
Antwerp it was set on fire. Tv;o of 



102 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



the British Brigades successfully 
retired with the Belgian Army ; 
2,000 of them were cut off, and suc- 
ceeded in escaping into Holland. 
The British lost 300. 

On the 24th March, 1915. the 

British naval wing attacked here, 

dropping bombs on submarines in 

course of construction. 

HOBSON, Sergeant Frederick 

(57118). 

Late Canadian Infantry Battalion. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HODGE, Rt. Hon. John, M.P. 

Aged 64. 

Formed and became Secretary of 
the British Steel Smelters' Mill Iron 
and Tinplate Workers' Association. 

Was President of the Trades Union 
Congress in 1892. 

Elected M.P. for Gorton Division 
of Lancashire in 1906. 

Was appointed Minister of Labour 
in Mr. Lloyd George's Ministry. 

Was Chairman of the Labour 
Party. 

Was Minister of Pensions until 
1919. 
HODGSON, Second-Lieut. Hope. 

Author. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HOETZENDORF. 

The Austrian Commander-in- 
Chief. 

On the 16th July, 1918, he was 
removed from the command. 

HOFFMANN, Herr. 

Swiss Foreign Minister, who 
forwarded German peace terms to 
Herr Grimm in Petrograd. 

On the 18th June, 1917, he re- 
signed. 
HOGAN, Sergeant J. 

Manchester Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
"HOGUE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in 1902, having a displacement of 
12,000 tons and a speed of 21 knots. 

She was sunk, with H.M. Ships 
'* Aboukir " and " Cressy," off the 
Hook of Holland by German sub- 
marine U 9 on the 22nd September, 



1914. Over 1,400 lives were lost ; 
900 were saved. 

The " Hogue " and " Cressy " 
were torpedoed while trying to save 
lives. 

It was thought that the " Cressy " 
sank one submarine. 

HOLBROOK, Lieut.-Com. Nor- 
man D., R.N. 

On the 13th December, 1914, he 
entered the Dardanelles, dived under 
five rows of mines, and torpedoed the 
Turkish battleship " Messudiyeh." 
The submarine returned in safety. 

He was awarded the V.C. 

HOLES, Private Thomas Wil- 
liam (838301). 
Canadian Mounted Rifles. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

HOLLAND. 

Queen Wilhelmina, succeeded in 
1890. 

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, 
North Europe, including the pro- 
vinces of North and South Holland. 

Area, 12,588 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 5,950,000. 

Agriculture, manufactories, and 
fisheries. 

Capital, Amsterdam. 

In 1917 the Dutch Government 
complained that the neutrality of 
Dutch waters had been violated by 
the British, but there was no ground 
for this charge. The Germans were 
taken 4 miles from the coast, and the 
territoriallimit extends for three miles 
only. Even if the charge had been / 
true, the Germans so habitually vio- i 
lated neutral waters that the British 
Navy could no longer be expected to j 
respect them. German submarines 
operated and sank ships within 3 
miles of the Spanish and Norwegian 
coasts ; 2 years earlier they had 
bombarded the British submarine 
E 17 when ashore on the Danish 
coast. 

On the 1st February, 1917, Hol- 
land, Sweden, and Denmark stopped 
sailings in fear of the German 
blockade. 

On the 18th March, 1918, she 
accepted the Allies* demands for use 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



103 



of her shipping in return for supplies 
of food. 
HOLLAND, Lieut. John Vincent. 

Leinster Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the War. 
HOLLWEG, Bethmann von. 

The German Imperial Chancellor. 

On the 14th June, 1917, the Kaiser 
dismissed him, and appointed Herr 
Michaelis as his successor. 
HOLMES, Lance-Corporal F. W. 

Yorks Light Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HOLMES, Private William Edgar. 

Late 2nd Battalion, Grenadier 
Guards (Didbrook, near Winchmere, 
Gloucestershire). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HOLNON WOOD. 

On the 17th September, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
HOLSTEIN. 

Formerly Danish duchy, now a 
province of Germany. 

On the 28th March, 1916, a Ger- 
man destroyer was sunk off here by 
H.M.S. "Cleopatra." 
HOLT, William Albert. 

On the 21st February, 1916, at 
Manchester Assizes, he, a cotton 
manufacturer, and Dionysius Cooper, 
manager, director, and secretary to 
W. A. Holt & Co., Ltd., Bolton, were 
sentenced to twelve months' im- 
prisonment (second division) and a 
fine of £400, and to six months' 
imprisonment (second division), re- 
spectively, on a charge of being 
concerned in yarn transactions with 
the Swiss agent of Austrian firms. 
HOMBURG. 

Seven miles north-west of Frank- 
fort. 

On the 13th November,. 1918, the 
German Headquarters were removed, 
with the Government's approval, 
from Spa to here. 
HOME OFFICE. 

Whitehall, S.W. 1. 
HONDURAS. 

President Francisco Bertrand, suc- 
ceeded in 1913. 

Republic of Central America. 



Area, 46,250 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 744,000. 

Capital, Tequcigalpa. 
It severed its relations with 
Germany on the 17th May, 1917. 
HONEY, Lieut. S. E., D.C.M., M.M. 
Late 78th Battalion Manitoba 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HONOLULU. 

The capital of the Hawaii Islands. 
Has a good harbour. 
Population, 53,000. 
The German cruiser " Geier ' was 
interned here on the 7th November, 
1914. 
HONOURS GRANTED DURING 
THE WAR. 
Mr. Churchill has circulated the 
following figures of the honours 
awarded to officers and men of the 
Regular Forces, Territorial Forces, 
and New Armies, between August, 
1914, and February 28th last :— 
BRITISH FORCES. 
HONOURS CONFERRED FOR SERVICES 
IN THE FIELD 

V.C 563 M.C bars— 

V.C bars .. 2 1st .. .. 2,421 

G.C.B. .. 5 2nd.. .. 133 

K.C.B. .. 102 3rd .. .. 4 

CB 714 Royal Red Cross— 

CC.M.G. .. 11 1st Class .. 350 

K.CMG. .. 99 2nd Class .. 1,048 

CM.G. .. 1,812 Bars.. .. 17 

GB.E. .. D.C.M. .. 22.800 

K.B.E. 3 D.CM. bars— 

C.B.E. .. 33 1st .. .. 392 

O.B.E. .. 750 2nd .. .. 6 

M.B.E .. 147 Military Medal 91.721 

D.S.O. .. 8,435 M.M. bars— 

D.S O. bars— 1st .. .. 3.773 

1st .. .. 609 2nd .. .. 98 

2nd.. .. 52 M.S.M. .. 13.789 

3rd .. .. 3 M.S.M. bar .. 8 

M.C. .. .. 35.802 

Tbe appointments to the Order of the British 
Empire are in the Military Division. 

FOR SERVICES IN CONNECTION WITH 

THE WAR. 

V.C 1 D.S.O. .. 21 

G.CB. .. 7 D.S.O. bar .. 1 

K.C.B. .. 31 M.C 23 

CB 182 M.C Bars- 

G CM.G. .. 2 1st .. .. 1 
K.CM.G. .. 43 2nd .. .. 1 
CM.G. .. 465 Royal Red Cross- 
Order of British 1st Class .. 275 
Empire (Mili- 2nd Class . . 1,960 
tarv Divn.) — Bars.. .. 6 
G.B.E. .. 2 D.CM. .. 29 

K.B.E. .. 5 M.M 12 

C.B.E. .. 57 M.S.M. .. 2 
OB.E. .. 167 
M.B.E. ..Ill 



104 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



HOOGE. 

On the 2nd June, 1916, the 
Canadians by a gallant counter-attack 
regained much of the territory' 
occupied by the enemy near here. 

On the 6th June, 1916, the battle 
for Ypres extended, the Germans 
gaining some ground north of here. 

HOOGLEDE. 

On the 2nd October, 1918, the 
Belgians took it and Handazene. 

HOOK OF HOLLAND. 

A Dutch port in direct communi- 
cation with Harwich, England. 

H.M. Ships" Aboukir,"" Hogue," 
and " Cressy '* were sunk off here by 
German submarines on the 22nd 
September, 1914. Over 1,000 lives 
were lost. 

The *' Hogue " and " Cressy " 
were torpedoed while trying to save 
lives. 

HOOVER, Herbert G. 

Aged 45. 

A native of Iowa, who has lived in 
California. 

Food Contioller of the U.S.A. 

Born of Quaker parentage in Iowa. 

Became in 1899 Director of Mines 
in China, and then joined a London 
firm as junior partner. 

Afterwards managed mining in- 
terests in various parts of the world. 

From the beginning of the war he 
had been working on the food 
problem with regard to the starving 
population of Belgium and Northern 
France. 

A successful career in business had 
taught him the supreme gift of 
winning helpers. His tact and skill 
in setting them at work to the best 
possible advantage was the product 
of a varied career. 

He and his wife went through the 
Boxer riots in China. 

The Food Act in the United States 
was signed on the 10th August, 1917, 
Mr, Hoover's forty-fourth birthday. 

At the outbreak of the war he aided 
the U.S.A. Embassy in London in 
organising the return of American I 
citizens. 

He then launched the U.S.A. I 



Commission of Relief in Belgium, 
achieving magnificent success. 

When the U.S.A. entered the war 
President Wilson called him to the 
new task of controlling the food 
supply of this country. 

HOPE, Lieut.-Colonel George 
Everard. 

Lord Rosebery's nephew. 
Lost his life in the war. 

HOPKINSON, Colonel B., F.R.S. 

Eminent scientist. 

Was killed flying. 
HOPWOOD, Lord, of Rosyth, 
G. C. B., G. G., M. G., 
K.C.V.O. 

Aged 59. 

Has been a member of innumerable 
Royal Commissions. 

Has been Under Secretary for the 
Colonies. 

Vice-Chairman of the Develop- 
ment Commission. 

Secretary to the Order of SS. 
Michael and George. 

K.C.V.O., in June. 1917. 

Secretary to the Irish Convention. 

Raised to the Peerage in October. 

Was additional Civil Lord to the 
Admiralty. 

HORNE, Lieut.- General Sir H. S. 

Aged 58. 

Entered the Army in 1881. 

Served in the South African War. 

Distinguished himself at Mons and 
the Battle of the Marne. 

Promoted to Major-General " for 
distinguished service in the field," 
October, 1914, and appointed to the 
command of an Army Corps. 

His great success at Vimy Ridge 
and in the Arras offensive in April, 
1917, drew general attention to his 
qualities of leadership. 
HORNE, Sir R. S. , K.B.E., M.P. 

Labour Minister after Victory 
Election. 
HORSFALL, Second-Lieut. B. A. 

Late East Lancashire Regiment. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
HORSLEY, Captain O., M.C. 

Gordon Highlanders. 

Lost his life in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



105 



HORTON, Commander Max K., 
R.N., D.S.O. 

Was given the Board of Trade 
silver medal for bravery in December, 
1911. 

His brilliant exploits in submarine 
warfare since the war commenced has 
brought him fame. 

In command of Submarine E 9, 
he torpedoed the German cruiser 
*' Hela " in September, 1914. 

A month afterwards he sank a 
German destroyer, and was awarded 
the D.S.O. 

In the Baltic he sank the " Pom- 
mem " a German battleship, July, 
1915. 

HOSEBURG, von. 

A German General. 
Was mentioned as a likely suc- 
cessor to Ludendorff. 

HOSKINS, Lieut.-General. 

On the 28th January, 1917. he 
succeeded General Smuts in the 
command of the East African Ex- 
peditionary Force. 

HOSPITALS, Bombing of. 

In August, 1917, the Germans 
began the deliberate bombing of 
Allied hospitals at the front. 

On the 22nd August, 1917, a force 
of German aeroplanes raided the 
Kent coast, and deliberately bombed 
a British hospital, which v/as plainly 
marked as such, and which was well 
known to them from its conspicuous 
appearance, causing casualties among 
the inmates. 

^HOSPITAL SHIPS, Sinking of. 

I On the 21st November, 1916, the 

hospital ship " Britannic '* was sunk 
by the enemy in the Aegean, and 50 
of those on board were drowned. 

On the following day, in the same 
sea, the hospital ship " Braem_ar 
Castle," with wounded on board, 
was sunk, v/ith loss of life. 

In January, 1917, the German 
Government, on the false pretext 
that British hospital ships were being 
used for the transport of combatants 
and munitions, announced that the 
submarines would sink them in the 

war zone.' 



HOUSE, Colonel. 

U.S.A. 

On the 28th October, 1918, the 
Allies conferred in Paris, and Colonel 
House saw Haig and Milner. 
HOUSTON, David F. 

Was Secretary of Agriculture in 
President Wilson's Cabinet. 
HOUTTAVE. 

On the 15th November, 1917, it 
was announced that numerous patrols 
were carried out hereby the R.N.A.S., 
several engagements with enemy 
machines taking place. One hostile 
machine was destroyed and three 
others driven down completely out 
of control. 

A bombing raid was also carried 
out on the aerodrome here. Many 
bombs were dropped with good 
eil'ect, a direct hit being reported on 
sheds. All our machines returned 
safely. 
HOWELL, Corporal George J. 
(2445). 
Australians. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
HUCKS, Captain B. C. 
R.A.F. 

On the 6th November, 1918, this 
pioneer airman died from pneumonia 
follovv'ing influenza. 

He was the first Englishman to 
loop the loop and fly upside down. 
He was the holder of 1914 star. 
HUDSON, Sir Robert. 
Aged 54. 

Took an active part in the British 
Red Cross organisation in the war. 
HUDSON, Captain (Temporary- 
Lieut. - Colonel) Charles 
Edward, D.S.O., M.C. 
Notts and Derby Regiment 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HUFFAM, Second-Lieut. James 
Palmer. 
5th Battalion, West Riding Regi- 
ment (T.F.) (attached 2nd Battalion). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
HUGHES, Sam. 

On the 24th August, 1915, the 
King conferred a knighthood on 
Major-General Sam Hughes, Cana- 
dian Minister of Militia. 



106 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



^^ Onthe24th April, 1918 he stated: 
There is only one way to peace — 
to extinguish the Hohenzollerns and 
the militarists." 
HUGHES, Private Thomas 
(315027). 
Connaught Rangers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

HUGHES, Rt. Hon. W. M., P.G. 

Aged 55. 

Prime Minister of Australia, 1915. 

Born in Wales. 

Went to Australia in 1884. 

Elected M.P. there in 1894. 

Was three times Attorney-General. 

High Commissioner there in 1915. 

Devoted himself to the Labour 
interests, advocating an advanced 
policy. 

Attended the Allies' Economic 
Conference in Paris, and delivered 
many memorable addresses in 
England, Scotland, and Wales. 
HULL. 

On the 13th November, 1918, it 
was reported that early in the 
following week the prisoners of war 
would begin to arrive here. They 
were to be brought over at the rate of 
2,000 a day. 
HULL, Shoeing- Smith G. 

21st Lancers. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
HULST. 

North-east of Cambrai. 

On the 17th October, 1918, it was 
taken by our troops. 

HUNTER, General Sir Archibald, 
G.G.B., G.C.V.O., D.S.O. 

Aged 63. 

A very distinguished soldier, who 
was Lord Kitchener's right-hand 
man during the first Soudan cam- 
paign. 

He commanded a division in South 
Africa. 

Was Governor of Gibraltar, 1910- 
1913. 

Retired from Aldershot Command 
in October, 1917. 
•' HUSSAR," H.M.S. 

A torpedo vessel, completed in the 
year 1895, having a displacement of 
1,070 tons. 



On the 25th June, 1915, she bom- 
barded the ports of Tchesme, Lidia, 
and Agletia in Asia Minor. 
HUSSAREK, Baron. 

Austrian statesman. Premier. 
HUTCHESON, Captain R. S. 

Canadian Army Medical Corps 
(attached 75th Battalion, 1st Central 
Ontario Regiment). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
HUTCHINSON, Private J. 

Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
HUTIN, Marcel. 

The French correspondent. 
HUTT, Private Arthur (267110). 
Royal Warwickshire Regiment. 
(Earlsdon, Coventry). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

HUYSMANS, M. Camille. 

On the 6th November, 1918, the 
Sailors' and Firemen's Union refused 
permission for him to travel. 
HYMANS, M. Paul. 

Belgian Minister. 

Arrived in London on the 3rd 
March, 1915. 

"HYTHE." 

A British mine-sweeper. 
She was accidentally lost by 
collision off the Gallipoli Peninsula 
on the 28th October, 1915. 
" IBERIAN." 

A Leyland liner. 

On the 30th July, 1915, she was 
sunk by a German submarine. 
"ICELAND." 

A British armed trawler. 
On the 9th July, 1917. she de- 
stroyed two German seaplanes. 
"I. F. S.," H.M. Drifter. 

Lieut. H.B.Bell Irving, R.N. V.R.. 
while on duty on the 1 1th June, 1917, 
engaged a group of five German sea- 
planes, and brought down two. 
ILLINGWORTH, Rt. Hon. Albert 
H., M.P. 
Aged 53. 

Was on the Advisory Committee 
of the Ministry of Munitions. 

Is Postmaster-General in the 
present Government. 



} 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



107 



IMMELMANN. 

The famous German airman. 
He was brought down and killed by 
a British aviator on the 18th June, 
1916. 
IMPERIAL DEFENCE, Com- 
mittee of. 
2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. 
"IMPETUOSO." 

An Italian torpedo-destroyer. 
She was submarined on the 10th 
July, 1916. 
"INDEFATIGABLE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 

1911, having a displacement of 

18,750 tons and a speed of 30 knots. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 

in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 

31st May, 1916— see under " H.M.S. 

Queen Mary.' " 

"INDIA." 

A British armed liner of 7,940 tons, 
built in 1896, belonging to the 
P. & 0. Company. 

She was sunk by submarine off 
Norway on the 8th August, 1915; 
22 officers and 1 19 men saved. 
INDIA OFFICE. 

St. James' Park, S.W. I. 
INDIAN NATIVE STATES. 

The rulers, nearly 700, offerea 
their services in aid of British arms on 
the 9th September, 1914. 

"INDIEN." 

A French armed vessel. 
She was sunk by submarine on the 
8th September, 1915. 

"INDOMITABLE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 
the year 1908, having a displacement 
of 17,250 tons and a speed of 27 
knots. 

Together with H.M. Ships "Lion," 

Tiger," " Princess Royal," and 

New Zealand," she was engaged in 
a running fight with the German 
ships " Derfflinger," " Seydlitz," 

Moltke," and the " Bliicher " on 
the 24th January, 1915. 

The " Lion " was flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The " Bliicher " capsized and 
sank. 



Of the ** Bliicher's " crew of 885, 
1 25 were saved. 

The British casualties were 14 
killed and 29 wounded. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st Mav, 1916— see under 
" H.M.S, ' Queen Mary.'" 
INFANTRY. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of 
the victory he wrote : " Despite the 
enormous development of mechanical 
invention in every phase of warfare, 
the place which the infantryman has 
always held as the main substance 
and foundation of an army is as 
secure to-day as in any period of 
history. The infantryman remains 
the backbone of defence and the 
spearhead of the attack. At no time 
has the reputation of the British 
infantryman been higher, or his 
achievement more v.'orthy of his 
renov/n. No praise can be too high 
for the vaIo.ur they have shown, no 
gratitude too deep for the work they 
have accomplished." 
" INFLEXIBLE," H.M.S. 

A battle cruiser, completed in 1908, 
having a displacement of 17,250 tons 
and a speed of 27 knots. 

She was engaged in the battle onthe 
31st May, 1916^ee under "H.M.S. 
Queen Mary.' " 
INGELHEM. 

On the 26th October, 1918, British 
troops carried the villages of Ingel- 
hem and Coteghem, and advanced 
towards the Scheldt. 
INGELMUNSTER. 

It was occupied on the 18th 
October, 1918. 
INGRAM, Lieut. G. M., M.M. 

24th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
INSALL, Second-Lieut. G. S. M. 

Royal Flying Corps. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
INSTERBURG. 

Atown in Prussia, near Konigsberg. 
Has iron foundries. 

Population, 29,200. 

On the 23rd August, 1914, the 
Russians gained a victory over the 
Germans hereand occupied thetown. 



108 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



•♦INVINCIBLE," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 
1909, having a displacement of 
17,250 tons and a speed of 27 knots. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" 

INWOOD, Private Reginald Roy 
(506). 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

IPSWICH. 

A market and manufacturing town 
of Suffolk, England, on the River 
Orweli. 

Has a population of 73,939. 

An air raid occurred here and on 
Bury St. Edmunds on the 27th April, 
1915. There were no casualties. 

IPSWICH, Viscount. 

Grandson of the Duke of Grafton. 

Lost his life in the war. 
IRBID. 

Palestine. 

On the 6th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the British. 
IRELAND. 

The most v/esterly of the two 
principal British Isles. 

Area, 32,393 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 4,458,000. 

Capital, Dublin. 

Divided into the provinces of 
Leinster, Munster, Ulster, and Con- 
naught. 

Industries, agriculture, fisheries, 
mining, and manufactories. 

A rising commenced on the 25th 
April, 1916. 

The disturbances in Dublin were 
most serious. There were many 
killed. 

On the 27th April, 1916, the rebels 
held important public buildings in 
Dublin, and street fighting continued. 

By the 9lh May, 1 9I6,''the. civilian 
casualties were 180 killed and 614 
wounded. 
♦♦IRENE." 

A Trinity House yacht. 

On the 10th November, 1915, she 
was sunk ; 22 of the crew were 
reported missing. 



IRISH OFFICE. 

Old Queen Street, Westminster, 
S.W. 

"IRRESISTIBLE," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in 1902, 
having a displacement of 15,000 tons 
and a speed of 18 knots. 

On the 18th March, 1915, an action 
was fought between the combined 
British and French squadrons and 
the great fortresses of the Narrows 
in the Dardanelles. Four of the forts 
were silenced, but the " Irresistible 
and the " Ocean " of the British 
Fleet, and the " Bouvet " of the 
French squadron, were sunk by 
mines. 

"IRVINE, T. W." 

A British hired trawler. 
Sunk in August, 1914, while acting 
as a mine-sweeper. 

ISHTIB. 

On the 27th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Serbians. 

ISLINGTON, Lord, D.S.O., 
G.C.M.G. 

Aged 53. 

Was Governor of New Zealand. 

Was a member of the L.C.C. from 
1898 until 1904. 

Served in the South African 'X'ar, 
1900. 

Was appointed Chairman of Indian 
Public Service Commission, 1912. 

Under Secretary for the Colonies, 
August, 1914, 

Under Secretary for India since 
May, 1915. 

♦♦ ISPAHAN." 

A Turkish supply ship. 

On the 22nd August, 1915, she was 
torpedoed by a British submarine at 
Haidar Pasha. 

ITALY, Victor Emmanuel III., 
King of. 

Aged 50. 

Succeeded to the throne in 1900. 

Married in 1896 Princess Helene 
of Montenegro. 

Led his nation to join the cause of 
the Allies in the spring of 1915. 

Received G.C.IB. in November, 
1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



109 



ITALY. 

King Victor Emmanuel III., suc- 
ceeded in 1900. 

A kingdom of South Europe ; an 
extensive peninsula portion of the 
continent. 

It has numerous isles, the largest 
being Sardinia and Sicily. 

It has a total area of 1 14,410 square 
miles, and a population of 34,700,000. 

Capital, Rome. 

Exports, silk, velvet, olive oil, 
sulphur, fruits, wines, anchovies, etc. 

Before the v^ar she had a peace 
strength of 304,000 men and6,000,000 
available men. 

On the 23rd May, 1915, she de- 
clared war on Austria, and Germany 
recalled Prince Biilow from Rome. 

On the 2nd June, 1915, the Italians 
crossed the Isonzo. 

On the 20th August, 1915, she 
declared war against Turkey. 

She declared war on Bulgaria on 
the 19th October, 1915. 

On the 17th April, 1916, the Italian 
Government prohibited all trading 
between Italy and Germany. 

She declared war on Germany on 
the 28th August, 1916. 

On the 21st August, 1917, Italy 
scored a fine victory on the Carso 
plateau, making over 13,000 prisoners. 

On the 28th October, 1917, a new 
Italian Cabinet was formed with 
Signor Orlando as Premier. 

The stand made by the Italian dele- 
gates for full possession of Fiume 
under the Peace Treaty almost led to 
a break between her Allies and herself. 
, Mr. Wilsontook up an almost impos- 
sible attitude, but was forced to give 
way to more moderate counsels. 

IVANOFF, General. 

On the 4th April, 1916, he retired 
from the command of the Russian 
Armies of the South, and was suc- 
ceeded by General Brusiloif. 
♦♦ IVERNIA." 

A British transport, built in 1900, 
belonging to the Cunard Line, having 
a gross tonnage of 14,278 and a speed 
of 16 knots. 

On the Ist January, 1917, she was 
sunk by a submarine in the Mediter- 
ranean ; 153 killed. 



IZZET PASHA, General. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
reported that he had been appointed 
new Grand Vizier and Minister of 
War for Turkey. 
JABIR. 

On the 24th iNovember, 1917, it 
was reported that an action was 
fought on a larger scale than usual, in 
which we attacked and captured the 
Turkish port here and its neigh- 
bouring pickets. Losses were in- 
flicted on the enemy, and his defences 
were destroyed. 

JACKA, Lance- Corporal A. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

JACKS &: Co., Wil iam. 

On the 18th April, 1915, Robert 
Hetherington and Henry Arnold 
Wilson, members of the firm of 
William Jacks & Co., were sentenced 
in the Court of Justice, Edinburgh, to 
six months' imprisonment and a fine 
of £2,000 each for being instrumental 
in supplying part of a cargo of iron 
ore to Krupp s, the Phoenix, and 
Rheinische Companies in Germany. 

JACKSON, Admiral Sir Henry B., 
G.G.B., K.C.V.O. 

Aged 64. 

First Sea Lord of the Admiralty, 
in succession to Lord Fisher, from 
the 27th May, 1915. to the 29th 
November, 1916, when he was suc- 
ceeded by Sir John Jellicoe. 

Commanded the Third Cruiser 
Squadron in 1908. 

First and Principal Naval Aide-de- 
Camp to the King. 

JACKSON, Sergeant H. (18474). 
East Yorkshire Regiment (Kirton, 
near Boston, Lincolnshire). Gained 
the V.C. in the v/ar. 

JACKSON, Private (Lance-Cor- 
poral) T. N. (20810). 
Late 1st Battalion, Coldstream 
Guards (Swinton). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

JACKSON, Private W, 

Australian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



110 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



"JACOB JONES." 

A U.S. destroyer. 
On the 6th December, 1917, she 
was torpedoed and sunk ; 37 saved. 

JAGOW, Herr von. 

. Aged 56. 

Became German Ambassador to 
Rome in 1909. 

Formerly German Secretary for 
Foreign Affairs. Resigned in 1917. 

Married in 1914 Countess von 
Solins Laubach. 

Amongst his famous statements 
during the war are the following : 

To the British Government on the 
4th August. 1914: "It is obvious 
that we could not profitably annex 
Belgianterritory without makingatthe 
same time territorial acquisitions at 
expense of Holland." 

Even in the case of armed conflict 
with Belgium, Germany will under 
no pretence whatever annex Belgian 
territory." 

JAMES, Temporary- Captain M. A., 

M.G. 
Gloucestershire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

JAMES, Second-Lieut. H. 

Worcestershire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
JANOTHA, Maria Cecilia Natalie. 

The Kaiser's favourite pianist. 

On the 8th August, 1915, she was 
arrested in London and expelled 
from the country. 

JAPAN, Emperor Zoshihito of, 
K.G. 

Aged 40. 

Succeeded in 1912. 

Son of the late Mikado. 

Elected Crown Prince, 1889. 

Lieut. -General in Japanese Army, 
and Vice-Adm.iral in Navy since 
November, 1909. 

Married in I 900 to Princess Sadako, 
and has four sons. 

His heir is Crown Prince Hershito. 

Made K.G. in 1912. 
JAPAN. 

Emperor Zoshihito, succeeded in 
1912. 

Insular empire of East Asia, south 
of Corea, China, and Asiatic Russia 



Consists of Hondo, Kin-Sin, and 
Shikoku Yesso, and numerous 
similar isles. 

Total area, 177,661 square miles. 

Produces rice, silk, cotton, tobacco, 
tea, and hemp. 

Has much mineral wealth, many 
thriving industries, great commercial 
and political enterprise. 

Mountainous, volcanic. 

Population, 52,000.000. 

Capital, Tokio. 

Sent ultimatum to Germany de- 
manding evacuation of Kio-Chau on 
the 15th August, 1914. 

Declared war on Germany on the 
23rd August. 1914. 
JAROSLAV, or JAROSLAW. 

A manufacturing town in Galicia, 
Austria, on the River San. Has a 
garrison. 

Population. 24.100. 

It was captured by the Russians on 
the 22nd September, 1914. 

JARRATT, Corporal George 

(55295). 

Late Royal Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

JARVIS, Lance-Corporal C. A. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

" JASAN." 

An American ship, styled the 
Santa Claus " ship. Sailed on the 
14th November, 1914, with millions 
of Christmas presents from Ameri- 
can children for the children of 
belligerent nations. 

JASPROW, Herr. 

Professor of Political Economy in 
Berlin University. 

In July, 1916, he stated : "Above 
all no obstacles must be placed in the 
way of the supply of raw materials 
after the war. In particular the most 
favoured nation system must be built 
up." 

JEFFERIES, Captain Clarence 
Smith. 

Late Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



111 



JELLICOE OF SGAPA, Viscount, 
Admiral of the Fleet, O.M., 
G.C.B., K.C.V.O. 

Aged 59. 

Entered the Navy in 1872. 

Won £80 prize for gunnery when 
a Lieutenant. 

Served in the Egyptian War, 1882. 

Has been Third Sea Lord and 
Second Sea Lord. 

Commanded the Red Fleet in the 
1913 manoeuvres. 

G.C.B. conferred in February, 
1915. 

Advanced from rank of Vice- 
Admiral to that of Admiral on the 5th 
March, 1915. 

Commander-in-Chief of British 
Fleet from August, 1914, until 
November, 1916. 

Promoted Knight Grand Cross of 
the Roval Victorian Order after the 
North Sea Battle in 1916. 

On the 15th September, 1916, he 
was given the Order of Merit. 

Appointed First Sea Lord on the 
29th Navember, 1916, in succession 
to Sir H. Jackson. 

On the 4th May, 1917, he was 
appointed chief of an enlarged War 
Staff at the Admiralty. 

On the 14th May, 1917, he took 
the new title of Chief of the Naval 
Staff. He was succeeded by Vice- 
Admiral Sir Rosslyn Wemyss. He 
was created a Viscount in 1918. He 
was appointed Admiral of the Fleet, 
3rd April, 1919. 

On the 29th October, 1918, at 
Neath, he said the end of the war was 
in sight, and a glorious end it would 
be. 

" JEMTCHUG." 

A Russian battleship of the " D " 
type, launched in 1913, having a 
tonnage of 3,130. 

On the 28th October, 1915, she was 
torpedoed by the " Emden." 

JENIN. 

Palestine. 

On the 28th September, 1918, it 
was occupied by the British. 

JENNINGS, Private D. W. 

Kent county cricketer. 
Lost his life in the war. 



JENSEN, Private Jorgan Chris- 
tian (2389). 
Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Forces. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

JERRARD, Lieut. A. 

R.A.F. (formerly South Stafford- 
shire Regiment). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

JEWISH LADS' BRIGADE. 

An organisation having for its 
objects the teaching to its members 
" habits of orderliness, cleanliness, 
and honour, so that in learning to 
respect themselves they will be a 
credit to their community." The 
drill and discipline taught by the 
Brigade has proved of great benefit to 
lads joining the Army, those who 
have been non-commissioned in the 
Jewish Lads' Brigade being rapidly 
promoted to non-commissioned rank. 
Headquarters, Camperdown House, 
Half Moon Passage, Aldgate, E. Com- 
mandant, Colonel Sir Frederick L. 
Nathan. Secretary, B. M. Woolf. 

JOFFRE, Marshal. 

Aged 67. 

French Commander-in-Chief in 
the war from the beginning until the 
12th December, 1916, when he was 
succeeded by General Nivelle. 

Entered the Army in the Franco- 
Prussian War as a Second-Lieuten- 
ant, commanding a battery in the 
^iege of Paris. 

Was a Captain at the age of 22. 

On the 3rd December, 1915, he 
was appointed Commander-in-Chief 
of the French Armies. 

Created Marshal of France on the 
26th December, 1916. 

Visited the U.S.A. on a special 
mission in April, 1917. 
JOHNSON, Captain (Acting-Lt.- 
Colonel) D. G., D.S.O., 
M.C. 

South Wales Borderers (attached 
2nd Battalion, Royal Sussex Regi- 
ment). Gained the V.C. in the war. 

JOHNSON, Second-Lieut. James. 

2nd Battalion, Northumberland 
Fusiliers (attached 36th Battalion). 
Gained the V.C. in the v5^ar. 



112 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



JOHNSON, Temporary - Second- 
Lieut. F. H. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

JOHNSON, Sergeant W. H. 
(306122). 
l/5th Battalion, Notts and Derby 
Regiment (T.F.) (Worksop). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

JOHNSTON, Captain W. H. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

JOINT WOMEN'S VOLUNTARY 
AID DETACHMENT DE- 
PARTMENT. 

The splendid work of these organi- 
sations is carried on by the British 
Red Cross and the St. John of 
Jerusalem. 

The work is not confined to Eng- 
land alone, as over 2,000 of the mem- 
bers are in hospitals abroad, and 
about 200 are working in France as 
drivers of motor ambulances, cars, 
etc., and they are at work at Malta 
and as far east as Egypt and Salonika. 

JOLIMETZ. 

On the 5th November, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported the capture of 
it, Le Rond Quesne, Frasnoy, and 
Le Petit Marais. 

JONCQ. 

To the north-west and west of 
Beaumont. 

On the 6th November, 1918, 
Americans captured Joncq (nine and 
a half miles south-east of Sedan), La 
Besace, and Stonne. 

JONES, Lieut. R. B. B. 

Loyal North Lancashire Regi- 
ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

JONES, Com. Loftus William. 

R.N. Killed in action. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

JONES, Private Thomas Alfred 
(11000). 

Cheshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

JONES, Sergeant David (14951). 
Liverpool Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



JONNART, M 

The Allied Plenipotentiary. 
Reached Greece on the 6th June, 
1917. 

JOTHAIN, Captain E. 

51st Sikhs. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

JOUY. 

On the 29th September, 1918, the 
French occupied it. 

JOYNSON-HICKS, William, M. P. 

Aged 55. 

Chairman of Automobile Associa- 
tion and Motor Union. 

Interested in increasing British 
aircraft in the war. 

JOYNT, Lieut. W. D. 

8th Battalion, A.LF. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

JUAN FERNANDEZ. 

A rocky island, belonging to Chili, 
in the South Pacific Ocean. 

It has an area of 28 square miles. 

Famous as a solitary residence. 

Robinson Crusoe was said to be 
here from 1704-9. 

On the 14th March. 1915, H.M. 
Ships " Glasgow," ** Kent," and 
"Grama" caught the German 
cruiser " Dresden" near here. After 
five minutes' fighting the " Dresden " 
hoisted the white flag^ blew up, and 
sank. 

JUGO-SLAV. 

On the 31st October, 1918, the 
Jugo-Slav National Council opened 
negotiations with the Serbian Govern- 
ment. 

JUROV- (or GOUROV)-KAMEN, 
The. 

Five thousand one hundred and 
eighty-four feet high. 

On the 20th September, 1918. it 
was taken by Jugo-Slavs after terrific 
fighting. 

JUSSAY. 

A town in the province of Haute 
Saone, France. 

Population, 3,123. 

On the 21st March. 1917, the 
French carried Jussay, and forced the 
Crozat Canal, f 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



113 



♦* JUSTICIA." 

A steamer. 

On the 20th July, 1918, she was 
sunk after a long struggle with 
several submarines. One German 
submarine was sunk by the destroyer 

Marne." 
JUTLAND. 

A peninsula of Denmark, washed 
by the North Sea, Skager Rack, and 
Cattegat. 

Area, 9,762 square miles ; flat, 
low-lying, and unfertile. 

Population, 1,200,000. 

A great naval battle took place off 
here on the 31st May, 1916, betv/een 
the British battle cruiser fleet, under 
Admiral Beatty, and the German 
battle fleet. Several important ships 
were lost on both sides and thousands 
of lives, the Germans suffering by far 
the more severely. 

On the 1st September, 1917, a sea 
fight took place off here ; four German 
mine-sweepers were destroyed. 

JUVIGNY. 

Two kilos north of Chavigny. 

On the 1st September, 1918, it was 
carried by the Allies, after an 
obstinate struggle, as well as Crouy. 

jKACHKOV. 

On the 19th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Serbians. 
K A E B L E, Corporal Joseph 
(889958). 
Late Quebec Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the v/ar. 

Lost his life in the war, 
KAISERIN, The. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, she 
celebrated her 60th birthday very 
quietly. 

On the 31st October, 1918, it was 
stated that she was very weak and ill, 
and insisted upon the Kaiser's 
abdication. 
"KAISERIN ELIZABETH." 

An Austrian cruiser, launched in 
1890, having a tonnage of 4,060. 

She was in harbour when the 
siege reported by the Admiralty 
on the 4th November, 1914, began. 
In the action off the coast of 
Chili, H.M. Ships " Good Hope," 



Monmouth," and " Glasgow " en- 
gaged the German ships " Scharn- 
horst,"" Gneisenau," " Leipzig," and 

Dresden," in stormy weather, the 
action lasting an hour. 

The " Good Hope " caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. 

The " Monmouth," also on fire, 
drew off, and was again attacked. 
The *' Glasgow " was not greatly 
damaged, and had few casualties. 

The Austrians blew up the 
" Kaiserin Elizabeth." 

♦♦KAISER WILHELM DER 
GROSSE." 

A German ship, having a tonnage 
of 14,349. 

She was sunk by H.M.S. " High- 
flyer " on the 27th August, 1914, off 
Rio de Oro, in the Spanish colony of 
North- West Africa. 
KAISERSLAUTERN. 

A manufacturing town, near 
Mannheim, Bavaria. Has great 
industrial activity. 

Population, 54,480. 

The factories, station, railways, and 
barracks here were bombed by 
British airmen on ten occasions. 
KALEDIN, General. 

On the 19th February, 1918, he 
committed suicide in Russia. 
KALISZ. 

In the Government of Russian 
Poland, adjoining Prussia. 

An agricultural and cattle-breeding 
centre in the valley of the Prosna. 

Linen factories. 

Population, 22,600. 

On the 11th July, 1917, it fell to 
General Korniloff's troops after a 
pitched battle. 

KAMEN. 

On the 19th September it was 
captured by the Serbians. 
KAMPOLUNG. 

On the 2nd August, 1917, the 
Germans took it. 
KAPLAN, Dora. 

A well-known revolutionary. Born 
in Kieff. 

On the ist September, 1918, it was 
reported that Lenin had been mur- 
dered by a young girl. On the 2nd 
H 



114 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



September, 1918, it was found that 
Lenin was not dead, and that his 
assailant was Dora Kaplan. 

On the 9th September, 1918, it 
was reported that Dora Kaplan had 
been executed. 
KARABAGH. 

On the 13th November, 1918, it 
was reported that two Turkish 
divisions had abandoned Turkish 
uniform, were serving as Tartar 
troops, and bombarding villages in 
this region. 
KARL, Emperor of Austria. 

It was reported on the 12th 
November, 1918, that he had 
abdicated. 

On the 14th November, 1918, it 
was reported that he had left for 
Southern Austria, en route for 
Switzerland. 
•♦KARL F." 

A German armoured cruiser. 

She is said to have been sunk by 
the Russian Fleet in the Baltic on the 
llth December, 1914. 
KARLOKRONA. 

On the 14th November, 1918, the 
Swedish Admiralty announced that 
officers of the five German sub- 
marines which were here had asked 
to be interned. The submarines 
were to be disarmed immediately and 
crews interned, i.e., U 124, UB 143, 
UB 148, UB90, and UC 7. 
KARLSRUHE. 

Germany. 

The capital of the Grand Duchy 
of Baden. 

The factories, station, railways, and 
docks here were bombed on twelve 
occasions by British airmen. 

On the 15th June, 1915, as a 
reprisal for the bombardment by the 
Germans of open French and British 
towns, Allied airmen bombarded it. 
Bombs were dropped from 23 aero- 
planes upon the castle, the arms 
factory, and the railway station, with 
reported great loss of life and damage 
by fire. 
•♦ KARLSRUHE." 

A German light cruiser. Class 2, 
completed in 1912, having a tonnage 
of 4,820 and a speed of 28 knots. 



On the 23rd October, 1914, she 
appeared on Atlantic waters and 
destroyed 13 British merchant ships, 
and successfully eluded capture. 

On the 2nd November, 1914, she 
sank three more British merchant 
ships. 

She was sunk in the same month 
by explosion. 

KAROLYI, Count. 

On the 6th November, 1918, it was 
reported that he had gone to Padua 
to visit General Diaz. 

KARS. 

A strongly-fortified town in Trans- 
caucasia, Russia. It is the capital of 
the province of the same name. 

On the 27th April, 1918, it was 
captured by the Turks. 

KARTHAUS. 

Germany. 

The railways and bridges here 
were bombed by British airmen on 
nine occasions. 

KAVALA, or GA VALLA. 

A town in Turkey, on the Bay of 
Kavala. 

Great tobacco preparing and ex- 
porting centre. 

Population, 18,000. 

On the 17th September, 1916, a 
Greek Army Corps was practically 
kidnapped here in a body by the 
Germans and deported to Germany, 
to be interned as " guests " until the 
Entente evacuated Greece. 

KAZAN. 

Government of Middle Russia, at 
the confluence of the Volga and 
Kama. 

Area, 24,601 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,750,000, mainly agricultural. 

Capital, Kazan. Population, 

140,000. 

Important trade centre for East 
Russia, Turkestan, Bokhara, and 
Persia. Soap and candle factories. 

On the 3rd October, 1918, it was 
reported that Trotsky had given out 
an order delivering all women of 
Kazan into the hands of the Red 
Guards. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



115 



KECSKEMET. 

Hungarian Public Prosecutor. 
On the 9th November. 1918. 
prisoners who had been set at liberty 
murdered him. 
KEELING. 

An island, called also .Coco and 
Cocos Keeling, in the coral group, in 
the Indian Ocean, included in the 
Straits Settlements Government. 

The German raider cruiser " Em- 
den " was captured and destroyed 
here by H.M.A S. "Sydney" in 
October, 1914. 
KEETMANSHOOP. 

In German South- West Africa. 
On the 20th April. 1915. the Union 
troops occupied it. 
KELLY,Temporary-Lieut. (Second) 
Henry. 
West Riding Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
KELLAWAY, Frederick G., M.P. 
Aged 48. 

Joint Parliamentary Secretary of 
the Munition Board in December, 
1916. 
KEMMEL HILL. 

On the 26th April, 1918, it was 
captured by the Germans. 

Much heavy fighting took place in 
this neighbourhood. 
KEMMERN. 

On the 12th November, 1915, the 
Russians captured it and Cuiting, 
west of Riga. 
KENEALLY, Private W. (1809). 
1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
KENNEDY, Captain R. S., M.C. 
Brilliant alumnus of Guy's Hospital. 
Lost his life in the war. 
KENNY, Private Thomas James 
Bede (4195). 
Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
KENNY, Drummer G. 

Gordon Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
KENNY, Private H. 

Loyal North Lancashire Regi- 
ment. Gained the V.C. in the war. 



KENNY, Private Thomas. 

Durham Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
'*KENT," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in the year 1903, having a displace- 
ment of 9,800 tons and a speed of 
23i knots. 

On the 14th March. 1915, she 
and H.M. Ships " Glasgow" and 
" Orama " caught the German 
cruiser " Dresden " near Juan Fer- 
nandez. After five minutes' fighting 
the " Dresden " hoisted the white 
flag, blew up and sank. 

KENJTISH COAST. 

1 he Germans torpedoedfour ships 
off here on the 23rd February, 1915. 

On the 17th May, 1915, there was 
an air raid, and bombs were dropped 
on Ramsgate, 3 persons being in- 
jured. Chased by British airmen on 
its return, it was attacked off Nieupoort 
by eight naval aeroplanes from Dun- 
kirk, and reported to be damaged. 

On the 27th May, 1915, there was 
another Zeppelin raid. Bombs were 
dropped on Southend ; 2 women 
v/ere killed and 1 child injured. 

On the 13th September, 1915, 
German aeroplanes dropped bombs 
here ; 7 were injured, and some 
damage was caused. Hostile craft 
chased off by naval aeroplanes. 

Zeppelin raid on Suffolk, Kent 
coast, and' Midland Counties on the 
31st January, 1916; 67 killed and 
1 1 7 injured. 

Air raid cnthe9th February, 1916; 
no casualties. 

On the 19th March. 1916, four 
enemy seaplanes raided the Kent 
coast; one machine pursued 30 m.iles 
out to sea by Flight-Commander 
Bone, who forced it to descend; H 
persons were killed and 31 injured in 
the raid. 

On the 19th May, 1916, hostile 
seaplanes raided the Kent coast 
in a moonlight raid. One seaplane 
was brought down on its return 
journey. 

Air raid on the 16th March, 1917. 
It was entirely futile, and no damage 
done. L 39 on her return was 
caught by a storm and blown over to 



116 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



France, where she was shot down in 
flames by the French at Compiegne. 

On the 5th April, 1917, there was 
another air raid ; no casualties. 

On the 16th June, 1917, there was 
a Zeppelin raid ; 3 killed and 20 
injured. 

Air raid here and on London on 
the 7th July, 1917; 43 killed and 195 
injured. 

On the 22nd August. 1917, the 
Germans raided the Kentish coast 
with 12 machines ; three were 
destroyed or shot down ; 1 1 persons 
were killed and 13 injured. 

On the 2nd September, 1917, 
German aeroplanes crossed the 
Kentish coast by night and bombed 
Dover, killing 1 and wounding 6 
persons. 

On the 28th September, 1917, 
there was another raid on the Kent 
coast and on Essex and Suffolk. 
About 10 German machines were 
employed. There were no casual- 
ties. 

On the 30th Septeniber, 1917, 
there was another air raid here and 
on London ; 9 persons killed and 
42 injured. 

On the 31st October, 1917, there 
was another air raid on the Kentish 
coast by one German machine. 
There were no casualties. 

On the 22nd December, 1917, 
about five German machines raided 
here. There were no casualties. 

On the 29th January, 1918, there 
was another air raid by about 15 
German machines : 10 killed and 10 
injured. 

On the 20th July, 1918, there was 
another raid by one German machine. 
No casualties. 

KEOGH, Sir Albert, G.C.B. 

Aged 62. 

Served in the South African War. 
Created C.B. in 1900. 
Became Director-General of the 
Army Medical Service in 1904. 
K.C.B. in 1906. 
G.C.B. in 1917. 

KERENSKY, Alexander F. 

Aged 37. 

Russian statesman. 

Was Minister of Justice for a time. 



Became Prime Minister of Russia 
on the 22nd July, 1917, in succession , 
to Prince Lvoff. 

KERMAN. 

In the province of the same name 
in Persia. 

Area of the province, 9,652 square 
miles. Population, 6,000,000. 

Capital, Kerman Ghirdjan. Popu- 
lation, 30,000. 

On the 12th June. 1916, Sir Percy 
Sykes entered here at the head of a 
British column. 

KERR, Lieut. G. F., M.C., M.M. 

3rd Battalion, 1st Central Ontario 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
KERR, Private John Chipman 
(101465). 
Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

KERRY. 

A maritime county, Ireland, pro- 
vince Munster. 

Area, 1 ,816 square miles. Popula- 
tion (decreasing), 159,268. 

Capital, Tralee. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it 
became necessary to move columns 
of troops here (see under " Dublin "). 

KEYES, Admiral Sir Roger, 
K.G.B., G.V.O., D.S.O. 

Commander of the Dover Patrol, 
succeeding Vice-Admiral Bacon on 
the 11th January, 1918. 

He landed at Ostend on the 17th 
October, 1918. 

KEYSOR, Private L. 

1st Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

KEYWORTH, Lance-Corporal L. J. 

London Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

KHABAROVSK. 

The capital of maritime province, 
300 miles from Vladivostock. 

On the 7th September, 1918. 
Japanese cavalry occupied it. 

KHAN, Nark S. 

Punjabis. Gained the V.C. in the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



117 



" KHEYR - ED - DIN - BARBAR - 
OSSE." 

A Turkish battleship. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 8th August, 1915. 

KHUDADAD, Sepoy. 

Duke of Connaught's Own 
Baluchis. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
KHUWERLFEH. 

Eleven miles from Beersheba. 

On the 5th November, 1917, the 
Allied troops, operating in Egypt, 
captured the town. 

KIAO-CHAU BAY. 

A Japanese cruiser was sunk by a 
mine here on the 17th October, 1914 ; 
260 lives v/ere lost. 
KIEL. 

A seaport, Schleswig-Holstein, 
Prussia. Germany's chief naval port 
on the Baltic. Has shipbuilding and 
allied industries. 

Population, 212,000. 

On the 4th September, 1914, seven 
German destroyers and torpedo- 
boats arrived here in a damaged con- 
dition, and it was believed that one 
squadron had mistaken another for 
enemy's ships. 

On the 3rd November, 1918, riots 
occurred among German naval 
crews. There was firing in the 
streets ; 8 killed and 29 wounded. 
The demand of the crew for the 
release of stokers of the German 
battleship " Markgraf," who had 
been imprisoned for insubordination, 
was loudly proclaimed. The rioters 
released some prisoners and de- 
molished the building. 

On the 7th November, 1918, Kiel 
ships hoisted the red flag, and were 
believed to have sailed for neutral 
ports ; and there were strikes at 
Cuxhaven and Wilhelmshaven im- 
perial wharves. All Kiel was re- 
ported to be in the hands of revolu- 
tionaries. Twenty thousand soldiers 
broke prisons. Hamburg, Altona, 
Hensburg, and Apengrade were 
affected by the revolutionary move- 
ment. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
reported that all the Fleet was in rebel 



hands. Prince Henry of Prussia 
escaped in a car, flying the red flag 
and wearing a red armlet. He was 
chased in another car containing some 
marines, who fired about a dozen 
shots at him without, however, 
hitting him. 

KIFRI. 

One hundred miles north-north- 
east of Baghdad. 

On the 31st October, 1917, British 
aeroplanes dropped bombs on the 
enemy's aerodromes here with good 
results. 

KILBY, Captain A. F. G. 

South Staffords. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

•♦KINGANI." 

A German armed steamer. 

On the 26th December, 1915, a 
naval expedition sent to Lake Tan- 
ganyika was captured by her. 
"KING EDWARD VII.," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in the year 
1905, having a displacement of 
16,350 tons and a speed of 18^ knots. 

Captain C. Maclachan. 

She was sunk by a mine on the 9th 
January, 1916, and had to be aban- 
doned owing to the heavy weather. 
The whole of the crew were saved. 
KING'S LYNN. 

A borough and seaport town in 
Norfolk, England, on the River Ouse. 

Population, 20,205. 

A Zeppelin raid occurred here and 
on Yarmouth on the 19th January 
1915; 4 persons were killed. 
KINNAIRD, Lord, K.T. 

Aged 72. 

Lord High Commissioner for 
Scotland, 1907-9. 

Knight of the Order of the Thistle, 
June, 1914. 

Lost his eldest son in the war 
(killed in action). 
KINROSS, Private Cecil John 
(437793). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
KIPLING, Rudyard. 

Aged 53. 

Poet, novelist, and miscellaneous 
writer. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Has been active with pen and 
speech during the war. 

His only son was killed in the war. 

At Folkestone on the 15th Feb- 
ruary, 1918, he stated : " Our hearts, 
our reason, every instinct in us that 
lifts us above the mere brute, shows 
us that the war must go on. Other- 
wise earth becomes a hell without 
hope." 
KIRK, Second-Lieut. J. 

Late 10th (attached 2nd Battalion) 
Manchester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

KIRKUK. 

In Mesopotamia. 

On the 7th May, 1918, the British 
captured it. 

The British retirement from it 
was announced on the 1st June, 
1918. 
KITCHENER OF KHARTOUM, 
EarL 

Born in 1850. Died in 1916. 

Entered the Army in 1871. 

Served in Cyprus, Egypt, India, 
South Africa, etc. 

Commander-in-Chief in India, 
1902 until 1909. 

Raised to the Peerage in 1898, and 
accorded a grant of £30,000. 

Received his Viscountcy and a 
further £50,000 for his work in the 
South African War. 

Succeeded Sir Eldon Gorst as 
Consul-General in Egypt in 1911. 

Was made Secretary for War at the 
outbreak of hostilities in August, 
1914. 

At the Lord Mayor's banquet on 
the 9th November, 1 91 4, in a vigorous 
speech he called for " more men, and 
still more men, until the enemy is 
crushed." 

On the 1st June, 1915, he was 
given the Order of the Garter. 

Started for a tour of inspection to 
the Near East on the 5th November, 
1915, returning to London on the 
30th November. 

Drowned on the 5th June, 1916, 
while on his way to Russia in the 
" Hampshire/' oflF the Orkneys. 

On the 6th June, 1916, an order 



of the day was issued to the Army 
expressing the King's profound 
regret at the disaster by which Lord 
Kitchener lost his life, and testifying 
to his great services to the Empire. 
'♦KLEBER." 

A French cruiser. 
She was sunk by a mine off Brest 
on the 27th June, 1917. 
KLOTZ, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Finance 
for France in the new Ministry 
formed in 1917. 
KNIGHT, Sfirgeant Alfred Joseph 
(370995). 
London Rifles (Nottingham). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
KNOCKE. 

On the 19th October, 1918, the 
Kaiser Wilhelm Battery here was 
blown up, and soon afterwards 
Belgian troops entered Zeebrugge. 
KNOX, Temporary- Second-Lieut. 
C. L. 
Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
KNYAZEVATZ. 

French cavalry and Serbian in- 
fantry entered here on the 16th 
October, 1918. 
KOCHANE. 

On the 26th September, 1918. the 
Serbian cavalry entered here. 
" KOENIGSBERG." 
A German cruiser. 
On the 1st November, 1918, she 
put to sea with plenipotentiaries of 
the Workmen's and Sailors' Council 
of the German Fleet in order to meet j 
the representatives of the British 
Admiralty. The Chief of the High 
Seas Forces, von Hippe, was to take 
part in the negotiations as expert 
adviser for the deliberations con- 
cerning the execution of naval con- 
ditions of the armistice. 
"KOLBERG." 

A German battleship of the " D " 
type, launched in 1908, with a tonnage 
of 4.280. 

On the 28th August, 1914, she was 
destroyed by gunfire of British 
cruisers and destroyers off Heligo- 
land. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



119 



"KOLN." 

A German light cruiser. 

Sunk by the British Fleet off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa ". 

'•KOLNISCHE ZEITUNG." 

" The Cologne Gazette." 

Pan-German and Krupp organ. 

An old-established newspaper. The 
favourite semi-official mouthpiece of 
the German Government andForeign 
Office. Its circulation is small but 
select, and it wields wide influence in 
Germany. 

In its issue of the 28th December, 
] 91 4, it stated : " Under the absolute 
necessity of circumstances we have 
often been compelled to depart from 
the road of uprightness." 

'♦KONIGEN LUISE." 

German mine-sweeper of the 
H " type, having a tonnage of 

2.163. 

She was sunk by H.M.S. " Am- 

phion " on the 5th August, 1914. 

♦' KONIGSBERG." 

A German light cruiser of the 

D " type, launched in 1905, with a 
tonnage of 3,400. 

She disabled H.M.S. "Pegasus" 
in Zanzibar Harbour, in East Africa, 
on the 19th September, 1914. 

On the 30th October, 1914, she 
was discovered by H.M.S. " Chat- 
ham " hiding in shoal water about six 
miles up the Rufigi river (a river of 
Germ.an East Africa ; flows, 450 
miles, to the Indian Ocean) and 
forced out of harm's way. 

On the llth July, 1915, she was 
burnt by British monitors in the 
Rufigi river. 

"KONINGIN REGENTES," 

A hospital ship. 

On the 6th June, 1918, she, in 
company of the " Sindoro," with 
British delegates to treat regarding 
exchange of prisoners, was treacher- 
ously torpedoed and sunk. 

KONOWAL, Acting-Corporal F. 
(144039). 
Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



KOONO. 

On the 17th August, 1915, it fell 
after a fierce bombardment with 
heavy guns by the Germans. 
KORBER, Dr. von. 

Austrian Premier. 

He resigned on the 13th December, 
1916, being succeeded by Dr. von 
Spitzmiillen. 
KORNILOFF, General. 

Succeeded General Brusiloff as 
Russian Commander-in-Chief on the 
1st August, 1917. 

On the 3rd September, 1917, he 
was dismissed by M. Kerensky, 
negotiations to restore discipline in 
the Army, urged by the former, 
having failed. 
KOZIAK. 

In the Balkans. 

On the 18th September, 1918, the 
Allies completed the capture of 
the dominating position of Kaikov 
Kamien, north-east of Koziak. 
KRALGEVO. 

One hundred and seventy miles 
east of Bosnian frontier. 

It has about 20,000 inhabitants, 
and is the centre of a large industria 
and fruit district. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, the 
Serbian troops occupied this plain, 
and crossed to the river next 
morning. 
KRASNOYARSK. 

A Siberian town, capital of the 
Government of Yeniseisk. 

On the 28th August, 1918, the 
Japanese cavalry took it. 
KREUTZWALD. 

Germany. 

The electric power station here 
was bombed by British airmen on 
four occasions. 
KRIEMHILDE. 

On the 16th October, 1918, in 
spite of desperate resistance, the 
American troops carried the Kriem- 
hilde line, capturing the important 
Hill 299 (about a mile and a half 
north-east of Cunel). 
KRITHIA. 

The Allied armies captured the 
heights of Krithia on the 20th May, 
1915. 



120 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



KRIVOLAK. 

On the 26th November, 1915, the 
French repulsed a Bulgarian attack 
here, and occupied Brusnik. 

**KRONPRINZ WILHELM." 

German vessel. 

She put in at Hampton Roads, 
Virginia, on the 1 1th April, 1915. 

«'KRONPRINZESSIN CECIL." 

A Hamburg-Amerika liner seized 
at the outbreak of the war. 

On the 23rd March, 1916, the 
Prize Court condemned her as enemy 
property. 

KRONSHEVATZ. 

On the 15th OctoJDer, 1918, 
Serbian troops occupied it. 

KRUISTRADT. 

On the 30th September, 1918, it 
w&s captured by British troops. 

KRUPP, von Bohlem und Halbach. 

Son-in-law of the late Herr Krupp. 

A director of Krupp's. 

It was stated on the 13th Novem- 
ber, 1918, that he had fled with the 
Kaiser. 
KUEPFERLE. 

An alleged German spy. 

On the 20th May, 1916, he com- 
mitted suicide in Brixton Prison. 

KUHLMANN, Richard von. 

Aged 45. 

Served as Councillor at the German 
Embassy in Londonfor sfxyears prior 
to the war. 

Afterwards Councillor at Stock- 
holm and Minister at the Hague. 

German Minister for Foreign 
Affairs in August, 1917. 

On the 9th July, 1918, he was suc- 
ceeded by Admiral von Hintze. 

KUM. 

A small province of Persia, south 
of Teheran province. 

A place of pilgrimage. 

Population, 20,000. 

It was captured by the Russians 
on the 21st December, 1915. 
KUMANOO. 

On the 1st October, 1918, Serbian 
troops entered here. 



KUROPATKIN, General. 

Was appointed to chief command 
of the Russian armies on the Northern 
Front on the 27th February, 1916. 

KURSK. 

In the Government of Middle 
Russia. 

Area, 17,937 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 3,500,000. 

Capital, Kursk, a town in a fruit- 
growing district, with thriving manu- 
factories and good trade. Annual 
fair. Population, 82,000. 

On the 9th September, 1918. an 
explosion occurred in which 200 
persons were killed and injured. It 
was believed that munitions carried 
by a goods train caught fire. 

KUT-EL-AMARA. 

On the 29th April, 1916, it fell 
after a gallant resistance lasting for 
143 days, caused by the exhaustion 
of supplies. 

General Townshend surrendered 
with 2,970 British troops of all ranks 
and 6,000 Indian troops, all guns and 
munitions being destroyed. 

At the south bank of the Tigris on 
the 21st January, 1917, it was re- 
ported to have been cleared by the 
enemy. 

On the 24th February, 1917, 
British forces recaptured the city. 

LA BASSEE. 

A town in France, Department 
Nord, near Lille. 

Population, 3,867. 

On the 24th November, 1914, the 
gallant recapture of trenches here by 
Indian troops was reported. Many 
German officers, men, and guns were 
taken. 

On the 19th December, 1914, the 
Allies gained further ground before 
Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well as 
east and south of Ypres, north of La 
Bassee, and north-west of Arras, 
while the portion east of Vermelles 
was maintained. 

On the 30th January, 1915, the 
Germans were checked by the British 
here, 200 dead being counted in front 
of the British trenches. 

On the 15th April. 1915, the Allies 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



121 



gained a brilliant success between 
Arras and here. 

Abandoned in the disasters of 
March. 1918. 

On the 3rd October, 1918, it v/as 
captured by the British. 

LABOUR CORPS. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of the 
victory he wrote : " The British 
Labour Companies were composed 
entirely of men unfit for active 
operations, and more than half their 
number owed their incapacity to 
wounds or sickness incurred while 
serving with fighting units. The 
men of the corps, however, made 
light of their disabilities. Many 
companies worked for months on 
end under shell fire, long marches 
were willingly undertaken, and the 
essential work entrusted to them was 
cheerfully performed, often under 
conditions entailing all the hardship 
and strain without the excitement of 
actual fighting." 

LABOUR, Ministry of. 

Montagu House, Whitehall. S.W.I. 

LABOUR PARTY. 

On the 23rd January, 1917, at a 
conference at Manchester, by a large 
majority it approved the acceptance 
of office by Labour Members in the 
Ministry. 

"LACONIA." 

A Cunard liner, built in the year 
1912, having a speed of 16 knots, 
flying the British flag. 

She was torpedoed on the 25th 
February, 1917. Several people were 
killed, including two Americans. 

LA FERTE. 

On the 25th October, 1918, it was 
surrounded, and crossings of the 
Serre and Souche north-east of Laon 
effected. 

LA FERTE-SOUS-JOUARRE. 

The Germans crossed the Marne 
here on the 6th September, 1914. 

LAFONE, Major Alexander Malius . 

Late Yeomanry. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 



LAGNICOURT. 

On the 26th March, 1917, it was 
captured by the British, and Couchy- 
le-Chateau and Folembray were taken 
by the French. 

LAGOSBA ISLAND. 

On the 26th July, 1915, a French 
destroyer demolished the Austrian 
submarine and aeroplane supply 
station here. 

LAHR. 

An industrial town of Baden, near 
Karlsruhe. 

Population, 10,120. 

The stations and railways here 
were bombed by British airmen on 
two occasions. 

LAIDLAW, Piper D. 

7th King's Own Scottish Borderers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

LALA, Lance-Naik. 

41st Dogras. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

LA PvlAISONETTE. 

On the 16th July, 1916, under 
cover of a fog, the Germans captured 
it and Biaches, but the French re- 
gained them. 

LAMP DAY. 

Flag Day, arranged in aid of 
London units of the Scottish 
Women's Hospitals and Women's 
Service. 

'* LANCE," H.M.S. 

A torpedo-boat destroyer of the 
"L" class, completed 1913-14, 
having a displacement of 965 tons 
and a speed of 29 knots. 

Accompanied by the " Un- 
daunted," " Lennox," " Loyal," and 

Legion," she engaged off the Dutch 
coast four German destroyers on the 
17th October, 1914, all of which were 
sunk. The damage to the British 
vessels was slight, and only 1 officer 
and 4 men were wounded. 

LANCHESTER, F. W. 

Author of " Aircraft in Warfare." 
A member of the Advisory Com- 
mittee for Aeronautics appointed by 
the Government. 



122 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



LAND, Sub -Committee on Offences 
on. 

Appointed 6th November, 1918. 

Chairman, Mr. Justice Peterson. 

A Sub-Committee of the Com- 
mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of the 
Laws of War. To this Sub-Com- 
mittee was entrusted the examination 
of all violations of the laws of war 
committed by the enemy against 
British subjects on land. The bur- 
den thrown upon this Committee was 
very heavy. Amongst the offences 
entrustedtothis Sub-Committee were 
the ill-treatment of prisoners of war, 
the employment of prisoners behind 
the firing lines in France and else- 
where, the employment of poisonous 
gas and liquid fire and all other 
illegal methods of warfare, the abuse 
of the Red Cross flag, the bombard- 
ment of hospitals, and the illegal 
execution of Edith Cavell and 
Captain Fryatt. 

In the case of the ill-treatment of 
prisoners of war, some 100,000 cases 
have already been investigated. It 
is estimated that at least 150,000 still 
remain to be sent in. These com- 
plaints are being carefully examined 
and tested by a special staff, under 
the direction of the Sub-Committee. 

LANDAU. 

A town in the Rhenish Palatinate, 
Bavaria. Eighteen miles N.W. of 
Karlsruhe. 

Cigar manufacturing ; trade in 
wine and corn. Here the carriages 
called after the name of the town 
were first made. 

Population, 17,500. 

Thegas works, station, railways, and 
barracks here were bombed by British 
airmen on four occasions. 

i:.ANDRICOURT WOOD. 

On the 10th October, 1918, the 
French captured it. 

LANE, Franklin K. 

Secretary to the Interior of the 

U.S.A. 

"LANFRANC." 

A hospital ship. 

On the 17th April, 1917, she was 
torpedoed by the enemy, together 



with the " Donegal," without warn- 
ing ; 75 were killed, including 16 
Germans. 
LANSDOWNE, Marquess of, K.G., 
G.G.S.I., G.C.I.E., G.C.M.G. 

Aged 74. 

Was Secretary of State for Foreign 
Affairs from 1900 to 1905. 

Governor-General of Canada, 1883 
to 1888. 

Viceroy of India, 1888 to 1893. 

Secretary for War, 1895 to 1900. 

Became a member of the Coalition 
Government in May, 1915, with a 
seat in the Cabinet without a Port- 
folio. 

On the fall of the Coalition 
Government he retired from active 
politics. 

On the 29th November, 1917, he 
published an indiscreet letter advo- 
cating peace with the Germans by 
negotiation. 

LANSING, Robert. 

Aged 53. 

Secretary of State for U.S.A. 

Made notable addresses on the 
war. 
LAON. 

A fortress of the third class. 

Population, 14,629. 

It is the capital of the Department 
of the Aisne. The town is built in 
the midst of an extensive plain on a 
long isolated hill running east and 
west, and curving towards the south 
at the west. 

On the 14th October, 1918, M. 
Marcel Hutin stated that the Mayor 
and 300 civilians of Laon were carried j 
away by the Germans as hostages, I 
and that the new German Govern- ! 
ment, which pretended to give 
different instructions to the military 
leaders, had thus perpetrated an 
additional infamy. 

It was reported in flames on the 
7th October, 1918. 
LARISSA. 

See under Corinth. 
LASCELLES, Second - Lieut. 
(Acting - Captain ) Arthur 
Moore. 

Durham Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



123 



♦♦LASSGO," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was mined or submarined off 
the Dutch coast on the 13th August, 
1916. 

LA TERRIERE. 

On the 4th October, 1918, British 
troops gained possession of it. 
LAUDER, Sir Harry. 

Aged 49. 

Scottish comedian. 

His son enlisted and became a 
Captain, and was killed in 1917. 

He sang to the men at the front. 

LAUDER, Private David R. (7709). 

Royal Scotch Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
*' LAURENTIC." 

A steamer belonging to the White 
Star Line, built in the year 1908, 
having a speed of 17^ knots. Taken 
over by the Government. 

She was sunk off the Irish coast on 
the 29th January, 1917; 12 officers 
and 100 men v/ere saved. 
LAURIER, Rt. Hon. Sir Wilfred. 

Aged 78. 

French- Canadian. 

Was Premier of Canada in 1896. 

Liberal leader. Resigned in 
October, 1917. 
LAVARSKY, Dr. 

Austrian Chief of Police. 

On the 1st November, 1918, it was 
reported that he had been killed by 
revolver shots at Lubbin. 
LAW, Sub- Committee on. 

Appointed the 6th November, 
1918. 

Chairman, Professor J. H. Morgan. 

A Sub-Committee of the Com- 
mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of 
the Laws of War. To this Sub- 
Committee was referred all legal 
problems arising in the course of 
investigation demanding examination 
and solution. 

Towards the end of November, at 
the request of the Attorney-General, 
Professor Morgan convened a special 
meeting of the Sub-Committee for 
the purpose of considering the 
position of the ex-Kaiser. To this 
meeting, in addition to the m.erabers 



of the Sub-Committee, Sir John 
Macdonell, Mr. Justice Peterson, 
and Mr. C. F. Gill, K.C., were called 
in for consultation, and as a result of 
this meeting a special report was 
presented to the Attorney-General. 
This Sub-Committee came to the 
unanimous conclusion that it was 
desirable to take proceedings against 
the ex-Kaiser. 
LAW, Rt. Hon. A. Bonar, M.P., 
P.C. 

Aged 61. 

Succeeded Mr. Balfour as leader 
of the Unionist Party on the 13th 
November, 191 1. 

He joined the Coalition Cabinet in 
May, 1915, as Secretary for the 
Colonies. 

In the new Ministry he became 
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Leader 
of the House of Commons, and a 
member of the War Cabinet. 

He introduced his first Budget on 
the 2nd May, 1917.^ 

Lord Privy Seal after Victory 
Election. 

His two sons enlisted during the 
war. Both were killed. 
LAWLEY, Hon. Sir Arthur. 

Aged 59. 

Lieut. -Governor of the Transvaal 
from 1902 to 1905. 

Has been Governor of Western 
Australia, Administrator of Matabele- 
laixd, and Governor of Madras. 

Published a volume on Red Cross 
work in 1917. 
I AWS OF WAR, Committee of 
Inquiry into Breaches of. 

Chairman, Sir John Macdonell, 
K.C.B, 

Vice-Chairm.an, Professor J. H. 
Morgan. 

Secretaries, Hugh H. Bellot, 
D.C.L., and J. E. G. de Mont- 
morency, LL.B. 

Offices, 2 King's Bench Walk. 
Temple. 

1 his Committee has appointed 
four Sub-Committees, i.e., Sub- 
Committee on Law, Sub-Committee 
on Offences on Land, Sub-Com- 
mittee on Offences at Sea and in the 
Air, and Sub-Committee to deal 
with Aerial Offences. 



124 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



LEACH, Second-Lieut. J. 

Manchester Regiment. Gained 
the V.C.in the war. 

LEAKE, Lieut. A. M. 

R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C, in 
the war. 

LEARMOUTH, Captain (Acting - 
Major) Okill Massey, M.C. 

Late Canadian Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

LE BIZET. 

On the 1st October, 1918, it was 
taken by General Plumer's troops. 

LE CATEAU. 

Formerly Cateau-Cambresis. 

In the Department of Nord, 14 
miles from Cambrai. 

On the 13th October, 1918, the 
enemy opened a heavy bombardment 
on a wide front at Le Cateau. Under 
cover of the artillery strong infantry 
attacks were launched against the 
position held by us east of the Selle 
river, in the neighbourhood of 
Solesmes. These attacks were 
successfully repulsed after stiff 
fighting. Other attacks, in which 
Tanks were employed to support the 
infantry assault, were delivered by the 
enemy without success against our 
positions opposite the village of 
Haspres. Our patrols pushed for- 
ward at a number of points south and 
north of Douai, gained ground, and 
took prisoners. 

On the 15th October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported that the 
Americans crossed the Selle south of 
Le Cateau, in the neighbourhood of 
St. Souplet, and brought back 30 
prisoners. 

On the 17th October, 1918, a new 
British offensive was launched on a 
10-miles front south of Le Cateau. 
It was meant to harass the enemy 
retreating from La Fere between the 
Rivers Oise and Serre. 

"LEELANAW." 

A United States steamer. 

She was sunk by a German sub- 
marine off the Orkneys on the 25th 
July, 1915. The crew were saved. 



♦♦LEGION," H.M.S. 

A torpedo-boat destroyer of the 
" L" class, completed 1913-14, 
having a displacement of 965 tons and 
a speed of 29 knots. 

Accompanied by the " Un- 
daunted," " Lennox," ** Lance," and 
" Loyal," she engaged off the Dutch 
coast on the 17th October, 1914, four 
German destroyers, all of which were 
sunk. The damage to the British 
vessels was slight, and only 1 officer 
and 4 men were wounded. 
LE HAVRE. 

A seaport of France, on the English 
Channel, at the m.outh of the River 
Seine. 

Has an immense trading and 
thriving industry and fine boulevards. 

Population, 135,000. 

On the 13th October, 1914, the 
Belgian Ministry removed from 
Ostend to here, and the civil popula- 
tion turned away to France and 
•England. 
LEININGEN. 

Germany. 

The station here was bombed by 
British airmen. 
LEININGEN, Prince Erik Ernst of. 

A cousin of the German Emperor. 

He was killed in the fighting around 
St. Quentin in April, 1918. 
" LEINSTER." 

Irish mail boat. 

Captain Birch. 

On the 10th October, 1918, she was 
torpedoed in the Irish Sea. Nearly 
800 lives vvere lost. 
"LEIPZIG." 

A German light cruiser, engaged, 
with the German ships " Scharn- 
horst," " Gneisenau," and " Dres- 
den," off the coast of Chili, against 
H.M. Ships " Good Hope," " Mon- 
mouth," and " Glasgow," according 
to the Admiralty's report of the 4th 
November, 1914, in stormy weather, ^ 
the action lasting an hour. 

The " Good Hope " caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. The " Mon- 
mouth," also on fire, drew off, but 
was again attacked. The *' Glas- 
gow " was not greatly damaged, and 
had few casualties. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



125 



The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin 
Elizabeth," which was in harbour 
when the siege began, was blown up 
by the Austrians. 

This ship, together with the 
" Scharnhorst," " Gneisenau," and 

Niirnberg," was sunk o£F the 
Falkland Islands by a British squad- 
ron, commanded by Sir F. Sturdee, 
on the 8th December, 1914. 

The engagement lasted four hours. 
The " Dresden " escaped. 
LEMAN, General. 

Aged 68. 

Heroic defender of Liege. Taken 
prisoner on the 7th August, 1914. 
LEMBERG. 

A manufacturing and university 
city of Austria. The capital of 
Galicia. 

Has a population of 207,000. 

The Russians routed four Austrian 
Army Corps near here on the 31st 
August, 1914. 

The Austrians suffered a great 
defeat here on the 2nd September, 
1914. 

The Russians captured Lemberg 
on the 4th September, 1914. 

It was recaptured by the Austrians 
on the 22nd June, 1915. 
LE MESNIL BRUNTEL. 

On the 5th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the British. 
LEMPIRE. 

On the 18th September, 1918, 
British troops gained possession of it. 
LENIN. 

The notorious Russian Anarchist. 
He ad-mitted in April, 191 9,thatthere 
had "only" been 3,300 executions 
under his regime in 17 months. 
" LENNOX," H.M.S. 

See under " Lance." 
LENS. 

A town in the Department Pas- 
de-Calais, France. 

On the 9th April, 1917, there was 
a great battle between Lens and St. 
Quentin and from Lens to Arras. 
Vimy Ridge was taken by Canadian 
troops. The British took over 
11,000 prisoners, including 235 
officers, and over 100 guns. 

On the 14th April, 1917, the 



suburbs of Lens were taken by the 
British. All German attacks were 
repulsed. 

Heavy fighting again occurred on 
the 16th April, 1917. 

The Canadians entered Lens on " 
the 21st August, 1917. 

On the 3rd September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Allies. 
'LEONARDO DA VINCI." 

An Italian battleship of the Dread- 
nought type. 

She was accidentally lost on the 
2nd August, 1916; 248 lives were 
lost. 

LEON GAM3ETTA." 

A French cruiser. 

She was torpedoed by an Austrian 
steamer on the 27th April, 1915. 
Nearly 700 lives were lost. 
L'EPINETTE. 

South-east of Armentieres. 

On the 12th March, 1915, it was 
captured, enabling the British to 
push their line forward a considerable 
distance in the neighbourhood. 
"LEROS." 

A German steamer. 

On the 21st Decem.ber, 1915, she 
and other vessels were sunk by a 
British submarine in the Sea of 
Marmora. 
LE SARS. 

On the 7th October, 1916, the 
Anglo-French attacked from the 
Adbert-Bapaume road and advanced 
some 1,000 yards, and captured it. 
"LESBIAN." 

An Ellerman liner. 

She was sunk on the 9th January, 
1917. 
LES GAUSEURS. 

North of Fontaine-en-Dorm-ois. 

On the 28th September, 1918, it 
v/as captured by the French. 
LES GRANDE S ARMOISES. 

Seven miles east-north-east of Le 
Chesne. 

On the 5th November, 1918, it was 
occupied by the Americans. 
LESQUIELLES. 

On the 30th October, 1918, the 
French troops captured Plaufort 
Farm, v/est of here. 



126 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



LESTER, Private F. (51674). 

Late 10th Battalion, Lancashire 
Fusiliers (Irby, near Birkenhead). 
Gained the V.C. in the v/ar. 

Lost his life in the war. 

LETANNE. 

The Americans captured the village 
here on the 6th November, 1918. 

LE THERLL. 

On the 6th November, 1918, 
Italian troops, fighting with French 
troops, captured it, and reached the 
stream of Le Herbaut, to the south- 
east of Montcornet. 

LE VERQUIER. 

On the 21st September, 1918, 
Australian divisions captured it 

LEVER, Sir S. Hardman, K.C.B. 

Was Assistant Financial Secretary 
to the Ministry of Munitions. 

Financial Secretary to the Treasury 
in 1916. 

Appointed K.C.B. in February, 
1917 

LEVERGIES. 

On the 30th September, 1918, the 
British troops captured it. 

LEVIGO. 

On the Asiago Front. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
48th Division occupied it. This 
division during the previous forty- 
eight hours had taken over 20,000 
prisoners, including four Divisional 
Commanders, and several hundred 
guns. 

LEWIS, Lance - Corporal Allen 
Leonard (58062). 
Late 6th Battalion, Northamp- 
ton Regiment (Whitney, Hereford). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

LEWIS, Private Herbert William 

(16244). 
Welsh Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

LIBAU. 

On the 18th November, 1914, it 
was shelled by a German squadron. 

On the 25th January, 1915, the 
forts brought down a Zeppelin and 
captured the crew. 



LIBERIA. 

President D. E. Howard, succeeded 
in 1916. 

Negro Republic of West Africa, 
on the Guinea coast. 

Area, about 45,000 square miles. 
Population, over 2,000,000, including 
20,000 civilised negroes. 

Capital, Monrovial. ; 

Exports, coffee, palm oil, ivory, ' 
sugar, etc. 

On the Allies' side in the war. 

LICHNOWSKY, Prince. 

Was German Ambassador in 
London in August, 1914. 

In his account of his mission 
published in 1918 he stated: " We 
insisted upon war. Berlin went on 
insisting that Serbia must be 
massacred." 

Is it not intelligible that our 
enemies declare that they will not 
rest until a system is destroyed which 
constitutes a permanent threat to our 
neighbours ? 

In view of the indisputable facts, 
it is not surprising that the whole 
civilised world outside Germany 
attributes to us (Germans) the sole 
guilt for the whole war." 

LICHTERVELDE. 

A village in West Flanders, 13 miles 
from Bruges. 

On the 16th October, 1918. Allied 
infantry reached a point near here, 
and on the 17th October, 1918, had 
passed it. 
LIDDLE, Captain J. A. 

Royal Flying Corps. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
LIDGETT, Lieut. 

Only son of Dr. J. Scott Lidgett, 

Lost his life in the war. 
LIEBKNECHT, Herr. 

German Socialist leader. 

On the 8th November, 1918, in 
Bremen, he arranged for the forma- 
tion of Soldiers' Councils. 

He was killed in the streets of 
Berlin, 22nd January, 1919. 

LIEGE. 

Situated in the province of the 
same name in Belgium. Partly hilly, 
pasLoral, and mineral. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



127 



Area, 1,117 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 899,000. 

It was attacked by 80,000 Germans 
5th August, 1914. 

The Germans were repulsed here 
on the 7th August, 1914, after three 
days' and nights' fighting. 

The Germans entered here and 
occupied it on the 10th August, 1914, 
most of the forts holding out. 

On the 24th August, 1914, the 
Liege forts were finally destroyed by 
the German siege artillery. 

This wonderful resistance, during 
the fateful first three weeks of the 
war was the real cause of the German 
defeat some four years later. 

LIEVIN. 

A manufacturing town near Be- 
thune, Pas-de-Calais Department, 
France, adjoining Lens. 

Population, 12,500. 

On the 1 4th April, 1 9 1 7, the British 
captured it and St. Pierre, north-west 
of Lens and Gricourt, the Germans 
offering a stout resistance 

LIFEBOAT DAY. 

Flag Day, aaranged in aid of the 
Royal National Lifeboat Institution. 

"LIKA." 

An Austrian destroyer. 
She was sunk by a mine on the 29th 
December, 1915. 

LILLE, or LISLE. 

A fortified town in France, on the 
River Deule. The seat of university, 
and chief centre of French linen and 
cotton manufactories. 

It is the capital of the Depart- 
ment of Nord in French Flanders. 

The German cavalry were to the 
north of here on the 7th October, 
1914. 

It was attacked and occupied by a 
German Army Corps on the 13th 
October, 1914. 

On the 25th October, 1914, the 
Allies gained some little advantage 
in the directions of this and Roulers, 
and the Germans crossed the Yser, 
the order having been given that this 
must be achieved at no matter what 



cost. The enemy's loss here was 
about 5,000. 

It was taken by the Allies on 30th 
October. 1914. 

On the 14th January, 1916, it was 
shelled by the British, 

On the 17th October, 1918, the 
British captured it. 

On the 18th October, 1918, 500 
Germans surrendered here. About 
120,000 inhabitants still remained. 
All boys over 1 5 were removed by the 
Germans. The Germans illegally 
extracted £1 0,000,000 from the town 
during occupation. 

On the 28th October, 1918, the 
formal entry into Lille was made by 
our troops. 

LINCOLNSHIRE, Marquess of. 

Aged 76. 

Lord Great Chamberlain. 

Was Lord Privy Seal from 1911 to 
1912. 

Formerly President of the Board 
of Agriculture. 

Became a Marquess in 1912. 

Lost his only son. Lord Wendover, 
in the war in May, 1915. 

"LINDSELL." 

A British hired trawler. 
Sunk in August, 1914, while acting 
as a mine-sweeper. 

*'LION," H.M.S. 

A turbine cruiser, having a dis- 
placement of 26,400 tons and a speed 
of 30 knots. 

The " Lion," flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty, 
together with the" Tiger,"" Princess 
Royal," " New Zealand," and " In- 
domitable," on the 24th January, 
1915, sighted three German battle 
cruisers, " Derfflinger," " Seydlitz," 
and " Moltke," and an armoured 
cruiser, the " Bliicher," steering 
westward. A running fight ensued, 
and shortly after one o'clock the 
"Bliicher" capsized and sank. No 
British ships were lost. The British 
casualties were 14 killed and 29 
wounded. Of the " Bliicher's " 
crew of 885, 125 were saved. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 



128 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



LIPTON, Sir Thomas Johnstone, 
Bart., K.C.V.O. 

Aged 68. 

Helper of starving Serbs in 1915, 
and had a high Order conferred upon 
him by the King of Serbia, 

He was knighted in 1898, and 
created a Baronet in 1903. 
LIQUID FIRE. 

Sworn statements of Scottish 
soldiers show that the Germans 
turned liquid fire upon parties of 
British prisoners captured at Monchy 
on the 28th March, 1918. In one 
case a party of 17 officers and 
men, 10 of whom were wounded, 
after being disarmed, were lined 
up in a trench. A German officer 
arrived with a man who had a liquid 
fire container on his back. The 
officer gave an order, and a stream 
of liquid fire was turned upon 
the living men for six or seven 
minutes. A few who could move 
scrambled away and reached the 
British. 

In another case an officer and 4 
wounded men had liquid fire squirted 
over them after they had been ordered 
to go to the German lines. The 
British Government made a formal 
protest to the German Government 
regarding this affair. 

LIQUOR TRAFFIC CENTRAL 
CONTROL BOARD. 

Latimer House, 134 Piccadilly, 
S.W. 1. 

LIRY. 

On the 10th October, 1918, the 
French captured it. 

LISTER, Captain W. H., D.S.O., 
M.C. 

Fellow of University College, 
London. 

Lost his life in the war. 

LISTER, Sergeant Joseph (8133). 
Lancashire Fusiliers (Reddish, 
Stockport). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

♦• LIVERPOOL," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in 1910, 
having a displacement of 4,800 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She was engaged in the battle off 



Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 
" LLANDOVERY CASTLE." 

A hospital ship. 

On the 27th June, 1918, she was 
deliberately torpedoed and sunk at 
dusk off the Irish coast by the Ger- 
mans. It was a horrible crime. She 
had all her lights showing. On 
board her were 258 persons, including 
14 Canadian nursing sisters. When 
the survivors took to the boats the 
submarine came up to one of the boats 
and brutally ill-treated a Canadian 
medical officer, who had the small 
bone in his foot broken by the hand- 
ling he received. The German 
officers accused the captain of the 
"Llandovery Castle" of carrying 
eight American flight officers on 
board. The submarine then dashed 
to and fro amid the wreckage and 
boats, and was observed, by the sole 
boat which escaped, to fire twelve 
shells at some unseen targets, pre- 
sumably the other boats, none of 
which reached harbour. No fewer 
than 234 persons were murdered by 
this act. If the submarine com- 
mander suspected that there were 
flying officers on board, he had a 
perfect right to search the boat, and 
because he did not do so he convicted 
himself of falsehood. 

LLOYD,Lieut.-General Sir Francis. 

On the 28th September, 1918, he 
made his last public appearance as 
Officer Commanding the London 
District, when he inspected " B " 
Group, City of London National 
Guard Regiment, at Wellington 
Barracks, and bade them farewell. 
LLOYD, Captain T. G. 
Welsh Regiment. 
Rossall hockey back. 
Lost his life in the war. 
LLOYD GEORGE, Rt. Hon. 
David, 
See under George. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT BOARD. 

Whitehall, S.W. 1. 
LOCKHART, Bruce. 

A member of the British Mission to 
Moscow. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAl WAR 



izv 



He reached London on the 19th 
October, 1918, after his arrest in 
Russia. 
LODY (alias INGLIS). 

A German naval spy. 

On the 11th November, 1914, he 
was sentenced by court-martial to be 
shot, and was executed at the Tower. 

LODZ. 

A textile manufacturing town in 
the government of Piotrkow, Russian 
Poland. The " Manchester of 
Poland." 

It has a population of 394,850. 

The Germans evacuated it on 
the 26th October, 1914. 

Between here and Lawicz two 
German Army Corps were almost 
destroyed on the 30th November, 
1914, but cut their way out, with 
heavy loss, by the aid of reinforce- 
ments opportunely filing in. 

On the 5th December, 1914, it was 
officially stated by the Russians that 
it had been evacuated in perfect 
order for strategic reasons. 

On the 9th December, 1914, the 

Germans claimed to have captured 

Lodz and put the Russians in retreat. 

LODER-SYMONDS, Captain W. C, 

R.A.F. 

Lost his life in the war. 

LOIORE. 

On the 2nd October, 1918, it was 
captured by French troops. 
LONDON. 

The capital of England. 

The seat of government of the 
British Empire. 

Situated on the River Thames, 
mainly in the counties of Middlesex 
and Surrey, but extending into Kent 
and Essex. 

It comprises 30 parliamentary 
boroughs, and has a population of 
7,251,358. 

The exports exceed a quarter of 
those of the entire kingdom. 

Zeppelin raid on the 31st May, 
1915 ;*6 killed. Another on London 
and west districts on the 8th Septem- 
ber, 1915 ; 20 killed and 86 injured. 
Another raid on London and the 
Eastern Counties on the 13th 
October. 1915; 56 killed and 114 



injured (including 15 soldiers killed 
and 13 injured). 

On the 24th August, 1916, bombs 
were dropped on the outskirts of 
London by two Zeppelins, 8 persons 
being killed and 21 injured, and con- 
siderable damage done to property. 
Other airships raided the Eastern 
Counties, but did no damage. 

There was another raid on the 2nd 
September, 1916. ^Thirteen enemy 
airships raided the Eastern Counties 
and attempte:^ to attack London, but 
were driven off. Flight-Lieut. W._L. 
Robinson attacked one airship, which 
burst into flames and came down at 
CufHey, near Enfield, the crew being 
killed. In the Eastern Counties 2 
persons were killed and 1 1 injured. 

On the 5th September, 1916, Lieut. 
Robinson was awarded the V.C. for 
bringing down the airship. 

On the 24th September, 1916, 12 
German airships raided London and 
parts of the Eastern, South-Eastern, 
and East Midland Counties ; 38 
persons were killed and 125 injured 
in London. Two_ airships were 
brought down, one in flames, all the 
crew being killed ; the other landed, 
and was destroyed by her crew, who 
surrendered. 

Air raid on the 25th September, 
1916 • 38 killed and 125 injured. 

On the 28th October, 1916, a 
German aeroplane dropped bombs, 
and was captured in France. 

Air raid on the 21st November, 
1916 ; 9 injured, no deaths. 

On the 28th November, 1916, 
enemy aeroplanes dropped six bombs, 
9 persons being injured. 

On the 19th January, 1917, there 
was an explosion at a munition 
factory near London. There v/as 
considerable damage to property, and 
69 persons were killed, 72 seriously 
injured, and 328 slightly injured. 
Air raid on the 7th May, 1917 ; 3 

Air raid on the 13th June, 1917; 
157 killed and 432 injured. 

Airraid on the 15th June, 1917, by 
15 German aeroplanes on the City 
and East London ; 104 persons were 
killed and 432 injured. One hostile 
machine was brought down, 

I 



130 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Air raid on the 4th July, 1917; 59 
killed and 193 injured. Four of the 
raiders were brought down on the 
return journey. Two British 
machines were destroyed, and two 
crashed from other causes. 

There was another air raid on the 
7th July, 1917, by 22 German aero- 
planes of the Gotha type, which flew 
over the Isle of Thanet, where they 
inflicted some casualties. A number 
of bombs were dropped in the City 
and Metropolitan area ; 43 persons 
were killed and 197 injured. On 
their return journey four of the 
raiders were brought down, and 
seven enemy machines not engaged 
in the raid were accounted for by 
R.N.A.S. men from Dunkirk. 

On the 4th September, 1917. 20 
German aeroplanes raided the 
London area by night, and killed 1 1 
and wounded 62 persons. 

On the 24th September, 1917, the 
Germans made a night raid on 
London. Barrage fire was used. 
Two of a German squadron of 24 
succeeded in penetrating the outer 
defences and dropped bombs, killing 
15 persons and injuring 70. 

On the 25th September, 1917, 
there was a further enemy air raid. 
Two machines got through the de- 
fences, and dropped bombs on the 
south-east districts ; 7 were killed 
and 25 injured. A second group of 
raiders were driven off by gunfire ; 
one hostile machine was destroyed. 

On the 29th September, 1917, the 
Germans made another night raid on 
the London area by three groups of 
aeroplanes. There were 1 1 killed and 
82 injured. 

On the 30th September. 1917, 
there was another air raid by 10 
German machines. Four or five 
penetrated the outer defences. 
Bombs were dropped on London, 
Kent, and Essex ; 9 were killed and 
42 injured ; 2 were killed in London. 
A Gotha was brought down off 
Dover. 

On the 1st October, 1917, four 
groups of enemy aeroplanes attacked 
London. Bombs were dropped on 
the south-west district; 10 persons 
were killed and 38 injured. 



On the 31st October, 1917, an air 
raid was made by groups of hostile 
machines to the number of 30, which 
crossed the Kent and Essex coasts. 
One penetrated to London, and 
dropped some bombs on the south- 
west district ; 8 persons were killed 
and 21 injured. 

Further air raids occurred on the 
following dates, viz. : 

December 6th, 1917, by about 25 
German machines ; 7 killed, 22 
injured. 

December 18th, 1917. by about 20 
German machines; 10 killed. 75 
wounded. 

January 25th, 1918, by about 15 
German machines; 53 killed, 173 
injured. One raider shot down. 

February 16th, 1918, by about six 
German machines ; 1 1 killed, 4 
injured. 

February 17th, 1918, by about 
seven German machines; 17 killed, 
34 injured. 

March 7th, 1918, by about eight 
German machines ; 20 killed, 45 
injured. 

May 19th 1918, by about 30 
machines; 44 killed, 179 injured. 

LONG, M. Maurice. 

Was appointed Minister of Sup- 
plies for France in the new Ministry 
formed in September, 1917. 

LONG, Mrs. 

Late Deputy Chief Controller of 
theQ.M.A.A.C. 

Lost her life by being torpedoed. 

LONG, Rt. Hon. Walter, P.C.,M.P. 

Aged 65. 

Has been President of the Local 
Government Board. 

Was Chief Secretary for Ireland. 

Was President of the Board of 
Agriculture. 

Joined the Coalition Cabinet In 
May, 1915, again as President of the 
Local Government Board, and intro- 
duced the National Register Bill. 

Joined the new Ministry as 
Colonial Secretary. 

Appointed First Lord of the Ad- 
miralty after the Victory Election. 

Lost his son, Brig.- General Long, 
in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



131 



LOOS. 

A suburb of Lille, in the province 
of Nord, France. 

Has a population of 6,846. 

On the 26th September, 1915, the 
British made further progress near 
here. 

On the 28th January, 1916, an 
infantry attack made by the Germans 
on a salient in the British trenches 
was repulsed. 

LOOSEMORE, Private Arnold 
(15805). 
West Riding Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
•♦LT. PUSHIN." 

A Russian torpedo destroyer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 9th March, 1916. 
LORAINE, Lieut. -Colonel Robert. 
An actor. 

Took to the air, and became a 
leading airman. 
Active in the war. 
He was awarded the Military 
Cross in 1916. 
LOUCHIER, M. 

Was ap{)ointed Minister of Arma- 
ments for France in the new Ministry 
formed in September, 1917. 
LOUDOUN- SHAND, Temporary- 
Major S. W. 
Late Yorks Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
••LOUIS," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer of the "L" class, 
completed 1913-14, having a dis- 
placement of 965 tons and a speed 
of 29 knots. 

She was wrecked in the Mediter- 
ranean on the 10th November, 1915, 
with no loss of life. 
LOUTH. 

A maritime county of Leinster 
province, Ireland. 

Area, 316 square miles (decreas- 
ing). Much turf, bog, and barren 
land. Salmon fishing prosperous. 
Capital, Dundalk. 
On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners* rebellion in April, 1916, it 
became necessary to move columns 
of troops here — see under" Dublin." 



LOUVAIN. 

An important manufacturing town 
of Belgium, 27 miles east of Brussels. 

It has a population of 45,408. 

Has a famous university. 

The Belgian forces retired from 
here on the 19th August, 1914, when 
it was occupied by the Germans. 

The Germans destroyed Louvain 
on the 25th August, 1914. 

It was retaken by the Belgians on 
the 11th September, 1914. 

"LOUVAIN." 

A British armed steamer. 
On the 21st January, 1918, she was 
torpedoed and sunk. 

LOWERSON, Sergt. A. D. (2358). 

21st Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

"LOWESTOFT," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in the 
year 1913, having a displacement of 
5,440 tons and a speed of 30 knots. 

She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 
LOWESTOFT. 

A watering-place and seaport of 
Suffolk, England. 

Great fishing industry. 

Population, 33,780. 

On the 15th April, 1915, the 
Germans made an air raid. There 
were no casualties. 

On the 20th February, 1916, 
German seaplanes raided Walmer 
and here ; 1 killed and 1 injured at 
Walmer. 

On the 25th April, 1916, there was 
an attack by a German battle cruiser 
squadron and a Zeppelin raid, all 
apparently parts of a concentrated 
German plan. The squadron was 
engaged by British light cruisers and 
destroyers, and made a speedy 
retreat ; no casualties, except that 
4 persons were killed on shore and 
12 injured. 

On the 26th November, 1916, the 
Germans made a naval raid, and one 
armed trawler was sunk. 

On the 26th July, 1918, a German 
submarine operating off here looted 
and sank two smacks and took the 
crews on board. They were placed 



132 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



forward of the conning tower, which 
was then shut down and the boat 
submerged, with the fishermen on her 
deck, drowning — Thomas Croucher, 
Frederic Simons, Thomas Claxton, 
and Frank Pieters, a Belgian. These 
four were sucked down. The Ger- 
mans took away the men's lifebelts 
and smashed the boats of the smacks. 
"LOYAL," HM.S. 

A torpedo-boat destroyer of the 
"L" class, completed 1913-14, 
having a displacement of 965 tons 
and a speed of 29 knots. 

Accompanied by the " Un- 
daunted," " Legion," " Lance," and 
*' Lennox," she engaged ofl the 
Dutch coast on the 17th October, 
1914, four German destroyers, all of 
which were sunk. 

The damage to the British vessels 
was slight, and only 1 officer and 4 
men were injured. 
LUBLIN. 

A province in Russian Poland. 
Covered with forests. Mainly a 
thickly populated plain. 

Area, 6,499 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,250,000. 

Capital, Lublin, a city on the 
River Bistritza. Population, 51,240. 

On the 31st July, 1915, it was 
evacuated by the Russians, and 
occupied by the Austrians. 
LUDENDORFF, GeneraL 

The real German war leader — 
Hindenburg being more or less a 
figurehead. 

In the counter-offensive on the 
18th July, 1918, the French captured 
the following order issued and signed 
by him : " The enemy must in no 
circumstances be permitted to bury 
his dead or recover his wounded in 
front of our lines, not even under the 
Red Cross flag. If the enemy should 
attempt this, a warning shot will be 
fired to make him desist. If this has 
no effect, the enemy will be thoroughly 
engaged at once." 

On the 28th October, 1918, it was 
reported that he had resigned. 
LUDWIGSHAFEN. 

An industrial town of Bavaria, on 
the River Rhine. Has factories and 
foundries. 



Population, 64,000. 

On the 27th May, 1915, French 
airmen bombed a chemical factory* 
here, where poisonous gases for the . 
German front were manufactured. 
LUINGHE. 

Four miles east of Tourcoing. 

It was captured on the 19th 
October, 1918, by the Second British 
Army. 
LUISINGEN, General von. 

Commander of Berlin area. 

On the 8th November, 1918, he 
declared that the formation of 
Soldiers* Councils and Workmen's 
Councils was illegal. 
LUKE, Driver F. 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
"LULEA." 

A German steamer, with a cargo 
of 3,000 tons of metal torpedoed by 
British submarine E 19 in the Baltic 
on the 10th October, 1915. 

LUMSDEN, Major Frederick 
William, D.S.O. 

R.M.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
LUNEVILLE. 

An industrial town, in Department 
Meurthe-et-Mosselle, France. 

Manufactures, hosiery, watch- 
glasses, porcelain, and motor-cars. 
Has salt works in provinces. 

Has a population of 25,160. 

On the -^3rd .August, 1914, the 
French were checked in Alsace, and 
fell back upon Nancy and Belfort, 
the Germans entering France and 
occupying Luneville. 
"LURCHER." 

A German destroyer. 

She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 
"LUSITANIA." 

A Cunard liner, built in the year 
1907, having a speed of 25 knots. 

On the 1st May the German 
Embassy at Washington issued a 
warning in the newspapers to in- 
tending passengers in her. 

On the 7th May. 1915, she was 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



133 



torpedoed by a German submarine 
off the Old Head of Kinsale, nearly 
1,500 lives being lost, including over 
100 Americans. 

Probably the foulest act of civilised 
times. 

On the 1 0th May, 1 91 5, a telegram 
was sent to Washington by the Ger- 
man Government placing the blame 
for the sinking of her on the British 
Government, " which, through its 
plan of starving the civilian popula- 
tion, has forced Germany to adopt 
retaliatory measures." 

On the 10th May, 1915. Mr. 
Churchill stated in the House of 
Commons that the Admiralty sent 
a warning to her and directions for 
her course. It was denied that the 
liner v/as armed. 

At the inquest held on the victims 
on the 10th May, 1915, the jury 
returned a verdict of " Wilful -and 
wholesale murder " against the Ger- 
man submarine officers, the German 
Emperor, and the German Govern- 
ment. 

President Wilson made a public 
declaration, stating : *' There is such 
a thing as a man being too proud to 
fight, such a thing as a nation being 
so right that it does not need to con- 
vince others that she is right." 

On the 15th May, 1915, the U.S. 
Governmenc sent a Note to Germany 
dealing with the method of German 
submarines and the sinking of the 
" Lusitania." In strongly expressed 
terms it warned Germany against 
the recurrence of such outrages. 

On the 31st May, 1915, the reply 
of the German Government to the 
American Note gave great dissatis- 
faction in the States by its evasive and 
unsatisfactory tone, being character- 
ised by the American Press as " in- 
sulting to the United States and 
unworthy of a civilised Power." 

On the 17th July, 1915, Lord 
Mersey delivered the report of the 
Court of Inquiry into the loss of 
the " Lusitania," which was found 
to be due to a German submarine. 
LUTSK. 

A town near Vladimer, in Vol- 
hynia, Russia. An industrial and 
commercial town. 



It has a population of 15,480. 

On the 5th June, 1916, the 
Russians entered here, taking 58 
officers and 11,000 men. 
•'LUTZOW." 

A German battle cruiser. 

She was sunk by gunfire from the 
British Fleet in the Battle of Jutland 
on the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 
LUXBURG, Count. 

German Charge d' Affaires in 
Argentina. 

From a telegram from him pub- 
lished in the " Daily Mail ": ** As 
regards Argentine steamers, I 
recommend either compelling them 
to turn back or sinking them without 
leaving any trace." 

On the 12th September, 1917, he 
was handed his passports. 
LUXEMBURG. 

An independent European State, 
adjoining Belgium, and bounded by 
South France east and north, and 
having an area of 998 square miles. 

It contains considerable mineral 
wealth. 

Has a population of 240,600. 

Was invaded by Germany on 
the 1st August, 1914. 
LUXEMBURG, Grand Duchess of. 

On the 5th October, 1914. the 
Grand Duchess was deported to and 
interned in a castle near Nuremberg 
LUXEMBURG, ROSA. 

Known as Red Rosa, a Socialist 
Comrade of Karl Leibknecht — she 
was killed at the same time. 
LVOFF, Prince George. 

Was elected Premier of the new 
Russian Government on the 14th 
March, 1917. 

On the 22ndjuly, 1 91 7, he resigned, 
and was succeeded by M. Kerensky, 
who retained the Portfolio of War 
and Marine. 
LYALL, Lieut. G. T. 

102nd Battalion, 2nd Central On- 
tario Regiment. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
LYANTEY, GeneraL 

French Minister of War. 

He resigned in the French Cabinet 
crisis on the 14th March, 1917. 



134 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



"LYNDIANE." 

A French steamer. 

On the 18th July, 1918, she was 
torpedoed by the Germans off the 
Spanish coast at 9.45 p.m. There 
were 46 persons on board, one of 
them a woman. They took to two 
boats and a raft, and got clear of the 
ship. The submarine came to the 
surface and rammed both the boats 
in succession. The prow caught the 
woman, threw her into the air, and 
killed her. Then the submarine 
charged the raft, which was sustained 
by steel cylinders, but failed to smash 
and sink it. It charged a second 
time, when one of the men on the raft 
leapt overboard, and the survivors 
saw the submarine deliberately run 
over him and cut him to pieces with 
the propellers. Six times the sub- 
marine charged the raft, and at the 
sixth succeeded. Of the 46 persons 
from the " Lyndiane," only 8 were 
left alive, clinging to pieces of 
wreckage. 
LYNN, Private J. 

Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
"LYNX," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer of the " K " 
class, completed 1912-13, having a 
displacement of 928-935 tons and a 
speed of 27-31 knots. 

She was sunk by a mine in the 
North Sea on the 9th August, 1915 ; 
4 officers and 22 men were saved. 
LYS. 

A river of Belgium and France, a 
tributary of the River Scheldt. 

The enemy concentrated in great 
force for a "final" assault on the 
line bewcen Ypres and here on the 
4th November, 1914. 
LYTTON, Earl of. 

Aged 43. 

Civil Lord of the Admiralty. 
L19. 

On the 4th February, 1916, the 
German Admiralty admitted the loss 
in the North Sea of this Zeppelin. 
L20. 

k:ii 0"* of the Zeppelin raiders on the 

l^f coast on the 2nd May, 1916. She 

was discovered on the 3rd May, 1916, 



crippled off the Norwegian coast, and 
subsequently sank. 
L22. 

A German Zeppelin. 

On the 14th May, 1917, it was 
destroyed in the North Sea. 
L 43. 

A German Zeppelin. 

On the 14th June, 1917, it was 
brought down in the North Sea. 
L77. 

A German Zeppelin. 

On the 21st February, 1916, she 
was brought down in flames by 
French gunners near Brabant-le- 
Roi. 
MACASSEY, Sir Synden, K.C. 

Called to the Bar. 1899. 

Did valuable work in war-time, 
and was appointed in January, 1917, 
Director of Shipyard Labour. 

Created in August, 1917, a K.B.E. 
MACDONALD, J. Ramsay,ex-M.P. 

Aged 53. 

Chairman of the Independent 
Labour Party from 1906 to 1909. 

Secretary of the Labour Partyfrom 
1906 to 1911. 

Leader of the Labour Party in 
1911. 

Appointed a member of Royal 
Commission on Indian Civil Service 
in 1912. 
^^ On the 7th August, 1914, the 

Leicester Pioneer " published as 
a statement from him the following : 

We shall find that the only reason 
from beginning to end of it (the war) 
is that our Foreign Office is anti- 
German, and that the Admiralty was 
anxious to seize any opportunity of 
using the Navy in battle practice." 

In "Forward" of the 17th 
February, 1916, he is reported to 
have stated : " We could not afford, 
either from the point of view of 
honour or of interest, to see Germany 
occupy Belgium." 

Visited Paris in July, 1917. 

On the 10th August, 1917, he 
referred to the Germans as " our 
German friends." 

In denouncing publication of deeds 
of " our German friends " in the 
"Socialist Review" of April, 1918, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



135 



he stated : " The man who rakes in 
the garbage-heap of atrocities I hold 
in almost as great detestation as I do 
the criminals who perpetrate the 
deeds." 

Lost his seat in the Victory 
Election. 

MAGDOWELL, Captain Thain 
Wendell, D.S.O. 

Canadian Infantry Battalion. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MACEDONIA. 

Up to 1913 it was an ancient 
region of Turkey, and at one time a 
powerful empire ; but after the 
Balkan War of 1912-13 it was divided 
between Greece, Bulgaria, and 
Serbia. 

On the 24th November. 1915. the 
Entente addressed a Note to Greece 
requesting security for the Allied 
troops here. 

On the 9th December, 1915. the 
Allies made a tactical retreat, losing 
8 guns and suffering 1.500 casualties. 
MAGFADYEN, Second-Lieut. Den- 
nis, M.G. 

Tanks Corps. 

Lost his life in the war. 
MACHINE GUN CORPS. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of 
the victory he wrote : ** The great 
value of the machine gun in the 
attack, when handled with energy 
and decision, has been proved again 
and again. The consistent failure 
of the enemy's frequent counter- 
attacks has been due in no small 
degree to the Allies' skilful use of 
these weapons." 

MACKENSEN, Field - Marshal 
August von. 

Aged 70. 

A famous German General. 

Entered the Army in 1870. 

Served in the Franco-Prussian 
War. 

Worked for 14 years as a Staff 
Officer. 

Was responsible for the conduct 
of the campaign against the Russians 
in 1915. 

On the 30th September, 1915, 
with 200,000 men and 2.000 guns, 



he was engaged on the Serbian 
frontier. 

Opened a new offensive in Rou- 
mania on the 10th August. 1917. 
MACKENZIE, Lieut. H., D.C.M. 
Late Canadian Machine Gun 
Corps. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
MACKENZIE, Cameron. 

War correspondent for the " Daily 
Chronicle." 
MACKENZIE, Compton. 
Aged 36. 

Went as a war correspondent in 
1915. 
MACKENZIE, Private J. 

Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
MACKINTOSH, Captain H. M. 

Argylland Sutherland Highlanders, 
Cambridge Blue. 
Lost his life in the war. 
MACKINTOSH, Lieut. Donald. 
Late Seaforth Highlanders. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war, 
MACLAY, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph G., 
Bart. 
Aged 62. 

A great shipo-vner. 
Created a Baronet in 1914. 
Shipping Controller in Decem- 
ber. 1916. 
MACLEAN, Rt. Hon. Sir Donald, 
M.P. 
Aged 55. 

Deputy-Chairman of Committees. 
President over London Appeal 
Tribunal. 

Knight Commander of the British 
Empire. August, 1917. 

MACNAMARA, Rt. Hon. T. J., 
P.C., M.P. 

Aged 58. 

Was first a teacher in an elementary 
school. 

Under Secretary to Local Govern- 
ment Board. 

Secretary to the Admiralty. 
MACREADY, Major-General Sir 
Cecil F. N. K., C.B.. 
G.C.M.G. 
Aged 57. 



136 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Adjutant-General of the British 
Expeditionary Force. 

Has served in Egypt and South 
Africa. 
MAGTIER, Private R. (6939). 

Late 23rd Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
MADRAS. 

A large division of the South 
Peninsula, British India. 

Area, 141,726 square miles. Has 
a population of 518,660. 

Is the third city of India. It has 
great commerce, poor harbour, and 
a university. 

It was shelled by the German 
cruiser "Emden" on the 22nd 
September, 1914. 
'♦MAGDEBURG." 

A German light cruiser of the 
" D " type, launched in 191 1, having 
a tonnage of 4,480. 

She was sunk by the Russian Fleet 
in the Gulf of Finland on the 27th 
August, 1914. 
MAGDHABA. 

On the 23rd December, 1916, the 
strong Turkish position here, near 
the Syrian border, was attacked by 
British cavalry ; 1,130 prisoners and 
7 guns were captured. 
MAGGIORO. 

On the 25th October, 1918, this 
island, on the Piave, was captured by 
the Italians. 
MAHENGE. 

In the East African highlands. 
On the 1 1th October, 1916, it was 
reported that the Belgian troops had 
taken it. 
MAINZ, or MAYENGE. 

A town on the River Rhine, Hesse 
Darmstadt, Germany. 

Has a fort (garrison 8,000), many 
manufactories, and large trade. 
Population, 110,634. 
The factories and railway junctions 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on three occasions. 
♦' MAINZ." 

A German light cruiser of the 
" D " type, launched in 1909, having 
a tonnage of 4,280. 



She was sunk by the British Fleet 
off Heligoland on the 28th August, 
1914 — for details, see " Arethusa." 
MAIZIERES. 
Germany. 

The British airmen bombed the 
factories and railways here on two 
occasions. 
"MAJfeSTIC," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in 1895.' 
She has a displacement of 14,900 
tons and a speed of 16 knots. 

She was torpedoed off Gallipoli by 

a German submarine on the 27th 

May, 1915. 

"MALAYA," H.M.S. 

A British battleship, completed in 
1916, having a displacement of 
27,500 tons and a speed of 25 knots. 
She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st Mav, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 
MALCOLM, Lieut. 

On the 11th September, 1917, he 
was acquitted of the charge of the 
murder of Anton Baumberg, other- 
wise Count de Borch, at a boarding- 
house, Hyde Park, on the 14th 
August, 1914. 
MALINES, or MECHLIN. 

A city in Belgium in the Province 
of Antwerp. * 

Its chief industries are cabinet- 
making, carpentry, chair-making, 
etc. 

It has a population of 69,400. 
On the 27th August, 1914. the 
Germans recaptured it, bombard- 
ing the cathedral. 

It was bombarded for the fourth 
time on the 26th September, 1914, 
the cathedral being destroyed. 
MALING, Temporary-Lieut. G. A. 
R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. 
the war. 

Malinoff, m. 

The Bulgarian Premier, appointed 
in June. 1918, after the fall of M. 
Radoslavoff. 

On the 27th September, 1918, 

Bulgaria asked for armistice to discuss 

peace. 

MALISSISE FARM. 

On the 19th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the British. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



137 



MALLESON, Midshipman W. St. 
A. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MALMAISON. 

See under Aisne. 
"MALOJA." 

The largest P. & 0. liner, built in 
the year 1911, having a tonnage of 
12,431 and a speed of 18^ knots. 

She was sunk off Dover on the 27th 
February, 1916; 155 lives were lost. 
MAMETZ WOOD. 

On the 12th July, 1916, the British 
reoccupied the whole of it. 
♦♦MANCHESTER COMMERCE." 

A British merchant ship. 

She struck a German mine and 
foundered off the coast of Ireland on 
the 27th October, 1914. 
MANGIN, General. 

He took possession of Laon on the 
13th October. 1918. 
MANILA. 

The capital of Luzon, Philippine 
Isles. Flourishing seaport, walled 
(Fort Santiago contains " Black Hole 
of Manila" dungeons). Fine cathe- 
dral and many important buildings. 
Great trade. 

Population, 1,250,000 (one-fifth 
Chinese). 

On the 3rd February, 1917, crews 
of German ships here wrecked their 
engine-rooms. 
♦♦ MANITON." 

A British transport. 

On the 17th April. 1915. the 
Admiralty announced the sinking of 
her in the Aegean Sea by a Turkish 
destroyer; ^51 of the troops were 
drowned. 
MANNHEIM. 

A town on the River Rhine, Baden, 
Germany. 

It has extensive trade and manu- 
factories and a grand-ducal castle. 

Population, 194.400. 

The chemical and aeroplane 
factories, stations, and docks here 
were bombed by British airmen on 
twenty-nine occasions 
MANOEL, Ex-King. 

Succeeded his father, King Carlos 
of Portugal, in 1 908, but was deposed 



in October, 1910, on Republic being 
proclaimed. 

Lives chiefly in England. 

Took a special interest in crippled 
soldiers in Great Britain. 

"MAORI," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 
She was sunk by a mine in the 
North Sea on the 7th May, 1915. 

♦•MARIA." 

A German auxiliary cruiser, of 
Flensberg. 

On the 5th November, 1917, the 
British forces operating in the Catte- 
gat, the waters between the north- 
east of Denmark and Sweden, de- 
stroyed her. She carried a crew of 
81. The British are reported to have 
rescued some 30 men. 

MARCOING. 

A village five miles from Cambrai. 
It was captured by British troops 
on the 27th September, 1918. 

MARCONI, Senator Guglielmo, 
Hon. 

Aged 54. 

An Italian, born in Bologna. 

Is a Senator of Italy. 

Developed wireless telegraphy in 
1902. 

Did much to assist his country 
during the war. 

MARFAUX. 

On the 21st July, 1918, the British 
attacking west of Rheims took it, but 
were forced back from it. 

On the 23rd July, 1918, the British 
regained it. 
MARGATE. 

A borough and seaside residence, 
on the coast of Kent, England, west 
of the North Foreland, in the Isle of 
Thanet. 

Residential population, 27,086. 

On the 9th February, 1916, two 
German seaplanes flew over here and 
Broadstairs, and dropped some 
bombs, 2 women and 1 child being 
injured. 

On the 23rd October, 1916, two 
enemy aeroplanes dropped bombs 
here and at Sheerness, the second 
being brought down by an aeroplane 
in the NoTth Sea. 



138 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



It and Broadstairs were bombarded 
on the 25th February, 1917. There 
were 2 deaths, but no material 
damage. 

On the 18th March. 1917, several 
German destroyers steamed unmo- 
lested to Margate and fired nine shells 
on the town. A British destroyer 
was encountered by the enemy, and 
was torpedoed. 

On the 12th August. 1917, 20 
German aeroplanes appeared off 
Felixstowe. They then turned south 
and attacked Southend and Margate, 
killing 32 and injuring 43 persons at 
Southend. One German machine is 
reported to have been lost. 

On the 22nd August. 1917, 10 
German aeroplanes raided Margate, 
Ramsgate, and Dover, causing 24 
casualties, and bombing a hospital. 
^British claim three machines de- 
stroyed ; Germans admit only one 
lost. 
••MARIE." 

A German auxiliary cruiser. 

On the 2nd November, 1917, a 
British light cruiser sunk her and ten 
armed patrol vessels in the Cattegat. 
•♦MARINA." 

A Donaldson liner. 

On the 28th October, 1916, she 
was sunk by the Germans without 
warning. Among those lost were 
several Americans. 
MARINER, Private W. 

King's Royal Rifle Corps. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
"MARIOTTE." 

A French submarine. 

On the 27th July, 1915, she was 
reported to have been sunk by the 
Turks in the Dardanelles. 
♦* MARKOMANNIA." 

A German armed vessel. 

She was sunk by gunfire on the 
15th October, 1914. 
••MARMORA." 

An armed mercantile cruiser. 

On the 23rd July, 1918. she was 
torpedoed; 100 killed. 
MARNE. 

A department of North - East 
France, in the old province of 
Champagne. 



Area, 3,168 square miles. 

Wine growing of the highest 
quality and agriculture are the staple 
industries, and textile factories 
flourish round Reims. 

Population, 433,500. 

The River Marne flows, 210 miles, 
to the Seine above Paris. 

The British army crossed here on 
the 9th September, 1914, and the 
Germans retreated about 25 miles. 

The German army was in rapid 
retreat, and was driven across, with 
great loss, on the 10th September, 
1914. 
••MARQUETTE." 

A British transport. 

On the 26th October, 1915, the 
torpedoing of her in the Aegean Sea 
was announced. 
MARSEILLES. 

A city and seaport of France, on 
the Mediterranean. 

Has extensive exports, wine, silk, 
woollens, cotton, fruit, etc. 

Has flourishing industries, capa- 
cious docks, fine new Byzantine 
cathedral. 

Population, 500.000. 

The first contingent of Indian 
troops arrived here on the 25th 
September, 1914. 

The Indian troops received a great 
greeting here on the 1st October, 
1914. 

MARSHALL, Sir Horace Brooks. 

London's peace-year Lord Mayor, 
There was a great and historic show 
on the 9th November, 1918. Great 
naval, military, and air pageant. 

MARSHALL, Lieut. (Acting Lt.- 
Col.), J. N., M.C. 
Late Irish Guards, attached 16th 
Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war, 

MARTIN, Lieut. C. G. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C, in the war. 

MARY. Queen. 

Born at Kensington Palace on the 
26th May, 1867. 

Was christened Victoria Mary 
Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Clau- 
dine Agnes. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



139 



Spent most of her childhood at 
White Lodge, Richmond. 

Became engaged in 1892 to H.R.H. 
the Duke of Clarence, who died the 
same year. 

Married the then Duke of York in 
1893. 

Her Majesty never slackened her 
practical philanthropy after the war 
began, and her sympathy has been 
shown on innumerable occasions. 
♦♦MARY ROSE," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

On the 17th October, 1917, she and 
the " Strongbow," another British 
destroyer, together with nine Scandi- 
navian merchant vessels, were sunk 
by two powerful German cruisers off 
the Shetlands; 135 British killed. 
MASEFIELD, John. 

A dramatist and novelist. 

Was very busy in hospital work 
abroad. 
MASSACRE OF PRISONERS. 

In the " Daily Chronicle " of the 
5th March, 1917, it was reported that 
by a statement made by M. Krivtsoff, 
member of the Russian Senate, 
President of the Extraordinary Com- 
mission of Inquiry on German 
Atrocities, on the 14th October, 
1916, 60 Russian non-commissioned 
officers at Mannheim refused to 
carry out military works for the 
Germans when ordered. A detach- 
ment of German troops was then 
directed to beat the Russians with 
the butt ends of their rifles. This was 
done until the 60 men had become an 
almost compact mass of bloody flesh, 
on which the German officer walked. 

In a letter captured from a German 
in the 13th Army Corps in the Battle 
of the Somme : " We have orders to 
take no prisoners, but to dispatch 
them all with the bayonet. That 
would not be so bad, but they always 
get prisoners from us, too, and what 
would they do with them ? " 

MASSEY, Rt. Hon. W. P., P.C, 
LL.D. 

Aged 53. 

Prime Minister of New Zealand. 
Attended the Paris Peace Confer- 
ence January to April, 1919. 



MASSEY, W. T. 

He sent picturesque stories of 
warfare from Egypt, and his book 

The Desert Campaign " is an 
excellent permanent record of his 
experiences. 
MASTERMAN, Rt. Hon. C. P. G. 

Aged 46. 

Parliamentary Secretary of the 
Local Government Board, 1908-9. 

Under Secretary for the Home 
Department, 1909-12. 

Financial Secretary to the Treasury, 
1912-14. 

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster, 1914. 

On the 1st February, 1915, he 
resigned the Chancellorship of the 
Duchy of Lancaster, and was suc- 
ceeded by Mr. E. S. Montagu. 

He was on special work for the 
Government in the war. 
MASTERS, Private R. G. 
(M2-048544). 

Army Service Corps (Southport). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MASURIAN LAKES. 

Onthe 11th October, 1914. fighting 
was briskly kept up on the East 
Prussian frontier, the Germans being 
driven back to these lakes, 
MAUBEUGE. 

A fortified town in Aresnes, Nord 
Department, France. Has glass 
works. 

Has a population of 23,471. 

On the 31st August, 1914, the 
Germans made desperate but un- 
successful efforts to drive the British 
into here. 
MAUDE, Lieut. - General Sir 
Frederick Stanley, K.C.B., 
G.M.G., D.S.O. 

Aged 55. 

Son of the late General Sir F. 
Maude, G.C.B. 

He entered the Army in 1884. 

Served in Soudan and South 
Africa. 

Was Military Secretary to the 
Governor-General of Canada. 

Private Secretary to the Secretary 
of State for War. 

Commander - in - Chief of the 
Forces in Mesopotamia. 



140 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 15th February, 1917, he 
cleared the Turks out of the Dalvia 
bend, and captured nearly 2,000 
prisoners. 

On the 14th March, 1917, he 
reached Bakaba. 

On the 18th April. 1917. he 
annihilated the 18th Turkish Army 
Corps, covering Istabulat station, 
taking 1,217 prisoners. 

On the 1st May, 1917, he defeated 
a Turkish force in the Jebel Hambrin, 
capturing 359 prisoners. 

On the 18th November, 1917, he 
died in Mesopotamia. 
MAUFE, Second -Lieut. Thomas 
riarold Broadbent. 

R.G.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
MAX, of Baden, Prince. 

Aged 53. 

Related to the Kaiser through his 
wife. 

Appointed German Chancellor on 
the 3rd October, 1918. 

On the 5th October, 1918, he made 
an appeal toPresident Wilson, through 
Switzerland, to open negotiations for 

On' the 15th October, 1918, the 
German Socialists decided that he 
should continue as Chancellor, and 
it was reported that the Civil parties 
and Conservatives were against 
change. 

On the 9th November, 1918, it was 
reported that the Kaiser had asked 
Prince Max to continue in office. 
MAX, Burgomaster. 

One of the popular heroes of the 
war. 

On the 17th November, 1918, he 
returned to Brussels, after four years' 
captivity in a German prison. 

MAXWELL, Lieut. -General Sir 
John Grenfell, K.G.B., 
G.G.M., G.G.V.O. 

Aged 60. 

Served in the Egyptian campaigns. 

Was Military Governor of Pretoria. 

Chief Staff Officer of the Third 
Army Corps. 

On the outbreak of war took rapid 
and efficient means to repulse 
Turkish onslaughts. 



Appointed G.C.M.G. in June, 
1915. 

Returned lo England in April,1916, 

Created K.C.M.G. 

Appointed Commander-in-Chief , 
of the Forces in Ireland after the i 
Dublin trouble in April, 1916, and j 
v/as sent over with plenary cowers on ! 
the 27th April, 1916. * j 

MAXWELL, Lieut. J., M.C., D.C.M. ^ 

18th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

MAY, Private H. 

Scottish Rifles. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

MAYSON, Corporal (Lance-Sergt.) 
Tom Fletcher (200717). 

Royal Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MAZINGHEIM. 

A village north-east of the BohaJn. 
Sir Douglas Haig reported thgr 
capture of it on the 18th October, 
1918. 
McADOO, William G. 

Secretary of the Treasury of th«r 
U.S.A. ^ 

McAULAY, Sergeant John, D.C.M. 
(10053). , 

Scots Guards (Stirling). Gainea 
the V.C. in the war. 
McBEATH, L.- Corporal Robert 
(240171). 
Seaforth Highlanders (Kinloch- 
bervie Lairg, Sutherland). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

MCCARTHY, Lieut. L. D. 

16th Battalion, Australian Imperial ' 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

McGUDDEN, Major, V.C, D.S.O. 
(and Bar), M.C. (and Bar), 
M.M., Croix de Guerre. 

Famous airman. 

Lost his life in the war 

McDOUGALL, Sergeant Stanley 
Robert (4061). 
Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

McFADZEAN, Private W. F. 

Late Royal Irish Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



McGEE, Sergeant Lewis (456). 

Late Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

McGregor, Temporary- Captam 
J., M.C., D.C.M. 

2nd C.M.R. Battalion. 1st Central 
Ontario Rifles. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

McGregor, Lieut. D. s. 

Late 6th Battalion, Royal Scots 
(T.F.), and 29th Battalion, Machine 
Gun Corps. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

McGUFFRIE, Acting- Sergeant L. 
(240693). 

Late l/5th Battalion, King's Own 
Scottish Borderers (T.F.) (Wigtown). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

McINTOSH, Private George 
(265579).. 
Gordon Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

McKEAN, Lieut. G. B. 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
McKENNA, Rt. Hon. Reginald, 
' P.O. 

Aged 56. 

Financial Secretary to the Treasury 
in 1905. 

President of the Board of Education 
in 1907. 

First Lord of the Admiralty in 
1908. 

Home Secretary in 1911. 

Chancellor of the Exchequer from 
May, 1915, to December, 1916. 

McKENZIE, Able -Seaman Albert 
Edward. 
O.N. (J31736 Ch.). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

McLAREN, Second-Lieut. Hon. 
! F. S. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war on the 30th 
August, 1917. 

McLEOD, Second-Lieut. A. A. 

Royal Air Force. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 



141 

Sir 



McMAHON, Lieut. -Colonel 
Arthur H. 

On the 17th December, 1914, the 
Turkish suzerainty over Egypt ended 
by the proclamation of a British 
Protectorate. He was appointed 
High Commissioner. 

McNAIR, Temporary-Lieut. E. A. 

Royal Sussex Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

McNALLY, Sergeant W., M.M. 
(13820). 
8th (S) Battalion, Yorkshire Regi- 
ment (Murton Colliery Co., 
Durham). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

McNAMARA, Lieut. Frank Hubert. 

Australian Forces, R.F.C. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

McNESS, Lance- Sergeant Fred 
(13301). 

Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

McPHIE, Corporal James (42204). 

Late 416th (Edinburgh) Field 
Company, Royal Engineers (T.F.) 
(Edinburgh). Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

McREADY-DIARMID, Tempor- 
ary - Lieut. (Acting - Gap- 
tain) A. M. Cluny. 

Formerly Arthur Malcolm Mc- 

Ready- Drew- 
Late Middlesex Regiment. Gained 

the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

MEATH, Earl of. 

Aged 78. ^ 

Formerly in the diplomatic service. 

Lost a son in the war. 

MEATH. 

A maritime county, Leinster pro- 
vince, Ireland. 

Area, 906 square miles, mainly 
pastoral land. Population, 64,920 
(much declined). 

County town, Trim. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners' rebellion in April, 1916, it 
became necessary to move columns 
of troops here — see under" Dublin." 



142 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



MECCA, or MEKKA. 

Holy city of Arabia, 65 miles east 
of Jeddah. 

Centre of Islamism and birthplace 
of Mahomet; annually visited by 
many thousands of pilgrims. 

Residential population, about 
45,000. 

It was captured on the 21 st June, 
1916, by the Great Sherif of Mecca, 
and declared independent of Turkey. 

"MECHANICIAN." 

A British armed steamer. 
On the 20th January, 1918, she was 
torpedoed and sunk. 

MECHLIN. See Malines. 

MECKLENBURG-SCHWERIN, 
Grand Duke of. 

In January, 1917, he stated : " We 
care nothing for treaties." 

** MEDUSA," HJVI.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by a collision off the 
German coast on the 25th March, 
1916. 

MEDWAY ESTUARY. 

On the 5th June, 1917, there was 
a daylight air raid on naval establish- 
ments here and adjoining districts 
of Kent and Essex; 12 were killed 
and 36 injured. Eight enemy 
machines were brought down. 

MEEKOSHA, Corporal Samuel W. 

Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

MEIKLE, Sergeant John, M.M. 
(200854). 
Late Seaforth Highlanders (Nits- 
hill). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

♦•MEJIDIEH." 

A Turkish battleship. 
She was mined on the 3rd April, 
1915. Salved by Russians. 
MELLISH, Rev. E. N. 

Temporary Chaplain. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

MELVIN, Private Charles (871 ). 
Royal Highlanders (Kirriemuir). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 



MENIN. _ 

A fortified town on the River Lys 
West Flanders, Belgium. 

Has a population of about 11,700. 

Does a flourishing tobacco trade. 

On the 20th September, 1917. 
Sir Douglas Haig attacked near here; 
3,000 prisoners were taken. 

On the 15th October, 1918, British 
troops in the new attack in Flanders 
were on the outskirts of Menin and 
within two miles of Courtrai. 

On the 16th October, 1918, British 
troops captured it. 
♦•MERCIAN." 

A British transport. 

On the 10th November, 1915, the 
War Office announced that she had 
reached harbour after being attacked 
in the Mediterranean by a submarine, 
25 being killed, 50 wounded, and 30 
missing. 
MERCIER, Cardinal. 

Archbishop of Malines. 

On the 3rd January, 1915, he was 
arrested on account of his pastoral 
letter condemning the conduct of 
the German army in Belgium, which 
had incurred the displeasure of the 
authorities. 
MERCKEM. 

On the 1st September, 1918, the 
Germans succeeded in penetrating 
one of the Belgian posts in the 
Merckem-Langemark region, which 
the Belgians recaptured, taking some 
prisoners. 
MERRIFIELD, Sergeant W. (8000). 

4th Battalion, Central Ontario 

Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 

MERSEY, Viscount. 

Aged 79. 

Formerly Sir John Bigham. 

Was a K C, having a large com- 
mercial practice. 

Appointed a Judge of the King's 
Bench Division in 1897, which he 
relinquished on being appointed 
President of the Probate, Divorce, 
and Admiralty Division in 1909, and I 
was raised to the Peerage in 1910. j 

Presided over the inquiry into the 

Lusitania " and " Falaba " war 
outrages in 1915. 

Received Viscountcy in 1916. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



143 



MERZIG. 

A town on the River Saar, Rhenish 
Prussia, near Treves. 

Population, 5,014. 

The railways here were bombed by 
British airmen. 

MESOPOTAMIA. 

A great plain between the Tigris 
and Euphrates, in Asiatic Turkey, 
700 miles long and 200 miles wide, 
inhabited by nomads. 

On the' 18th April, 1917, the 
British, under General Maude, 
defeated the 18th Turkish Army 
Corps. 

The Commission Report relative 
to it was published on the 27th June, 
1917. 

MESOPOTAMIA DAY. 

Flag Day, arranged in aid of 
Mesopotamia Comforts Fund. 
••MESSADUJEH." 

A Turkish warship. 

On the 13th December, 1914. in 
spite of difficult currents, the British 
submarine B 11 dived under five 
rows of mines in the Dardanelles and 
torpedoed her. 

MESSINA. 

A fortified city seaport of Sicily, 
on Straits of Messina, opposite 
Roggio. 

It has a famous university and 
flourishing silk manufactories. 

Exports fruit, wine, silk, oil, etc. 

Has a population of 147,106. 

The " Goeben " and " Breslau," 
two German ships, were chased to 
Messina on the 5th August, 1914. 
^ They escaped from here on the 7th 
August, 1914. 

MESSINES. 

In West Flanders, 6 miles south of 

Ypres. 

On the 7th June, 1917, the British 

gained a victory in the Ypres salient, 

capturing Messines Ridge and enemy 
j defences on a front of nine miles 

stormed. Over 5,000 prisoners were 
; taken. 
!ji On the 8th June, 1917. the Ger- 

mans made a counter-attack, and 

ii lost a further 1,400 prisoners. 
On the 12th April. 1918. the 



Germans captured it and part of 
Messines Ridge. 

On the 29th September, 1918. it 
was captured by the Second British 
Army. 
••MESSONDICH." 

A Turkish battleship. 

She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 13th December, 1914. 
"METEOR." 

A German mine-layer. 

She was scuttled on the 9th August, 
1915. 

METEREN. 

On the Ypres front. 
The British recaptured it on the 
19th July, 1918. 

METHUEN, Field-Marshal Lord, 
G.C.B., G.C.V.O., C.M.G. 

Aged 74. 

Saw service in the Gold Coast, 
1873. 

Ashanti War, 1874. 

Egypt, 1882. 

Commanded Methuen's Horse in 
Bechuanaland Field Force. 1884-5. 

Commanded First Division, First 
Army Corps, South Africa, 1899 to 
1902. 

General Officer Commanding-in- 
Chief . South Africa. 1 907 to 1 909. 

Created Field-Marshal, 1911. 

Appointed (temporarily) Governor 
of Malta in January, I9I5. 
METZ. 

A fortified town In Lorraine, on 
the River Moselle, captured from 
France by the Germans In 1870. 

It has a cathedral and many fine 
public buildings and statues. 

Population, 58,560, exclusive of 
garrison (22,000). 

The railway triangle and junction 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on ninety-one occasions. 
MEURER, Admiral. 

Chief German naval delegate. 

On the 18th November, 1918, at 
5 a.m., the squadron of German war- 
ships designated for internment were 
due to leave German ports for a 
rendezvous where they were to be 
met by^ the British Fleet, together 
with ships of French and American 
Navies. 



144 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



MEUSE. 

A department of North-East 
France, bordering on the Ardennes 
and Luxemburg. 

It has an area of 2,405 square miles. 

Carries on mining, manufacturing, 
and livestock-rearing. 

It has a population of 283,500. 

Capital, Bar-Ie-Duc. 

It is traversed by the River Meuse, 
which rises in the Langres plateau. 
Haute- Marne, and flows to the North 
Sea, through Belgium and Holland, 
a course of 500 miles. 

Between here and the Moselle on 
the 31st December, 1914, the French 
took over 150 yards of the enemy's 
trenches. 

On the 15th December, 1916, the 

French attacked the Germans on the 

east bank of the Meuse, north of 

Douamont, breaking their front over 

a depth of tv/o miles and taking 1 0,000 

prisoners. 

MEUX, Admiral of the Fleet, the 

Hon. Sir Hedworth, G.C.B., 

K.G.V.O., M.P. 

Aged 63. 

Has had 46 years' service in the 
Navy. 

Served at bombardment of 
Alexandria. 

Commanded Naval Brigade which 
reached Ladysmith.in South African 

Created K.C.B. in 1908. 

Married Viscountess Chelsea in 
1910. Assumed the surname Meux 
in 1911. 

Appointed to Chelsea Command. 
MIGHAELIS, Georg. 

Aged 62. 

Succeeded von Bethmann-Hollweg 
as Imperial Chancellor of Germany 
on the 14th July, 1917. 

On the 19th July, 1917, in the 
Reichstag he declared for a victors' 
peace andthe inviolability of German 
territory, and affirmed " Germany 
will not again offer peace." 

He resigned on the 31st October, 
1917. 
MICHAHELLES, Dr. 

The German Minister at Chris- 
tiania. 

On the 25th June. 1917. he was 



recalled consequent on a bomb plot 
in Norway. 
MIDDLEKERKE. 

On the 16th February, 1915. the 
British made an air raid here, Ostend, 
Ghistelle,and Zeebrugge; 240 bombs 
were dropped by 40 aeroplanes. 
MIDLAND COUNTIES. 

On the 31st January, 1916, there 

was a Zeppelin raid on Suffolk and 

Kent coasts and the Midland 

Counties ; 67 killed and 1 17 injured. 

MILES, Private F. G. (17324). 

l/5th Battalion, Gloucester Regi- 
ment (T.F.) (Coleford, Gloucester- 
shire). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MILFORD HAVEN, Marquis of, 
G.C.B. 
Aged 65. 

Married Princess Alice of Hesse's ] 
daughter in 1884. 

A naturalised British subject. 
Served in the Navy since 1868, 
becoming First Sea Lord. Resigned 
soon after the war. 

His princely title was exchanged 
for a Marquisate in June, 1917. 
MILITARY CROSS. 

On the 31st December, 1914, this 
new decoration for distinguished 
service in the field was instituted by 
the King. 

Up to 28th February, 1919, there 
were granted 35,825 M.C*s., and 
2,560 Bars. 
MILITARY MEDAL. 

On the 5th April, 1916, this medal 

for braverv in the field was instituted. 

Up to 28th February. 1919, there 

were granted 91,733 Military Medals, 

and 8,871 Bars. 

MILITARY SERVICE BILL. 

On the 5th January. 1916, Mr. 
Asquith introduced the Bill into the 
House of Commons. I 

On the 10th February, 1916, it 
came into force. 

On the 25th May, 1916, the Royal 
assent was given to the Act No. 2. 
In a message to the people the King 
expressed appreciation of the mag- 
nificent response madebythecountry, 
5,041.000 having been voluntarily 
enlisted since the beginning of the 
war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



145 



The new Bill raising the age to over 
50 was introduced in the House of 
Commons on the 9th April, 1918. 

It was passed on the 18th April, 
1918. 

MILLER, Private J. 

Late Royal Lancaster Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

MILLS, Lieut, the Hon. G. T. 

Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war on the 6th 
0-tober, 1915. 

MilLS, Private W. (375499). 

_ate Manchester Regiment (Old- 
n). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

NE, Private William Johnstone 

(427586). 
Late Canadian Infantry Battalion, 
lined the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
LNER, Viscount, G.C.B., 

G.C.M.G. 
Aged 65. 

Formerly Governor of Transvaal 
d Orange River Colony and High 
Dmmissioner of South Africa. 
Served three years as Financial 
;cretary in Egypt, and five years as 
hairman of the Board of Inland 
evenue. 

Was chief representative of Great 
ritain both before and during the 
Duth African War. 
Visited England and was raised to 
e Peerage in 1901, and advanced to 
Viscountcy in 1902. 
Appointed Chairman of a Com- 
ittee on Food Supply in War-time 
June, 1915. . ^^. . 

Joined Mr. Lloyd Gtjorge s Minis- 
/ as a member without Portfolio in 
ecember, 1916, and became a 
ember of the War Cabinet. 
On the 5th January, 1917. he con- 
red, with Mr. Lloyd George, at 
)me, with the French and Italian 
Dvernments. _ , d • 

Went on a special mission to Russia 
January, 1917, and on the 29th he 
d other British delegates arrived at 
jtrograd for a conference of the 
'liesp 



Appointed Colonial Secretary after 
the Victory Election. 

•' MINERVA," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in the 
year 1897, having a displacement of 
5,600 tons and a speed of 184 knots. 

On the 3rd November, 1 9~1 4, she 
shelled Akaba, and destroyed the 
forts and barracks. 

"MINNEAPOLIS." 

A liner belonging to the Atlantic 
Transport Company, built in the 
year 1900, having a tonnage of 
13,543 and a speed of 16 knots. 

On the 24th March, 1916, she was 
torpedoed and sunk. 

MIRBACH, Count. 

German Ambassador at Moscow. 
He was assassinated onthe 6th July, 
1918. 

MISKEP. 

Palestine. 

On the 19th September, 1918, it 
was occupied by British troops. 
MITCHELL, Captain Coulson Nor- 
man, M.C. 
4th Battalion, Canadian Engineers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

M(EUVRES. 

On the 5th September. 1918, the 
British official report stated : " We 
have improved our positions^ south 
of here and east of Hermies." 

On the 12th September, 1918, it 
was captured by Lancashire 'troops. 
Lost again on the 19th September, 
and retaken on the 21st September, 
1918. 
MOFFAT, Private Martin. 

2nd Battalion, Leinstcr Regiment 
(Sligo). Gained the V.C. in the war. 

MOGILY. _,^ , 

On the 25th February, 1915, the 
Russians occupied the outwork of 
Mogily, south-west of Bolimow. 

MOLDAVIA." 

A British armed mercantile cruiser. 

On the 23rd May, 1918, she was 
torpedoed and sunk; 56 American 
troops on board were killed by the 
explosion. 

K 



146 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



MOLTKE, Count von. 

The nominal organiser of the 
German war programme. 

On the 5th December, 1914, he 
was succeeded by General von 
Falkenhayn as Chief of the German 
General Staff. 

On the 18th June, 1916, he died. 
'♦MOLTKE." 

A German warship. Laid down 
in March, 1908; completed in 
September, 191 1 . Tonnage, 22,600. 
Together with the " Derfflinger," 
" Seydlitz," and the " Bliicher," she 
was engaged in a running fight with 
H.M. Ships "Lion," "Tiger," 
" Princess Royal," " New Zealand," 
and the " Indomitable " on the 24th 
January, 1915. 

The " Lion " was flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The Bliicher " capsized and sank. 
Of the " Bliicher's" crew of 885, 
125 were saved. 

The British casualties were 14 
killed and 29 wounded. 

On the 18th August, 1915, a great 
Russian naval victory in the Gulf of 
Riga was announced. Two German 
cruisers, eight torpedo-boats, and four 
barges, full of troops, were sunk by 
the Russians, and the " Moltke " was 
torpedoed and sunk by a British 
submarine. 
MOLYNEUX,Sergeant John(1817 ). 
Royal Fusiliers (St. Helens). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MONASTIR, or VITOLIA. 

The capital of Macedonia, Euro- 
pean Turkey, in the Kars Su Valley. 
Has many mosques and military 
quarters. 

It does a great trade in corn, grain, 
flour, hides, and woollen stuffs. 
Has a population of 61,229. 
On the 17th November, 1915, the 
evacuation of it was reported. 

It fell on the 2nd December, 1915, 
to the enemy. 

It v/as captured by the Allies on 
the 18th November. 1916. 

On the 26th March, 1917, the 
French took 2,000 prisoners here. 

On the 17th September, 1918, by 
Allies' successes Monastir was com- 
pletely extricated on its right 



MONCHY. 

On the 26th August, 1918, the 
British attacked on both sides of the 
Scarpe, east of Arras, and took it. 

MOND, Rt. Hon. Sir Alfred, Bart., 
M.P. 

Aged 51. . 

Became a Privy Councillor in June, 
1913. 

Joined Mr. Lloyd George's 
Ministry in 1916 as First Com- 
missioner of Works. 

MONEY, Sir Leo G. Chiozza, ex- 
M.P. 

Aged 49. 

Son of the late J. A. Chiozza; he 
assumed surname of Money in 1903, 
after the late Mrs. Money Chiozza, 
n^e Catherine Money. 

An author. 

Born in Genoa. 

Knighted in June, 1915 - 

Entered the Ministry in December, 
1916, as Parliamentary Secretary to 
the Shipping Controller. 

Lost his seat in the Victory 
Election. 

Sat on the Coal Commission, 
March, 1919. 
"MONGOLIA." 

A P. & O. liner. 

On the 23rd June, 1917. she was 
mined and sunk off Bombay. 
"MONMOUTH," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed in 
1908, having a displacement of 9,800 
tons and a speed of 23^ knots. 

According to the Admiralty's 
report issued on the 4th November, 
1914, she was engaged, with the 

Good Hope " and " Glasgow," off 
the coast of Chili, against the 
" Scharnhorst,""Gneisenau,"" Leip- 
zig," and * Dresden," in stormy 
weather, the action lasting an hour. 

The " Monmouth," on fire, drew 
off, but was again attacked. The 

Good Hope " caught fire, blew up, 
and sank. The " Glasgow " was not 
greatly damaged, and had few casual- 
ties. 

The Austrian cruiser " Kaiserin 
Elizabeth," which was in harbour 
when the siege began, was blown 
up by the Austrians. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



147 



MONROE, General Sir Charles C, 
G.G.M.G., K.G.B. 

Aged 59. 

Entered the Army in 1879. 

Has served in South Africa and 
India. 

On the 18th October, 1915, he was 
appointed to the command of the 
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 
in succession to General Sir Ian 
Hamilton. 

On the 19th December, 1916, he 
and Admiral Wemyss withdrew the 
British Forces from Suvia Bay with 
only three casualties and the loss of 
six guns. 

Commanded the First Army Corps 
in France until he was appointed 
Commander-in-Chief in India in 
August, 1916. 

Promoted to General in June, 1917. 

MONS. 

An industrial provincial town of 
Belgium. 

Has a fine Gothic cathedral and 
town hall, and a population of 28,106. 

The British forces engaged here 
with the Germans, and held the place, 
on the 23rd August, 1914. 

It was afterwards taken by the 
Germans, but was recaptured by 
the British on the 11th November, 
1918, a few hours only before the 
armistice was signed. It was a 
dramatic coincidence that the British 
active participation in the war both 
began and ended at Mons I 

MONT REFAGNE. 

On the 5th October, 1918, the 
stiff slopes here were carried by 
storm by American troops. 

MONT SOLARDO. 

On the 25th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Italian army had 
captured it. 

MONTAGU, Rt. Hon. E. S., M.P. 

Aged 40. 

Financial Secretary to the Treasury 
from February, 1914, to February, 
1915. 

Entered the Cabinet in February, 
1915, but left it for his former post 
in the Treasury in May, 1915. 

Returned to the Cabinet in January, 



1916, as Chancellor of the Duchy of 
Lancaster. 

Became Minister of Munitions on 
the 9th July, 1916, but retired on the 
resignation of the Ministry in Decem- 
ber. 1916. 

Appointed Secretary for India on 
the 16th July, 1917, succeeding Mr. 
A. Chamberlain, and visiting India. 
MONTDIDIER. 

An important railway junction in 
the Department of Somme, 21 miles 
S.E. of Amiens. 

On the 10th August, 1918, it was 
captured and Amiens freed from 
danger by Anglo-French advance. 
MONTENEGRO. 

King Nicholas I., succeeded in 
1860. ^ 

A kingdom declared independent 
in 1878. 

It was formerly under Turkish 
domination. 

Lies between Albania and Herzgo- 
vina, and cut off in great part by 
Dalmatia from the Adriatic. 

Area, 3,630 square miles, mainly 
mountainous. 

Chief industry, cattle-raising. 

Population, about 230,000. 

Capital, Cettinje. 

Chief commercial centre, Podgo- 
vitza. 

On the 7th August, 1914, it de- 
clared war against Austria. 
MONTENEGRO, King Nicholas of. 

Aged 80. 

Prince of Montenegro since 1860, 
assuming the title of King. 

Married Princess Mitena, and has 
three sons and six daughters. 

Began the attack in the Balkan 
War, 

Was compelled to capitulate to 
Austria in January, 1916. 
MONTIGNY. 

On the 12th October, 1918, British 
troops captured it. 
MONT ST. OUENTIN. 

On the 1 st September, 1 91 8, it was 
reported that the enemy counter- 
attacked our new position here, but 
was repulsed on each occasion, leaving 
prisoners. 

The great bastion of Mont St. 
Quentin was taken by single assault, 



148 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



MONT ST. SIMEON. 

On the 1st September, 1918. 
French troops seized it, and made 
progress eastward. 
MOON, Lieut. Rupert Vance. 

Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

MOOR, Second-Lieut. G. R. D. 

Hants Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

MOORE, Second-Lieut. Montague 
Shadworth Seymour. 

Hampshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

MOORSLEDE. 

On the 29th September, 1918, 
Belgian troops captured it. 

MORA HILL. 

On the 18th February, 1916. the 
Cameroons campaign was completed 
with the surrender of it. 
MOREL, E. D. 

Secretary^and part Founder of the 
Union of Democratic Control. 

On the 4th September. 1917, he 
was sentenced at Bow Street to six 
months' imprisonment for inciting 
Miss Ethel Sidgwick to smuggle out 
of England to Switzerland copies of 
pacifist literature, contrary to the 
Defence of the Realm Act. 
MORFALGOME. 

The Italians captured Morfalcome 
onthe9thJune, 1915. 
MORGAN, J. Pierpoint. 

On the 3rd July, 1915, his at- 
tempted murder by a German- 
American at Glen Cove, Long 
Island, was announced. 
MORHAUGE. 

Germany. 

The aerodromes here were bombed 
by British airmen on numerous 
occasions. 
MORISEL. 

On the 4th April, 1918, in the 
German attack before Amiens, they 
captured it. 
MORISON, Thomas B., K.C., M.P. 

Aged 51. 

Called to the Scottish Bar at the 



age of 23, and eight years later to the 
English Bar. 

Appointed Solicitor-General for 
Scotland in 1913, and retained the 
same office on the formation of the 
new Government in December, 1916. 

MORLEY, Viscount, of Blackburn. 

Aged 81. 

Lord President of the Council, 
1910-14. 

Secretary for India, 1908-10, when , 
he resigned. 

Resigned Cabinet office at the 
outbreak of the war. 
MORROV/, Private R. 

Royal Irish Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
MORTIER. 

A village, nine miles N.E. of Liege. 

On the 25th-26th October, 1918, 
this village was captured by the 
French after a violent combat; 167 
prisoners were taken. 

MOSCOW. 

Central Government, Russia. 

Area, 12,858 square miles, watered 
by the Rivers Moskva and Yusma. 
The former capital of the Russian 
Empire. Contains the famous 
Kremlin, with palace of Tsars of 
Muscovy. Contains a university 
and is the chief commercial city of 
Russia. Burned by the inhabitants 
during French occupation, 1812. 
Present population about 1,000,000. 

On the 5th September, 1918, news 
reached London that Bolsheviks had 
made an attack on the British Consu- 
late here. M. Litvinoff was arrested 
in London. 

On the 7th September, 1918, the 
first part of the Russian war indem- 
nity to Germany was sent from here. 
MOSELLE. 

A river, 328 miles long, of France 
and Prussia, a tributary of the River 
Rhine. 

Between here and the Meuse, on 

the 31st December, 1914, the French 

took over 150 yards of the enemy's 

trenches. 

MOTT, Sergeant. E. J. (9887). 

Border Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



149 



MOTT, Lance -Corporal Charles. 

Rising vocalist. 
Lost his life in the war. 
MOTTERSHEAD, Sergt. Thomas 
(1396). 
Late R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
MOULINS-LES-METZ. 
Germany. 

The British airmen bombed the 
railway triangle here. 
MOULTON, Lord, P.C, K.G.B., 
G.B.E., F.R.S. 
Aged 75. 

Great authority on Patent Law. 

Officer of the Legion of Honour. 

Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal 

until August, 1912, v/hen he became 

Lord of Appeal in Ordinary, and 

received a life peerage. 

Appointed Chairman of Medical 
Research Committee in June, 1913. 
Received K.C.B. in June, 1895, for 
special service in the war crisis. 

Appointed G.B.E. in August, 1917. 
MOUNTAIN, Sergeant Albert. 

West Yorkshire Regiment (Leeds). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
"MOUSQUET." 

A French battleship of the " E " 
type, launched in 1903, with a tonnage 
of 309. 

On the 28th of October, 1914. she 
was sunk by the German cruiser 
" Emden." 
MOUTIERS. 

Atowninthe Departmentof Savoie. 
On the 15th September, 1918. the 
French captured the southern part 
of the forest here. 
MOYNEY, Lance- Sergeant John 
(7708). 
Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
MPAPUA. 

In East Africa. 

On the 16th August, 1916, it was 
occupied by British forces. 
MROGORO. 

The seat of the German Govern- 
ment in East Africa. 

On the 26th August, 1916, troops 
under General Smuts entered it. 



M U G F O R D, Lance - Corporal 
Harold (51507). 
Machine Gun Corps (East Ham). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
MULHAUSEN. 

A town in Alsace-Lorraine, Ger- 
many. 

A great cotton industry centre, 
having a population of 98,740. 

The French troops entered here 
and occupied it on the 9th August, 
1914. 
MULLER. 

On the 4th June, 1915, the German 
spies Miiller and Hahn were sen- 
tenced — Miiller to be shot and Hahn 
to seven years* penal servitude. 

On the 23rd July, 1915, Muller 
was- shot at the Tower after an 
ineffectual appeal to the Court of 
Criminal Appeal. 
MULLIN, Sergeant George Harry 
(51339), M.M. 
Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
"MUNCHEN." 

A small German cruiser. 
On the 19th October, 1916, she 
was torpedoed by a British sub- 
marine. 
MUNICH. 

On the 9th November, 1918, a 
serious outbreak occurred here. 
Bavaria declared Republic, with Kurt 
Eisner as President. 
MUNITIONS OF VV^AR, Ministry 
of. 
Whitehall Place, S.W. 1. 
On the 25th May, 1915, Mr. Lloyd 
George was appointed Minister. A 
new Department. 
MUNRO, Rt. Hon. Robert, K.G., 
M.P. 
Aged 51. 

Was Counsel to the Inland 
Revenue. 

Privy Covincillor. 
Secretary for Scotland. 
MUNRO -FERGUSON, Rt. Hon. 
Sir Ronald C. 
Aged 59. 

Governor-General of the Common- 
wealth of Australia since February, 
1915. Was knightwd on appoint- 
ment. 



150 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



MURET, Chateau of. 

In the Aisne department of France, 
to the south of Soissons. This 
chateau had belonged to the Conde 
family, and was one of the most 
interesting in France. 

On the night of the 1st-2nd 
August, 1918, it was wantonly de- 
stroyed by German troops. Under 
the orders of Major von Titzche, 
mines were laid under it, and these 
were exploded, reducing it to a heap 
of ruins. 
MURRAY, Lieut. - General Sir 
Archibald,G.C.M.G.,K.C.B., 
D.S.O. 

Aged 59. 

Entered the Army in 1879. 

Served in the Zulu War and in the 
South African War, and was badly 
wounded in the latter. 

Was Inspector of Infantry before 
the war. 

Was Chief of the Imperial Staff. 

On the 22nd December, 1915, he 
was given the command in the 
Mediterranean. 

On the 24th March, 1916, he was 
appointed to command in Egypt. 

Awarded the G.C.M.G. in Egypt 
in January, 1917. 

On the 27th March, 1917, he 
gained a complete victory over 2,000 
Turks at Gaza, capturing 900 
prisoners. 

Was succeeded by General Allenby 
as Commander in Palestine on the 
29th June, 1917. 

Appointed to Aldershot Command 
in 1917. 
MURRAY, Sir Oswyn. 

On the 16th August, 1917, he was 
appointed Permanent Secretary to 
the Admiralty in succession to Sir 
W. G. Greene, transferred to the 
Ministry of Munitions, 
MURRAY, Captain H. W., D.S.O. 

Australian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
MURRAY, Lieut. - General Sir 
James Wolfe. 

Aged 66. 

In May, 1916, was appointed 
General Officer Commanding-in- 
Chief in the Eastern Command, 
remaining until September, 1917. 



MURVICH. 

An important naval station of 
Germany. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it 
surrendered to revolutionaries. 
MUSCOURT. * 

On the 7th September, 1918, 
American troops entered here. 
MUSH. 

A town in Armenia, Asiatic Turkey, 
83 miles S.E. of Erzerum. 

On the 24th August, 1916, the 
Russians recaptured it, and took | 
2,300 Turks on the way to Mosul. 

MUSSUF-IZZ-ED-DIN, Prince. 

The Turkish heir-apparent. 

On the 1st February, 1916, it was 
reported from Constantinople that 
he had committed suicide. 

MYLES, Captain Edgar. 

Gained the D.S.O. and the V.C. , 
in the war. 

MYLES, Second-Lieut. E. K. 

Welsh Regiment. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

M 28. 

A British monitor. 

She was sunk by gunfire on the 
20th January, 1918, by the" Goeben.'* 
NAMUR. 

In the province of the same name 
in Belgium, bordering on France. 

Has collieries and woodlands. 

Area, 1,414 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 34,624. 

The Germans captured it on the 
23rd August, 1914, and destroyed 
three forts. 

On the 14th November, 1918, it 
was stated that the Belgian and Allied 
troops would enter here on Saturday, 
the 19th November. 

NANCY. 

Old capital of Lorraine, and i 
present chief town of French Depart- 
ment Meurthe-et-Moselle. 

Has great industrial activity, the 
inhabitants including many Alsatians 
from the conquered province. 

Population, 120,460. 

On the 23rd August, 1914, the 
French were checked in Alsace, and 
fell back upon Nancy and Bclfort, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



151 



the Germans entering France and 
occupying Luneville. 

On the 10th August, 1917, it was 
bombed by German airmen. In 
retaliation the French bombarded 
Frankfort-on-Main. 
NANTHEUIL- SUR- AISNE. 

It was captured by the French on 
the 15th October, 1918. 
NASLOFF, Peter. 

A member of the Russian Con- 
stituent Assembly. 
NASMITH, Lieut. -Com. M. R. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
"NASTURTIUM," H.M.S. 

A British mine-layer. 

Sunk by a mine in the Mediter- 
ranean on the 1st May, 1916. 
" NATAL," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in the year 1907, having a displace- 
ment of 13,550 tons and a speed of 
22j knots. 

She was sunk by internal explosion 
at Barrow on the 30th December, 
1915. 
NATHAN, Rt. Hon. Lieut. -Colonel 
Sir Matthev/, K.C.M.G. 

Aged 57. 

Served with distinction in the Nile, 
Lushai, and other expeditions as an 
officer of the Royal Engineers. 

War Secretary of the Colonial 
Defence Committee from 1895 to 
1900. 

Administrator of Sierra Leone, 
1899. 

Governor of Gold Coast from 1900 
until 1903. 

Governor of Hong-Kong from 
1903 until 1907. 

Governor of Natal from 1907 until 
1909. 

Secretary of the General Post 
Office from 1909 until 1911. 

Chairman of the Board of Inland 
Revenue from 1911 until 1914. 

Under Secretary for Ireland from 
1914 to 1916. 

Secretary to the Minister of 
Pensions. 1917. 
NATIONAL REGISTRATION 
BILL. 

Onthe29th June, 1915, Mr. Walter 
Long introduced the Bill providing 



for the registration of males and 
females between the ages of fifteen 
and sixty-five. 

NATIONAL SERVICE, Ministry 
of. 

Windsor Hotel, S.W. 1. 

NAVAL GENERAL SERVICE 
MEDAL. 

On the 8th August, 1915, this new 
medal for service in minor naval 
warlike operations was sanctioned 
by the King. 

NAVARIN. 

On the 6th February, 1916, the 
German reservoirs of asphyxiating 
gas here were destroyed by French 
shells. 

•♦NAVARRA." 

A German armed vessel. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
11th November, 1914. 
NAVY, GERMAN. 

Unconditionally surrendered to 
Admiral Beatty, 21st November, 1918 
NAZARETH. 

On the 29th September, 1918. it 
was captured by the British troops. 
NEAME, Lieut. P. 

Royal Engineers. Gainedthe V.C. 
in the war. 

*'NEBRASKAN." 

On the 25th July, 1915, an apology 
was offered by the Germans for 
torpedoing her, which was to be con- 
sidered as an "unfortunate accident." 

NEELEY, Corporal (Lance- Ser- 
geant) T., M.M. (82827). 
8th Battalion, Royal Lancashire 
Regiment (Liverpool). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

NEGI, Naik D. S. 

Indian Force. Gained the V.C. 
in the v/ar. 
NEGI, Rifleman Gobar Sing. 

Garwhal Rifles. Gained the V.C. 
In the war. 
NEGOTIN. 

Five miles from the Roumanian 
frontier. 

On the 25th October. 1918, it was 
captured by the French. 



152 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



NELSON, Major David, V.C. 

Lost his life In the war. 
NELSON, Sergeant D. 

R.H.A. Gained the V.C. in the 



NESLE. 

In the German retreat between 
the Scarpa and the Aisne on the 28th 
August, 1918, it was captured. 

••NESTOR," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.* " 

NEUVE EGLISE. 

On the 14th April, 1917, it was 
evacuated by the British. 

On the 1st September, 1918, the 
British troops captured it. 

NEUVE CHAPELLE. 

On the 19th December, 1914, the 
British troops lost some trenches near 
here. 

On the 10th March, 1915. the 
British troops won an important 
battle here, carrying the village and 
pressing forward to the east and 
south-east of the place. Over 700 
prisoners were taken. 

On the 10th May, 1 915, the French 
and British armies started a vigorous 
ofrensive, the former to the north of 
Arras and the latter to the east of 
here. 

On the 5th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the British. 

NEUVILLE. 

On the 8th June, 1915, the French 
captured it, but it was lost again. 

On the 24th October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported the capture of 
this village. 

NEUVILLE BOUR JOUVAL. 

On the 4th September, 1918, the 
British captured it. 

NEVINSON, H. V^. 

War correspondent. 

Served in the Greek War 21 years 
ago, and the Boer War later. He has 
travelled far and wide, has very 
pronounced views on British politics, 



and his culture is a product of 
Shrewsbury School and Christ 
Church, Oxford. 

NEWBOLT, Sir Henry. 

Aged 57. 

Poet and romancer. 

Wrote some fine poems on the war. 

Knighted in January, 1915. 

NEW^ GUINEA, or PAPUA. 

The largest isle in the world 
(except Australia). It lies north of 
Australia and south of the equator. 

Area, 234,768 square miles. 

Portion of the west is a Dutch 
possession, the south-east expanse 
forming British New Guinea. 

The inhabitants are mainly the 
aboriginal Papuasis and emigrants of 
Melanesian race, probably about 
600,000 in all. with only some 700 or 
800 whites in all, including mission- 
aries, traders, and officials. 

The resources of the island are as 
yet undeveloped, though there is 
doubtless much mineral wealth 
waiting exploitation, and considerable 
culture! possibilities. 

The north-east is called Kaiseaj^ 
Wilhelm's Land, or German New* 
Guinea. 

The Australian Expeditionary 
Force captured it on the 25th 
September, 1914, and they annihi- 
lated the Germans at Herbertshohe. 

NEW LANDS, Captain James 
Ernest. 

Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

NEW^PORT. 

City in Rhode Island, U.S.A., on 
the River Narragansett. 

A fashionable seaside resort. 

Permanent population, 27,420. 

On the 8th October, 1916. a 
German submarine, the U 53, put 
into here, and later ships off New 
York were sunk by her. 

NEWTON, Lord. 

Aged 62. 

Formerly T. Wodehouse Leigh. 

Appointed Postmaster-General in 
the Coalition Ministry in June, 1915, 
but went to the Foreign Office as 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



153 



Assistant Under Secretary for 
Foreign Affairs in 1916. 

Led the negotiations as to prisoners 
of war at the Hague in July, 1917. 

Was generally blamed for the 
delay. 

»'NEW ZEALAND," H.M.S. 

An armoured turbine cruiser, 
having a displacement of 19,000 tons 
and speed of 30 knots. 

Together with the " Lion," 
" Tiger," " Princess Victoria," and 
" Indomitable," she was engaged 
in a running fight with the German 
ships " Derfflinger," " Seydlitz," 

Moltke," and the " Blucher," on 
the 24th January, 1915. 

The " Lion " was flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The "Blucher" capsized and 
sank. 

Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, 
125 were saved. 

The British casualties wers 14 
killed and 29 wounded. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" 

NICARAGUA. 

President Adolfo Diaz, succeeded 
in 1913. 

Central American Republic, south 
of Honduras, reaching from the 
Pacific to Caribbean Sea on the 
Atlantic. 

Area, 49,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 600,000. 

Produces coffee, bananas, india- 
rubber, sugar, and timber. Cattle- 
rearing is pursued extensively, and 
there is some mineral wealth. 

Capital, Managua. 

Leon, the largest city (it was the 
old capital). 

Lower Nicaragua, in the south 
part of the Republic, is 92 miles long 
by 42 miles wide at the broadest 
point, and drains by the San Juan 
river to the Caribbean Sea. 

It severed its relations with Ger- 
many on the 19th May. 1917. 

NICHOLAS, Private Henry James 
(24213). 
New Zealand Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



NIEMEN, cr MEMEL. 

A river of East Prussia and Russia, 
rising in Russian Government of 
Minsk, and flowing 500 miles to the 
Kuriches Haff, 50 miles north-east of 
Konigsberg. 

On the 29th September, 1914, the 
German advance from the East 
Prussian frontier on the Niemen was 
checked, and the main Russian 
armies in Galicia pushed on towards 
Cracow. 

On the 2nd October. 1914, the left 
wing of the Germans operating near 
here was thrown back. 

NIEPPE. 

Two miles from Armentieres. 
On the 3rd September, 1918. the 
British troops ook possession of it. 

NIEUPOORT. 

A fortified town nea Ostend. 

Population, 3,829 

On the 8th December, 1914, the 
British Fket opened a bombardment 
of the German trenches between here 
and Ostend, the land forces of the 
Allies acting in conjunction with the 
naval operations. 

On the 19th December, 1914, the 
Allies gained further ground here and 
St. Georges, as well as east and south 
of Ypres, north of La Bassee, and 
north-west of Arras, while the 
position east of Vermelles was main- 
tained. 

On the 23rd December, 1914, the 
Allies steadily pushed their way along 
the beach and sandhills to the north 
of here, the guns of the Anglo-French 
squadron materially assisting this 
important movement. 

"NIGER," H.M.S. 

A torpedo vessel, completed in 
1893. 

She was torpedoed and sunk by a 
German submarine in the Straits of 
Dover on the 1 1th November, 1914. 

NISH, or NISGH. 

A town on the River Nishava, 
Serbia. 

A prosperous and picturesque 
town, with a population of 22,329. 

On the 11th December, 1914, the 
Serbian army pursued the Austrian 



154 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



invaders, and thousands of prisoners 
were brought in. 

On the 4th November, 1915, after 
three days' severe fighting, the Bul- 
garians took it. 
NITROVITZE. 

On the Nth October. 1918, the 
French, after capturing it, advanced 
towards the Montenegrin frontier. 

NIVELLE, General. 

Succeeded General Joffre in com- 
mand of the French front on the 1 2th 
December, 1916, and was succeeded 
by General Petain on the 15th May, 
1917. 
NIXON, Sir John. 

He commanded the Expeditionary 
Force in Mesopotamia, but retired 
from the command in January, 1916, 
and was succeeded by Sir Percy Lake. 
He was severely criticised in the 
Mesopotamia Commission's Report. 

NIZAM OF HYDERABAD, or 
HAIDARABAD. 

Hyderabad is a native State of 
South India, sometimes styled the 
Deccan and sometimes the Nizamo 
Dominions. 

Area, 82,698 square miles. Popu- 
lation, over 13,000,000. 

It is also a province of British 
Central India, otherwise called Berar 
or (officially) the Haidarabad. 

Assigned districts adjoining 
Nizam's dominions. 

Area, 17,711 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,500,000. 

Largest town, Amrati. 

The Nizam made a war contribu- 
tion of nearly £400,000 on the 26th 
September, 1914. 
NOBLE, Acting-Corporal C. R. 

Rifle Brigade. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
••NOMAD," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 
NORFOLK. 

Coast county, East England. 
Mostly flat and marshy, with shallow 
lake expanses known as the Broads. 



Area, 2,1 19 square miles. Popula- 
tion. 499,049. 

Industries, chiefly agriculture, with 
extensive fisheries from Yarmouth. 

Capital, Norwich. 

On the 31st January, 1916, there 
was a raid by six or seven Zeppelins 
over Norfolk, Suffolk, Lincolnshire, 
Leicestershire, Staffordshire, and 
Derbyshire. Three hundred and 
ninety-three bombs were dropped, 
but no military damage was done ; 
67 persons were killed and 1 1 
injured. 

On the 29th July, 1916, three 
enemy airships dropped bombs in 
Norfolk and Lincolnshire, but caused 
neither damage nor casualties. 

On the 2nd August, 1916, six air- 
ships raided over Norfolk, Suffolk, 
and Essex. Total damage small. 

Onthe27th November, 1916, three 
Zeppelins raided the British coast. 
There were 17 British casualties. 
One Zeppelin was brought down off 
the Durham coast by Lieut. I. V. 
Pyott, R.F.C. Another was brought 
down on the Norfolk coast by Lieut. 
E. Cadbury and Sub-Lieuts. E. L. 
Pulling and G. W. R. Fane, R.N.A.S. 

On the 23rd May, 1917, four or 
five Zeppelins raided Norfolk coast ; 
1 killed. 

NORMAN, Sir Henry, Bart., M.P. 

Aged 61. 

A journalist. 

Lady Norman and he did good 
work at Wimereaux, France, with 
their hospital in the war. 

Knighted in 1906. 

Baronetcy in June. 1915. 

NORTHCLIFFE, Lord. 

Aged 54. 

Formerly Alfred C. Harmsworth. 

One of the most prominent men in 
modern journalism, and owner of a 
controlling interest in the " Times." 

In 1888, with his brother, Cecil 
Harmsworth, now M.P. for the 
Droitwich Divi>;ion, started "An- 
swers." 

In 1894 the Harmsworths pur- 
chased the " Evening News," of 
which they soon made a valuable 
properly. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



155 



In 1896 they started the " Daily 
Mail," and it became very successful. 

Lord NorthclifTe, as the head of 
the publishing company which runs 
the various Harmsworths' publica- 
tions and papers, has shown immense 
business aptitude. 

He was rewarded with a Baronetcy 
in 1904, and elevated to the Peerage 
in 1905. 

He has made his papers prominent 
during the war by a strong war policy. 

His appointment in charge of the 
British Mission to the United States, 
in succession to Mr. Balfour, was 
announced on the 6th June, 1917. 

NORTH-EAST COAST. 

On the 14th April, 1915, there was 
a Zeppelin raid in the Tyne district ; 
no lives lost. 

On the 16th June, 1915, there was 
a Zeppelin raid; 16 killed and 40 
injured. 

Air raid on. the 5th March, 1916; 
18 killed and 52 injured. 

On the 5th April, 1916, it was 
raided by three Zeppelins, but there 
were no casualties. 

An air raid on the north and east 
coasts occurred on the 27th Novem- 
ber, 1916 (two airships brought 
down); 1 personkilled and 1 6injured. 
♦♦NORTH STAR," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by gunfire on the 
23rd April, 1918, at Zeebrugge. 

NOTRE DAME DELORETTE. 

On the 15th April, 1915, the Allies 
captured the south-eastern spur here. 
"NOTTINGHAM," H.M.S. 

Captain C. B. Millar. 

A British light cruiser, completed 
in 1913, having a displacement of 
5,440 tons and a speed of 30 knots. 

She was torpedoed in the North 
Sea on the 19th August, 1916, by 
enemy submarines. 

NOUVION, Le. 

In the Department of Aisne, 24 
miles N E. of St. Quentin. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
French reported that they had made 
progress east of the forests of Nouvion 
and Regnaval. 



On the 9th November the French 
reported having taken the whole of 
Nouvion Forest. 

NOVIBAZAR, or YENI-BAZAR. 

A town on the River Rashka, 
Bosnia. Occupied by Austria in 
1879. 

Population, 12.000. 

On the 20th November, 1915, its 
fall was announced. 

NOVIGA. 

On the 18th July, 1917, this village 
was won and lost by the Russians 
after a fierce struggle. 

NOVO GEORGIEVSK. 

An industrial town near the 
Dneiper, Kherson, in the Govern- 
ment of Russia. 

Population, 8,495.' 

Its fall v/as announced on the 19th 
May, 1915, the Russians being 
driven back. 

NOYALES. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
taken by the French. 

NOYON. 

A town in the Department Oise, 
France. The birthplace of Calvin. 
Has a fine cathedral. 

Population, 6,420. 

On the 16th September, 1914, a 
new battle developed over a front of 
90 miles, from Noyon to the Meuse, 
near Verdun, the main German army 
aiding the rearguard. 

On the 29th August, 1918, the 
French took it. 

In September, 1918, the Germans 
destroyed the town and wrecked its 
public buildings, concentrating a 
heavy artillery fire on it and placing 
mines in it, many of which were 
electrically connected with a point 
three miles distant, and exploded by 
degrees when it was hoped that 
the French were inside it. The 
mediaeval Town Hall was shattered, 
and the house where Calvin was 
born was left a heap of ruins. 

'♦NUBIAN," H.M.S. 

A torpedo-boat destroyer, com- 
pleted in 1909, having a tonnage of 
985 and a speed of 33 knots. 



156 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



She was sunk by the enemy in a 
raid in the Channel on the 26th 
October, 1916. 
NUNNEY, Private G. J. P., D.C.M., 

M.M. (410935). 

38th Battalion, Eastern Ontario 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
NUREMBERG. 

An old city in Middle Franconia, 
Bavaria, on the River Pegnitz. 

Manufacturing city, wood, toys, 
clocks, beer, pencils, etc. 

Great hop trade. 

Castle and many interesting 
buildings. 

Annexed to Bavaria in 1816. 

Made a free imperial city in 1912. 

Population, 332,651. 

The Grand Duchess of Luxemburg 
was deported to and interned in a 
castle near here on the 5th October, 
1914. 

♦♦NURNBERG." 

A German light cruiser. 

She, together with the " Scharn- 
horst,*"* Gneisenau," and" Leipzig," 
were sunk off the Falkland Islands by 
a British squadron, commanded by 
Sir F. Sturdee, on the 8th December, 
1914. 

The engagement lasted five hours. 
The " Dresden " escaped. 
OBENDORF. 

Germany. 

The powder factory munition 
works here v^^ere bombed by British 
airmen on two occasions. 

On the 13th October, 1916, 40 
Allied aeroplanes raided the Mauser 
works here, dropping four tons of 
projectiles. 

O'BRIEN, Rt. Hon. Sir Ignatius 
John, Bart. 

Aged 62. 

Was Solicitor-General and also 
Attorney-General for Ireland. 

Lord Chancellor of Ireland, 1913. 

Received Baronetcy on the let 
January, 1916. 
•• OCEAN," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in the year 
1900, having « displacement of 
12,950 tons and a speed of 181 knots. 



On the 18th March, 1915, an 
action was fought between the com- 
bined British and French squadron 
and the great fortresses of the 
Narrows in the Dardanelles. Four 
of the forts were silenced, but H.M. 
Ships " Irresistible " and " Ocean " 
of the British Fleet, and the " Bou- 
vet " of the French squadron, were 
sunk by mines. 

" OCEANIC." 

A White Star liner, built in the 
year 1 899, having a tonnage of 1 7,274 
and a speed. of 21 knots. 

She struck a rock and sank off 
Scotland on the 7th September, 1914. 

OGKENDEN, Sergeant James 
(10605). 
Royal Dublin Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

O'CONNOR, T. P., M.P. 

Aged 71. 

A journalist. 

Came to London 47 years ago. 

For more than a quarter of » 
century President of the United Irish 
League of Great Britain. 

Spoke and wrote on the war. 

Became Censor of Films in 1917. 

ODENEZ. 

It and Maulde were captured by 
the British on the 26th October. 1918. 

ODESSA. 

The chief seaport of Russia, on the 
Black Sea. Great grain export. 
Founded 1794. 

It was bombarded by English and 
French in 1854. 

Population, 478,500. 

On the 28th October, 1914, 
Turkish warships raided the port of 
Odessa and sank the Russian gunboat 

Donetz " and the mine-layer 
" Prut," and war was shortly after- 
wards declared against Turkey by 
Britain and Russia. 

O'DONNELL, Leo G. 

Formerly Sergeant in the R.A.M.C. 

On the 29th March, 1917, he was 
executed at Winchester Prison for 
the murder of Lieut. Wattcrton at 
Aldershot. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



157 



OESEL. 

An isle in the Baltic, Government 
Livonia, Russia. Forty-five miles 
by 25 miles. 

Population, 55,460. 

Chief town, Arensburg. 

On the 16th October, 1917, the 
whole of this island was in possession 
of the Germans; 10,000 prisoners 
claimed. 

OFFENBURG. 

A town on the River Kinzig, near 
Karlsruhe, Baden. Has cotton and 
other manufactories. 

Population, 76,000. 

The station, railways, and barracks 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on fourteen occasions. 

OISE. 

A department of North France, 
traversed by the River Oise, a 
tributary, of 187 miles, of the River 
Seine. 

Area, 2,272 square miles. Popu- 
lation. 406.000. 

An agricultural and manufacturing 
district. 

Between Oise and Rheims on the 
10th October, 1914, the Allies made 
progress to the north of the Oise, 
particularly in the north-west of 
Soissons. 

On the 18th October. 1918, 
between the Oise and Serre rivers, 
north-east of La Feule, the Germans 
started a new retreat. 

OISY-LE-VERGER. 

On the 28th September. 1918. 
British troops took it. 

O 'KELLY, Lieut. (Acting- Captain) 
Christopher Patrick John, 
M.G. 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

OKUMA, Marquis. 

Aged 81. 

Was Prime Minister of Japan. 
Became Premier, but resigned in 
October, 1916. 

Created a Marquis in 1916. 

O'LEARY, Sergeant M. 

Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 



OLIZY. 

On the 15th October, 1918, it and 
Termes were in the hands of the 
French, with 800 prisoners. 

O'MEARA, Private M. 

Australian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

OMICOURT. 

Ten miles from Mezures and eight 
miles from Sedan. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
French official report stated that 
General Gouraud was advancing 
rapidly and had reached here. 
OMMUNDSEN. 

The famous rifle shot. 

On the 20th October, 1915, he was 
killed in action. 

OMNIBUS PACK. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's victory 

report he wrote : " In all a total of 

nearly 800,000 troops have been 

carried, and over 2,500,000 miles 

have been run by the omnibus pack." 

O'NEIL, Captain the Hon. A. E. B. 

Late Member of Parliament, 

Lost his life in the war on the 6th 

November, 1914. 

O'NIELL, Sergeant John, M.M. 

2nd Battalion, Leinster Regiment 
(Glenboig). Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

ONIONS, Lance-CorpL G. (63514). 

1st Baftalion, Devon Regiment 
(Sale, Cheshire). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

" OPHELIA." 

A German armed vessel. 
She was captured on the 18th 
October, 1914. 

♦* GRAMA," H.M.S. 

A steamer belonging to the Orient 
Steam Navigation Company, Ltd., 
built in 1911, having a tonnage of 
6,942 and a speed of 17 knots 

On the Nth March the German 
cruiser " Dresden " was caught near 
Juan Fernandez by the " Glasgow," 
the " Kent," and the " Orama." 
After five minutes' fighting the 
"Dresden" hoisted the white flag, 
blew up and sank. 



158 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



ORDER OF THE BRITISH 
EMPIRE. 

On the 21st June, 1917, the Royal 
Warrant was issued instituting this 
Order and the Order of Companions 
of Honour, women being eligible 
for both distinctions. 
♦♦ ORDUNA." 

A liner belonging to the Pacific 
Steam Navigation Company, having 
a gross tonnage of 15,499 and a 
speed of 15 knots ; built in the year 
1914. 

On the 9th July, 1 91 5, the Germans 
attempted to torpedo her. 
ORIGNY. 

On the 25th October, 1918, the 

French were established on the east 

bank of the Oise at Origny and 

Richecourt. 

ORMSBY, Sergeant John William 

(1836). 

King's Own Yorkshire Light In- 
fantry. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
O'ROURKE, Private Michael 
James (428545). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
ORSOVA. 

On the Danube, in Hungary. 

On the 8th September, 1916, it 
was occupied by the Roumanians. 
OSOVETZ. 

Augmented German forces op- 
posed the Russians on the East 
Prussian frontier, where a vigorous 
attempt to storm the fortress here 
was defeated on the 30th September, 
1914. 
OSTEND. 

A seaport town and popular 
watering-place of Belgium. 

Population, 50.180. 

Was occupied by British Marines 
on the 27th August, 1914. 

The seat of the Belgian Govern- 
ment was removed from Antwerp to 
here on the 6th October, 1914. 

A week later, it was transferred to 
Havre. 

The Germans were marching on 
Ostend on the 13th October. 1914. 
andthe Belgian Government removed 
to Havre. The civil population 
hurried away to France and England. 



The Germans entered here on the 
15th October. 1914. 

On the 16th February. 1915. the 
British made an air raid here, 
Middlekerke, Ghistelle, and Zee- 
brugge ; 240 bombs were dropped by 
40 aeroplanes. 

On the 8th March, 1915, British 
airmen dropped bombs on the 
Kursaal here. 

On the 14th April, 1915. Allied 
airmen made a raid on military 
buildings here. 

On the 26th August. 1915, a Ger- 
man submarine was destroyed off 
here by a British aeroplane. 

On the 7th September, 1915. 
Allied airmen bombarded the aviation 
sheds here. 

On the 10th November. 1916. 
British aeroplanes attacked Ostend 
and Zeebrugge. 

On the 1st June, 1917, British 
aeroplanes bombed German bases 
here and at Zeebrugge and Bruges. 

On the 25th September, 1917, it 
was bombarded by British warships. 

On the 16th October, 1918, the 
Germans were menaced here. 

Onthe 17th October, 1918, Reuter's 
reported that the French cavalry 
patrols entered it, and found the 
place evacuated. Allied troops were 
advancing along the coast. The 
Royal Air Force contingent working 
v/ith the Navy landed here. 

On the 18th October, 1918. 
Belgian troops, advancing from the 
south and along the beach, occupied 
Ostend without striking a blow. The 
Tirpitz " battery was captured, 
together with an enormous quantity 
of material. The King and Queen 
of the Belgians arrived here, and were 
received by the Burgomaster. 

OSTROWSKI, General von. 

On the 7th November. 1918, it was 

reported that he had given the order 

when in a state of intoxication for the 

plundering and pillaging of Deynze. 

OSTWALD, Professor. 

German chemist. 

The "Temps" of the 26th 
November, 1914, contained a trans- 
lation from the Stockholm " Dagens " 
of an interview with him, in which he 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



159 



stated : " Germany means to orga- 
nise Europe. I think the moment 
has come to reconstruct the map of 
Europe. . . . God the Father is 
reserved with us for the personal use 
of the Emperor. The Headquarters 
Staff has once mentioned Him in a 
report, but I note that He has not 
reappeared there.'' 

O'SULLIVAN, Captain G. R. 

Inniskilling Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
" OTRANTO," H.M.S. 

Armed mercantile cruiser. 

On the 6th October. 1918, she 
came in collision in a fog with the 
steamship" Kashmir." Both vessels 
were carrying U.S. troops. The 

Otranto " became a total wreck, 
and the casualties were about 350. 
The s.s. " Kashmir " reached a 
Scottish port, and landed her troops 
without casualties. 
OTTAWA. 

A city of Carleton county, Ontario. 
Capital of the Dominion. Splendid 
Government buildings. Great tim- 
ber and other industries and trade. 

Population, 87,062. 

On the 3rd February, 1916, the 
Parliament buildings were burnt 
down. 

*• OTWAY." 

A British armed cruiser. 

On the 21st July, 1917, she was 
torpedoed, 10 lives being lost. 
OUR DAY. 

Flag Day, arranged in aid of 
British Red Cross Society and Order 
of St. John. 
PADEREWSKI, Ignace Jan. 

Aged 58. 

World-known pianist and com- 
poser. Keenly interested in the 
welfare of his native country, Poland. 

He became Premier of the new 
State in 1918. 

PAGE, Dr. Walter Hines. 

Aged 64. 

United States Ambassador to 
Great Britain from 1913 to 1918. 

Delivered a brilliant speech at 
Plymouth in August, 1917. 

On the 20th September. 1918, he 



was presented with the honorary 
freedom of the borough of Plymouth. 

PAINLEVE, Paul. 

Aged 56. 

Distinguished French statesman. 

Joined M. Ribot's Cabinet in 
March, 1917. 

Was appointed Prime Minister and 
Minister of War for France in the 
new Ministry formed in 1917. 

PAISH, Sir George. 

Aged 51. 
A journalist. 
Knighted in 1912. 
Rendered special service to the 
Treasury at the outbreak of the war. 

PALESTINE. 

Philistra, or the Holy Land, the 
ancient country of the Jews. 
Southern portion of Syria, between 
the Mediterranean and the Lebanon 
and anti-Lebanon south and north, 
and the Dead Sea and the Desert of 
Syria and Arabia west and east. 

Area, 10,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation, about 800,000. 

Delivered from Turkish rule, pre- 
sent Hebrew population being only 
about 12,000, Christian 80,000, the 
remainder of the inhabitants Moham- 
medan. 

Chief city, Jerusalem. 

On the 29th June, 1917, General 
Allenby succeeded General Murray 
as Commander in Palestine. 

On the 18th September, 1918, the 
British in Palestine attacked the 
Turks west of Jordan, and seized the 
road junction at El-Mughier. 

On the 19th September, 1918, 
the Anglo-French force, under Sir 
Edmund Allenby, broke through the 
Turkish front in Palestine between 
the coast and Rafat. The cavalry 
swept through and moved to seize 
the Turkish lines of communication. 

" PALLADA." 

A Russian cruiser. 

On the 12th October, 1914, the 
announcement was made of the loss 
of her, with all hands, after an attack 
by a German submarine in the Baltic. 
The Russians claimed to have sunk 
two German submarines. 



160 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



PALMER, Lance- Sergeant (new 
Second-Lieut.) Frederick 
William. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
PANAMA. 

President Dr. Ramon M. Valdes, 
succeeded in 1916. 

Formerly a dependent of Columbia, 
South America, but since 1903 a 
Republic. Has an area of about 
33,000 square miles, and a population 
of over 4.000.000. 

Great export trade in hides, pearl- 
shells, etc. 

On the 10th April, 1917, she 
declared war against Germany. 

PANNES. 

Soulh-west of Thiancourt. 
On the 13th September. 1918, it 
was captured by the British. 

PARATGHIN. 

On the 18th October, 1918, the 
Serbian troops were in the Morova 
and advancing towards here. 

On the 25th October. 1918, it was 
captured, and also Belousitch and 
Varvazin. 

PARDENNE FARM. 

On the 22nd October, 1918. a 
German attempt here entirely failed. 
PARGNY WOOD. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
French reconnaissances penetrated 
the wood here, and brought back 100 
prisoners. 

PARIS. 

The capital of the French Republic, 
on the River Seine, enclosed within 
fortifications. 

Twenty-two miles long. 

It contains some of the finest 
buildings in the world, and has many 
splendid boulevards, open spaces, 
and monuments : and its renown is 
universal for art, literary, and 
scientific collections. 

Its industries, wealth, and com- 
merce are enormous. 

Population, 2.900.000. 

In 1871 it was captured by the 
German army after a four and a half 
months* siege, since which period the 
fortifications have been rendered the 
most extensive in the world. 



On the 31st August, 1914, a bomb 
was dropped from a German aero- 
plane, but no damage was done. 

The French Government left 
Paris for Bordeaux on the 3rd 
September, 1914. 

On the 11th October, 1914. two 
German aeroplanes flew over and 
dropped as many bombs in as many 
minutes ; 4 persons were killed and 
20 injured. The cathedral of Notre 
Dame was damaged. 

The French Government returned 
to Paris on the 1 1th December, 19M 

On the 21st March, 1915. the 
was a German attack with two Zepp 
lins, wounding 8 persons. 

On the 17th November, 1915. 
War Council of the Allies took plac 
Mr. Asquith, Mr. Balfour, i: 
Edward Grey, and Mr. Lloyd Geor 
were present. 

On the 29th January, 1916, t 
Germans air-raided Paris. Tht . 
were 57 casualties. 

Another Zeppelin raid was made ■>- 
the 30th January. No damage do) - 

On the 27th March. 1916, ^ r 
Asquith. Mr. Lloyd George, ' 
Edward Grey, and Lord Kitche: ; ■ 
attended in Paris the first War C( 
ference of all the Allies, presided o ■ r 
by M. Briand. 

On the 15th November, 19 " 
there was another Allied Confere: oe 
here. 

On the 6th May. 1917. a V v 
Council was held, attended by I 
Lloyd George, General Roberts 
Admiral Jellicoe, and Lord RoL 
Cecil, 

On the 30th January, 1918, man 
German machines raided here ; 25 
casualties. One raider shot down. 

On the 8th March, 1918, there w« 
another raid. One raider broug' 
down. 

On the 1 1th March, 1918, Germai 
raided here with many machines , 
100 killed, 79 injured. Four were 
brought down. 

From 23rd March, 1918, it was 
shelled by a long-distance range gun ; 
distance nearly 75 miles. . 

On the 21st May. 1918, Germans 
again raided it ; 3 killed. One Ger- 
man machine destroyed. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



161 



On the 22nd May, 1918, 30 
machines raided here; 1 killed, 12 
injured. 

On the 27th May, 1918. it was 
shelled again by the long-distance 
range gun. 

On the 6th June, 1918, there was 
another raid ; 1 killed, some injured. 

On the 15th June, 1918, there was 
another raid. 

On the 26th June, 1918, another 
raid ; no casualties. 

On the 27th June, 1918, another 
raid; 11 killed, 14 injured. 

On the 15th August, 1918, another 
raid. 

It was raided again on the 15th 
September, 1918. One raider brought 
down. 

1 he city was the scene of the peace 
deliberations, January to June, 1919. 
PARKE, Major James Cecil. 

Aged 38. 

Famous Irish lawn-tennis player. 

Obtained a commission in the war, 
ind was wounded. 
VARKER, Rt. Hon. Sir Gilbert, 
Bart., P.G., M.P. 

Aged 57. 

A novelist. 

Wrote an admirable volume during 
the war. 

Received Baronetcy in 1915. 

Sworn a Privy Councillor in June, 
1916. 
PARKER, Lance- Corporal W. R. 

R.M.L.I., R.N.D. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
PARSONS, Sir Charles, A.K., C.B., 
D.Sc , F.R.S. 

Aged 65. 

Inventor of the steam turbine. 

Member of the Committee of 
Inventions connected with the 
Admiralty. 

President of British Association in 
1917. 
PARSONS, Major A. G. 

Only son of Sir Charles Parsons. 

Lost his life in the war. 
PARSONS, Temporary - Second- 
Lieut. Hardy Falconer. 

Late Gloucester Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the v/ar, 



PARTRIDGE, Captain H. R., M.C. 

Leys School athlete. 
Lost his life in the war. 
PASHA HUSSIEN KAMEL, 
Prince. 

Eldest living prince of the family 
of Mehemet Ali. Accepted the title 
of Sultan of Egypt on the 18th 
December, 1914. 

Died 9th October, 1917. 
PASSCHENDAELE. 

In West Flanders, 6 miles N.E. of 
Ypres. 

On the 6th November, 1917, the 
Canadians captured it. 

On the 30th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Germans. 
'♦PATHFINDER," H.M.S. 

An unprotected cruiser, completed 
in the year 1905, having a displace- 
ment of 2,940 tons and a speed of 25i 
knots. 

She was blown up by German 

submarines in the North Sea on the 

5th September, 1914 ; 259 lives were 

lost. 

PATON, Lieut. (Acting -Captain) 

G. H. T., M.C. 

Late Grenadier Guards. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
PATTISON, Private John George 
(808837). 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
PAU, General. 

A veteran of the Franco-Prussian 
war, in which he lost an arm. One of 
the most popular of French generals. 

On the 1st Novem.ber, 1918, he 
was appointed a member of the 
French Mission to Australia. 
PEACE. 

The peace conditions drawn up by 
" the Great Four" and submitted for 
Germany's acceptance were kept 
rigidly secret. Yet they were pub- 
lished in Germany, and from there 
they reached Ameri.ca, some weeks 
before being signed by the Hun 
delegates. Arelatively small cash pay- 
ment was included ; the final amount 
was not to be settled for a couple of 
years. Alsace-Lorraine was restored 
to France. Peace signed 28th June, 
1919. 



162 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



PEACE DELEGATES. 

The following were the principals 
at the Peace Conference held in 
Paris, January to June, 1919: 
England: Messrs. Lloyd George, 
Bonar Law, Balfour, and Barnes. 
Colonies: Messrs. Hughes, Borden, 
Massey, Botha, and Smuts. France: 
Messrs. Clemenceau, Pichon, Klotz, 
and Bourgeois. Italy: Messrs. 
Orlando and Sonnino. America : 
President Wilson. 
PEACHMENT, Private G. 

2nd K.R R. Corps. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

PEARCE, Archdeacon E. H., M.A. 

Aged 54. 

Archdeacon of Westminster since 
June. 1916. 

Assisted the Chaplain-General to 
the Forces. 

PEARKES, Captain (Acting-Major ) 
George Randolph, M.G. 

Canadian Mounted Rifles. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

PEARSON, Sir Cyril Arthur, Bart. 

Aged 53. 

Chairman of C. Arthur Pearson, 
Limited. 

He worked splendidly en behalf 
of the Blind Institute which was 
opened in March, 1914. 

Assisted the Princf of Wales's 
Fund in connection with the war. 

Takes a keen interest in the move- 
ments fur the welfare of the men 
blinded duringthe war. He is himself 
blind. 

Created a Baronet in June, 1916. 

G.B.E. in 1917. 

PEELER, Lance -Corporal Walter 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

"PEGASUS," H.M.S. 

A protected third class cruiser, 
completed in 1898, with a displace- 
ment of 2,135 tons and a speed of 20 
knots. 

She was sunk in Zanzibar Harbour, 
in East Africa, by the German war- 
ship "Konigsberg" on the 20th 
September, 1914. 



PEGOUD, Flight-Sub-Lieut. 

The famous French aviator. The 
first to " loop the loop." 

On the 30th August, 1915, he was I 
killed while engaged in a fight with j 
a German Aviatik, 

PEIZIERE. 

On the 9th September, 1918, 
British troops delivered a concerted 
attack against the enemy, holding 
high ground between Gouzeaucourt 
and here, and made progress. 

On the 21st September, 1918, it 
was captured. 
*'PELEMBANG." 

A Dutch liner. 

On the 17th March, 1916, she was 
torpedoed off the Galloper, the crewj 
being saved. 
"PELLOW," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was damaged on the 12thj 
December, 1917, off the Norwegian! 
coast, and two trawlers and two| 
neutral steamers were sunk off the 
Tyne by German destroyers. 

PENANG, or PRINCE OF WALES 
ISLAND. 

A British possession in the Straits 
Settlement, off west coast Malay 
Peninsula. 

Area, 107 square miles. 
^^ On the 30th October, 1914, the 
" Emden," flying the Japanese flag, 
appeared and succeeded in torpedo 
ing two warships, a Russian cruiser 
and a French destroyer. 

PENSIONS, Ministry of. 

Westminster House, S.W. \. 

PERET, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Foreign 
Affairs for France in the new Ministry 
formed in September, 1917. 

PEREVEIEZOFF, M. 

Russian Minister of Justice. 

On the 19th July, 1917, he resigned 
in connection with the revelations 
about M. Lenin. 

PERONNE. 

A town on the Somme. 

Population, 4,816 

A fortress of the thi^'l class. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



163 



The church of St. Jean, dating 
from the 16th century, has a fine 
portal and some good carvings and 
stained glass. 

On the 18th March, 1917, there 
was a British advance, and Peronne, 
Nesle, and Chaulers were taken. 

On the 24th March, 1918, the 
Germans captured it and Bapaume, 
and claimed 30,000 prisoners and 
600 guns. 

On the 1st September, 1918, it was 
taken by the Australians. 

PERRIS, Lieut. 

Only son of G. H. Perris. 
Was war correspondent. 
Lost his life in the war. 

PERRIS, G. H. 

Aged 53. 

War correspondent. 

Has been in newspaper offices, his 
work specially being concerned with 
foreign politics for many years. He 
has done all he could to promote 
friendship between Germany and 
England, but must have been dis- 
illusioned when war arrived. He 
has a terse style, and is safe from 
exaggeration. 

PERSHING, Major - General 
John J. 

Aged 58. 

Commander - in - Chief of the 
American Army. 

Was Senior Cadet Captain in 1886 
at West Point. 

Served in the Philippine War and 
in protracted Mexican hostilities. 

He has suffered great bereavement, 
as his wife and three children were 
burned to death in the great fire in 
San Francisco. 

Promoted from Captain to Briga- 
dier-General over the heads of 863 
officers. 

Has fought with Indians in the 
West, negroes in the Spanish War, 
and the Moroo in the Philippines. 

Pursued Villa on the Mexican 
frontier. 

Arrived in England as the Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the American 
Expeditionary Force on the 8th June, 
1917. 



♦♦PERSIA." 

A P. & 0. steamer, built in the 
year 1900, having a tonnage of 7,974 
and a speed of 18 knots. 

She was sunk by a German sub- 
marine in the Mediterranean on the 
30th December, 1915, with great loss 
of life. 

PERTHES. 

On the 9th January, 1915, the 
Germans attacked the positions 
recently secured by the French on the 
west of Perthes, but were driven back 
so effectively that 400 yards more of 
their trenches were captured on the 
flank of the point from which they 
attacked. At the same time the 
French by a direct attack secured 
Perthes village. 

PERU. 

President Sultan Jose Pardo, suc- 
ceeded in 1915. 

Republic, north-west of South 
America, between the South Pacific, 
Brazil and Bolivia, and Ecuador and 
Chili. 

Area, 695,730 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 5,000,000, half aboriginal. 

Traversed by the Cordilleras of the 
Andes. 

Produces guano, nitrates, sugar, 
salt, cotton, alpaca, etc. 

Capital, Lima, 

Chief port, Callao. 

Severed its relations with Germany 
on the 6th October, 1917. 

PETAIN, General. 

Won fame in the war for his 
splendid defence of Verdun. 

Marshal Joffre made him a 
Brigadier- General four weeks after 
the war began. 

Following the Battle of the Marne 
he was promoted General, and soon 
afterwards was given the command of 
the Thirty-third Army Corps. 

Led the Second Army in June, 
1915, in Champagne. 

Was appointed Chief of the General 
Staff of the French armies on the 
29th April, 1917. 

On the 15th May, 1917, he suc- 
ceeded General Nivelle in command 
in France, being succeeded by 
General Foch as Chief of Staff. 



164 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 13th November, 1918, he 
addressed the French troops, and 
counselled them to remain disciplined 
and respectful of persons when on 
German soil. 

PETROGRAD. 

Late Petersburg, the capital of the 
Russian Empire. 

Has a population of nearly 
2,000,000, and an area of 20,760 
square miles. . 

The district is hilly on the Finland 
border. 

It contains eight districts and 
numerous towns, many of them 
summer resorts of the people of the 
capital. 

It possesses many imposing build- 
ings, palaces, and open squares, 
besides a university, with a cathedral. 

The Nevski Prospekt, the principal 
street, is one of the finest in the world. 

There are arsenals, barracks, and 
immense industrial and commercial 
establishments, with educational and 
artistic institutions and an imperial 
library with over 1,000,000 volumes. 

The name of Petersburg was 
altered to Petrograd on the 29th 
August, 1914. 

On the 29th January, 1917, Lord 
Milner and other British delegates 
arrived here for a conference of 
Allies. 

Food riots were reported on the 
9th March, 1917. 

Rioting was reported on the 11th 
March, 1917. 

On the 12th March, 1917, a 
revolution v/as reported. The 
Cabinet resigned, and a Provisional 
Government was appointed, and on 
the 13th March it was reported that 
there was fighting here, troops joining 
the Parliamentary cause. An ex- 
Minister was arrested. 

On the 31st August, 1918, the 
British Embassy here was attacked 
by Bolsheviks, and Captain Cromie, 
the British naval attache, was 
brutally murdered. 

Since that date the city (and most 
of Russia) has been in the hands of 
Lenin and the Bolshevik party. 
'♦ PETROLITE." 

An American steamer. 



On the 5th December, 1915, she 
was attacked in the Mediterranean 
by an Austrian submarine. 

PHILLIPE. 

Near Constantine, in Algeria. 
It was bombarded by Germans on 
the 4th August, 1914. 

PHILLIPS, Temporary-Lieut, and 
Adjutant Robert Edwin. 

Warwickshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

PHILLIPS, Percival. 

A war correspondent of the younger 
school. 

PICHON, M. 

French statesman. 

On the 13th November, 1918, he 
received Lord Derby, and congratu- 
lations were exchanged on the con- 
clusion of the armistice. 

PILOM. 

On the 29th September, 1918, it 
was captured by the Germans. 

PIRACUS. 

On the 2nd September, 1916, the 
Allied warships entered the port here 
and seized three German vessels. . 

PIR^US. 

A town and port near Athens. 
Greece. Great trade. 

Population, 38,624. 

On the 3rd September, 1916, 
Allied warships entered the port 
here. The Allies demanded the 
control of posts and telegraphs, the 
banishment of German agents, and 
the punishment of Greeks in collusion 
with the enemy. 

PIRMASENS. 

A manufacturing town, near 
Zweibrucken, Rhenish Bavaria. 

Population, 16,824. 

The factories, station, and railways 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on four occasions. 

PIROT. 

The main point on the line from 
Nish to Sofia. 

On the 28th October, 1915. it was 
taken by the Bulgarians after enor- 
mous losses. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



165 



PIRRIE, Lord. 

Aged 72. 

Born at Quebec. 

Has been Lord Mayor of Belfast. 

High Sheriff of two counties. 

Privy Councillor, 

The first Hon. Freeman of Belfast. 

Did much useful war work. 

On the 20th March, 1918, he was 
appointed Controller - General of 
Shipbuilding. 
PITCHER, Petty Officer Ernest. 

O.N. (227029 Po.). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
PITTHEM. 

On the 18th October, 1918, in the 
French zone, it and Meulebeke 
were captured and Thielt outskirts 
reached. 
PLOEGSTREERT. 

On the 12th April, 1918, the 
Germans captured it. 

On the 4th September, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
PLORZHEIM. 

Germany. 

The factories and station here were 
bombed by British airmen. 
PLOTZK. 

Poland. 

On the 18th January, 1915, the 
Russians reoccupied Plotzk. 

PLUMER, General Sir Herbert, 
G.G.B.,G.G.M.G., G.G.V.O. 

Aged 62. 

Served in the Soudan, 1884 ; South 
Africa, 1896; Boer War, 1899-1902. 
He commanded the Second Army, 
B.E.F., 1915-1917. 

Led the British Forces in Italy, 
1917-1918. 

On the 15th October, 1918, this 
General's troops had collected 131 
officers and 3,592 other ranks, and 
reports from various parts of the field 
proved that they had captured more 
than 50 guns, together with a regular 
harvest of mortars and machine guns. 

On the 16th October, 1918, his 
army came across the Lys from the 
north and reached Loos. 
PLYMOUTH. 

A seaport and dockyard town in 
Devon, England, on Plymouth S 3und. 



Comprises the " three towns " of 
Plymouth, Devonport, and Stone- 
house. 

Population, 112,042. 

Has ship-building and engineering 
works and many manufactories. 
Breakwater one mile long, and exten- 
sive fortifications. 

The Canadian troops arrived here 
on the 14th October, 1914, amid 
great enthusiasm. 

PLYMOUTH, Earl of. 

Aged 62. 

Mayor of Cardiff, 1895-6. 
Lord Lieutenant of Glamorgan- 
shire. 

Lost a son in the war. 

POINGARE, Raymond. 

Aged 59. 

Minister of Public Instruction in 
1892. 

Finance Minister in 1894 and 1906. 

Vice-President of the Chamber of 
Deputies for a time. 

Premier and Foreign Minister in 
1912. 

Elected in January, 1913, President 
of the French Republic. 

During the war he inspired confi- 
dence in the French nation. 

On the 4th October, 1914, he left 
Bordeaux to visit the Allied troops on 
the field. After seeing the British 
Forces, the President and King 
George exchanged cordial messages. 

POLAND. 

Former independent country in 
East Central Europe. Partitioned in 
1772 and 1795, and incorporated 
by Austria, Prussia, and Russia. The 
portion retaining the name now forms 
the west division of Russia. 

Area, 49,159 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 10,000,000. 

Capital, Warsaw. 

On the 5th November, 1916, 
Germany and Austria proclaimed an 
"independent State of Poland." 

It was proclaimed a Republic in 
November, 1918. 

POLENZO. 

On the 3l8t October, 1918, the 
11th Italian Corps occupied it. 



166 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



POLIVANOFF, General. 

The Russian War Minister. 

He resigned on the 29th March, 
1916, and was succeeded by General 
Shuvaieff. 

"POLLADA." 

A Russian cruiser of the " C " 
type, launched in 1916, having a 
tonnage of 7,775 tons. 

She was torpedoed and blown up 
by a German submarine in the Baltic 
on the 1 1th October, 1914 ; 568 lives 
were lost. 

POLLARD, Second-Lieut. Alfred 
Oliver, M.C. 
H.A.C. Gained the V,C. in the 
war. 

POLLOCK, Sir Ernest M., K.B.E., 
K.C., M.P. 

One of the most able men at the 
English Bar. A sound lawyer, first- 
rate advocate, and keen cross- 
examiner. Has acted as a member 
and chairman of numerous Com- 
missions, etc., pertaining to the war. 

Was returned unopposed in the 
Victory Election. 

Appointed Solicitor-General in the 
Victory Ministry. 

POLLOCK, Captain. 

Only son of Sir Ernest M. Pollock, 
K.C., M.P. 

Lost his life in the war. 

POLLOCK, Corporal J. D. 

5th Cameron Highlanders. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

POLTCHICHTE. 

On the 18th September, 1918, the 
Serbians captured it. 
*' POMMERN." 

A third class German battleship. 

She was sunk by British gunfire at 
the Battle of Jutland on the 3 1 st May, 
1916— see under " H.M.S. ' Queen 
Mary.' " 

POPE, His Holiness the, Benedict 
XV. 

Aged 65. 

Elected Pope on the 3rd Septem- 
ber, 1914. 

Formerly Giacomo della Chiesa. 
Is of noble birth. 



Ordained at the age of 24. 

Secretary to the Papal Embassy in 
Spain in 1883, after which he was 
Secretary to Cardinal Rampolla. 

Consecrated Bishop in 1900. 

Made Archbishop of Bo'ogna in 
1907, and Cardinal in May, 1914. 

His efforts to effect exchange of 
war prisoners were frustrated by 
Germany. 

On the 30th July, 1915. he ad- 
dressed a letter to the Governments 
of the States engaged in the war, 
declaring that he would devote every 
activity in the reconciliation of the 
peoples engaged in this " fratricidal 
struggle." 

Made proposals of peace on the 
14th August, 1917. These were 
refused, being too favourable to 
Germany. 

POPE, Lieut. Charles. 

Late Infantry Battalion, Australian 
Imperial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

POPOVITCH, Dustran. 

A leading Serbian Socialist delegate 
to the National Socialist Conference. 

Died on the 9th November, 1918. 
at the French Hospital, Shaftesbury 
Avenue. 

PORDENONE. 

A town in Udine Province, Venetia, 
Italy. It has a cathedral, and carries 
on silk and cotton industries. 

Population, 7,814. 

On the 31st October, 1918, the 
Royal Air Force did some excellent 
work here. The Sacill-Pordenone 
road was littered with killed and 
wounded and debris. 

On the 2nd November,^ 1918, the 
3rd Cavalry Division reached plains 
north of here. 

On the 4th November, 1918, the 
Livenza was crossed and Pordenone 
was occupied. 

PORTLAND, Isle of. 

A peninsula and town (with dock- 
yard and convict prison) four miles 
south of Weymouth, Dorset, England. 

On the 29th July, 1914, the First 
Fleet departed from here. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR. 



167 



PORTUGAL. 

President Dr. Bernardino Maclado, 
succeeded in 1911. 

Republic of the Iberian Peninsula, 
South- West Europe. 

Area (including Madeira and the 
Azores), 35,665 square miles. Moun- 
tainous, with wide fertile valleys. 

Produces grapes, cereals, oranges, 
olives, mulberries. 

Agricultural^ manufacturing, and 
fisheries. 

Population, 5,500,000. 

Capital, Lisbon. 

On the 9th March. 1916, diplo- 
matic relations were broken off by 
Germany, and war declared on her. 
She seized enemy steamers in 
Portuguese ports. 

On the 15th March, 1916, Austria- 
Hungary declared war on her. 
POSADOWSKY, Count. 

German ex-Home Minister. 

In April, 1918, at Dresden, he 
stated : " Germany must so develop 
her agriculture that she can face 
another war without being driver, to 
import essential foods." 
POSEN. 

In the province of Prussian Poland. 

Area, 1 1,184 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,900,000. 

Stock-raising, mining, and manu- 
factories. 

On the 11th November, 1918, the 
fortress here was in the hands of the 
Workmen's and Soldiers' Council. 
POSINI-ASIAGO. 

On the 25th October, 1918, in this 
sector and in Vald Assa the enemy 
advanced posts were destroyed. 
POTSDAM. 

A town in Prussia, 16 miles south- 
west of Berlin, in centre of picturesque 
lake district of Havel. 

Capital of Potsdam Government. 

It has beautiful parks and gardens 
and many palaces, including German 
imperial residence. 

Population, 64,000. 

On the 18th November, 1918, it 
was reported that the Workmen's and 
Soldiers' Council had been informed 
that the ex- Kaiser, owing to disturb- 
ances in Holland, intended to return 



to Germany, and it was stated that 
most likely he would be permitted to 
do so. The Crown Princess and her 
children remained in Germany at 
Cecilianhof Castle. 

POTTS, Private F. W. O. 

Berks Yeomanry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

POUILLY. 

On the 5th November, 1918, the 
west bank of the Meuse as far north 
as here was in the hands of the 
Americans. 

POULBOT, M. 

A French artist, whose delightful 
sketches of French children have 
charmed all. 

POULETT, Captain Earl. 

R.H.A. 

Lost his life in the war. 

POULTER, Private A. (24066). 

West Riding Regiment (Wortley, 
Leeds). Gained the V.C. in the 



POZIERES. 

On the 23rd July, 1916, after a 
heavy bombardment, British and 
Anzac troops carried the German 
works near here. 

On the 25th July, 1916, it was 
rushed by Anzacs, and fell into our 
hands. 

PRAGUE. 

On the 25th October, 1918, a new 
Government was set up here, under 
the Deputy M. Kramarcz. 

On the 29th October, 1918, new 
Czech Government was announceds 

PRECHNER, Louis. 

A manufacturer. 

On the 19th July, 1917, he was 
fined £500 at the Central Criminal 
Court for giving a gift to an official 
of the Royal Army Clothing Depart- 
ment. 

PREDEAL. 

On the northern frontier. 
On the 24th October, 1916, the 
Austro-Germans took it. 



168 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



PRESEAU. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
17th Corps, under General Fergus- 
son, and the 22nd Corps, under 
General Godley, gained the high 
ground south of Valenciennes, and 
on the morning of the 2nd November, 
1918, seized the village here. 

♦' PRESIDENT LINCOLN." 

A U.S. transport. 
She was sunk on the 31st May, 
1918. 

PRETORIA. 

The capital of the Transvaal 
Colony of British South Africa. 
Has fine Parliamentary buildings and 
wide boulevards. Is an important 
town. 

Population, 12,000. 

On the 9th January, 1915, the 
capture of the last gang of rebels 
here was officially announced. 

PRICE, G. Ward. 

■ An experienced writer. 

He has sent interesting dispatches 
from Italy, his reports of the Italian 
last offensive against Austria being 
particularly lively. 

PRILEP. 

On the 16th November, 1915, the 
Bulgarians captured it. 

PRIMROSE, Captain the Rt. Kon. 
Neil, ex-M.P. 

Aged 37. 

Younger son of the Earl of Rose- 
bery. 

Under Secretary for Foreign 
Affairs from February until May, 
1915. 

Married a daughter of the Earl of 
Derby in April, 1915. 

Became one of the Chief Whips of 
the new Ministry, but resigned in 
May, 1917. 

P.O. in June, 1917. 

Lost his life in the war on the 16th 
November, 1917. 

♦' PRIMULA," H.M.S. 

A British mine-sweeper. 

She was torpedoed by a German 
submarine in the Mediterranean on 
the 1st March, 1916. 



"PRINCE EITEL FRIEDRICH." 

The last of Germany's fleet of 14 
auxiliary cruisers. 

She was interned on the 8th April, 
1915. 

" PRINCESS IRENE." 

A British armed liner. 

She was sunk by accidentally 
blowing up in Sheerness Harbour 
on the 27th May, 1915; 76 men 
engaged on repairs were killed. 

"PRINCESS ROYAL," H.M.S. 

An armoured turbine cruiser, 
having a d'isplacement of 26,400 tons 
and a speed of 30 knots. 

Together with the " Lion," 

Tiger," " New Zealand," and 

Indomitable," she was engaged 
In a running fight with the German 
ships " Derffllnger," *' Seydiitz," 
" Moltke," and " Blucher " on the 
24tji January. 1916. 

1 he " Lion " was flying the flag of 
VIce-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The British casualties were 14 
killed and 29 wounded. 

The " Blucher " capsized and sank. 

Of the " Blucher's " crev/ of 885, 
125 were saved. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st May, 1916— see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 

"PRINZ ADALBERT." 

A German third class armoured 
cruiser, belonging to the Hamburg- 
Amerika Company, seized at the out- 
break of war. 

On the 23rd March, 1916, she was 
condemned by the Prize Court as 
enemy property. 

PRISONERS, Brutal Treatment 

of. 

In the " Times " of the 1 1th April, 
1917. Mr. Gerard, late United States 
Ambar.sador to Germany, mentioned 
how the Germans trained dogs to 
bite the British prisoners, and took 
them Into the camps ; how In a 
certain town people were punished 
because they had given a train-load 
of starving Canadian prisoners food 
and water ; and how he had seen 
small boys march about the prison 
camp armed with bows and arrows, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



169 



and shoot arrows tipped with nails at 
the prisoners. 

In April, 1917, the German 
Government falsely pretended that 
the Allies had employed German 
prisoners in the zone of lire, and 
announced that it was retaliating by 
doing the same with French and 
British prisoners. 

On the eve of the Battle of Arras, 
the 9th April, 1917, two British 
prisoners escaped who had been 
captured early in 1917, had been set 
to work under shell-fire, and had been 
systematically starved and ill-treated. 
One had a ga-'grenous foot ; the 
other was covered with boils. One, 
who weighed thirteen stone when 
captured, weighed only eight stone 
when he escaped. 

PROCTOR, Private A. H. 

Liverpool Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

PROKONPLYE. 

On the 14th October, 1918, the 
Serbs took this important county 
town. 

PROPERTY, Theft of Private. 

In the " Morning Post " of the 
25th March, 1917, it was stated that 
at Peronne the branch of the Bank of 
France was pillaged, and a very large 
number of securities were stolen by 
the German troops in their retreat. 

PROTHERO, Rt. Hon. R. E., 
M.V.O., IvI.P. 

Aged 67. 

ALgent-in-Chief to the Duke of 
Bediord. 

Joined the new Ministry in 
December, 1916, as President of the 
Board of Agriculture, and was sworn 
a Privy Councillor. 

" PROVENCE II." 

A French transport. 

She was sunk in the Mediterranean 
on the 26th February, 1916. Nearly 
1,000 lives were lost. 

PROVILLE. 

On the 30th September, 1918, 
English and Canadian troops cap- 
tured it. 



PRUS. 

On the 15th October. 1918. 
Serbian troops occupied it and 
Kronshevatz. 
" PRUT." 

A Russian mine-layer of the " H 
type, launched in 1897, with a 
tonnage of 6,480. 

On the 28th October, 1914, she 
was sunk by Turkish torpedo craft 
off the port of Odessa. 
PRYCE, Lieut. (Acting -Captain) 
I. T., M.C. 
Grenadier Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
PRZEMYSL. 

A fortified town in Austrian 
Galicia. Machinery and other manu- 
facturing, timber and corn trade. 

Population (including garrison of 
8.500), 50,846. 

The Russians pressed their attack 
on Przem.ysl on the 25th September, 
1914. 

On the 22nd March, 1915, the 
fortress here fell, surrendering after 
a siege of six months. The prisoners 
taken numbered 120,000 Germans. 

On the 2nd June, 1915, the forts 
were captured by the Germans. 

On the 3rd June, 1915, it was 
retaken by German and Austrian 
forces after a vigorous bombardment 
by 1 6-inch guns and the massed attack 
of the enemy, who were greatly 
superior in numbers and heavy 
artillery. Mr. Lloyd George at Man- 
chester declared it would not have 
fallen, and that the Allied army 
might by then have crossed the 
German frontier, had the Allies' 
supply of artillery and munitions 
been equal to those of Germany. 

On the 14th July, 1915, it was 
captured by the Germans, who also 
took the offensive against Riga. 
PUISALEINE. 

On the 27th December, 1914, the 
French held the trenches captured 
near here on the heights of the Meuse, 
consolidating the occupation of the 
ground near Craonne. 
QUADT, Count. 

General Mackensen's Chief of 
General Staff. 



170 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



OUEANT. 

On the 2nd September, 1918, it 
was captured by Canadian troops. 

♦' QUEEN," H.M.S. 

A transport, completed in the year 
1904, having a displacement of 
15,000 tons and a speed of 18 knots. 

On the 26th October. 1916, 10 
large German destroyers from Zee- 
brugge base raided the Channel and 
pushed nearly to Folkestone, sinking 
the British destroyer " Flirt " and 1 1 
drifters, and capturing and placing 
explosives in the " Queen " and 
sinking her. 

" QUEEN ELIZABETH," H.M.S. 

On the 27th February, 1915, the 
Dardanelles forts v^ere attacked by 
the Allied Fleets, the " Queen Eliza- 
beth " taking part with crushing 
effect. 

♦♦ QUEEN MARY," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, completed 
in the year 1913, having a displace- 
ment of 27,000 tons and a speed of 
28 knots. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland, 
the details of which are as follows : 

On the 31st May, 1916, a fierce 
battle ensued in the neighbourhood 
of the Little Fisher Bank (to the west- 
ward of the " Lump " on the North 
Sea coast of Denmark). A squadron 
of German light cruisers was en- 
countered, and it transpired later that 
the High Sea Fleet was out in full 
force, and in practically the same 
formation as the Grand Fleet. With 
what purpose the enemy put to sea 
is unknown. Official statements re- 
ferred to its objective as " a certain 
enterprise." When sighted at 2.20 
p.m. the enemy were steaming north, 
and a few minutes later the scouting 
cruisers were in action at long range. 
It is evident the enemy were not 
long in doubt as to the proximity 
of the British battle cruisers, for the 
corresponding hostile division was al- 
ready steaming east-south-east — that 
is to say, had already doubled upon 
its original course — when Sir David 
Beatty got into action with them at 
3.48 p.m. at a range of 18,500 yards. 



For the next hour a fierce running 
fight ensued between the battle 
cruisers, steaming now about due 
south, some brilliant work being put 
in by our destroyers. During this 
stage of the fight the main opposing 
forces were : H.M. Ships " Lion, 
" Princess Royal," " Queen Mary," 

Tiger," " Indefatigable," and 

New Zealand " ; and the German 
vessels " Derffllnger," " Lutzow," 
" Seydlitz," " Moltke," and " Von 
der Tann." At Intervals, and at very 
long range. Sir David Beatty had 
the assistance of the Fifth Battle 
Squadron, under Rear-Admiral Evan 
Thomas (" Barham," " Warspite," 

Valiant," and " Malaya "). 

Even without them the British 
superiority was considerable, but it 
was apparently during this stage of 
the battle that the "Queen Mary " 
and " Indefatigable " were sunk. 
Soon after the turn had been com- 
pleted the Third Battle Cruiser 
Squadron, under Rear-Admlral the 
Hon. H. Hood (" Invincible," " In- 
flexible," and " Indomitable"), took 
station at the head of Beatty's line, 
and, with the range further reduced, 
some heavy fighting ensued, during 
which the " Invincible " was lost, 
and also about this time the armoured 
cruisers " Defence " (Rear-Admiral 
R. K. Arbuthnot) and ** Black 
Prince." 

Our losses were : " Queen Mary," 
" Indefatigable,"" Invincible," " De- 
fence," " Warrior," and " Black 
Prince." Destroyers : " Ardent," 

Fortune," " Nestor," " Nomad," 
" Shark," Sparrowhawk," *' Tip- 
perary," and " Turbulent." 

The enemy's losses were thus 
summarised In Admiral Jellicoe's 
dispatch : 2 battleships. Dread- 
nought type ; 1 battleship, Deutsch- 
land type, seen to sink ; 1 battle 
cruiser sunk, " Lutzow," admitted 
by the Germans ; 1 battleship, 
Dreadnought type ; 1 battle cruiser, 
seen to be so severely damaged as to 
render it extremely doubtful if she 
could reach port ; 1 submarine sunk. 

The only losses admitted by the 
Germans wore the'*Lutzow," "Pom- 
mem," " Elblng," " Wiesbaden," 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



171 



" Rostock," and " Frauenlob," and 
5 destroyers. 

Admiral Lord JelHcoe, in his 
book, published early in 1919, admits 
that he did not engage the enemy at 
closer quarters because his vessels 
were inferior in many respects, 
though superior in number. His 
action will always remain a matter 
of keen controversy, and, on the face 
of it, Admiral Beatty's losses appear 
to have been sustained in the definite 
effort to give Jellicoe the very oppor- 
tunity that he refused. Admiral 
Beatty's personal account of the battle 
is not yet in the hands of the public, 
but will make interesting reading. 



QUENINGTON, 

Lord. 



Lieut.-Adjutant 



Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war in April, 
1916. 

OUERO. 

On the 31st October, 1918, it was 
reported from Rome that the group 
of positions dominating the basin 
here and Feltre had been entirely 
won. 

On the 1st November, 1918, it was 
further reported that the Twelfth 
Army had forced the gorge here and 
passed beyond the spur east of Mount 
Cesen, and was advancing in the 
Piave valley. 

OUIEVRAIN. 

An industrial town in colliery 
district, near Mons, Department 
Hainaut, Belgium. 

Population, 3,964. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
British official report stated : " We 
have reached the outskirts here and 
at Crespin." 

QUIGG, Private R. 

Royal Irish Rifles. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

"RACOON," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was wrecked in the North Sea 
on the 9th January, 1918. All were 
lost. 



RADOM. 

In the Government of Russian 
Poland, adjoining Galicia, 

Area, 4,765 square miles. Popula- 
tion, 850,000. 

Agricultural, mining, and livestock- 
raising. 

The Russian cavalry entered here 
on the 28th October, 1914. 

RAFA. 

On the 9th January, 1917, the 
strong enemy position here was taken 
by Anzac mounted troops and Im- 
perial Camel Corps. 

♦'RAGLAN," H.M.S. 

A British monitor. 

She was sunk by gunfire at Imbros 
by the " Goeben " on the 20th 
January, 1918. 

RAJANJE. 

On the 24th October, 1918, the 
Serbians captured it, with 300 
prisoners. 

'*RAMAZAN." 

A British transport. 

On the 4th November, 1915, the 
War Office announced the sinking of 
her on the 19th September in the 
Aegean Sea, with 380 Indian troops 
on board, 75 being saved. 

RAMSCAPELLE. 

On the 31st October, 1914, the 
enemy's forces, who were in part 
occupation here, were driven back, 
beyond the Nieupoort-Dixmude rail- 
way line, losing many prisoners and 
leaving many wounded on the field. 

In the dark hours of the morning 
of the 7th December, 1914, the Ger- 
mans made an attack by armoured 
motor-boats on the Belgian lines 
south-east of Ramscapelle, near 
Peroyse. 

"RAMSEY," H.M.S. 

A British patrol ship. 

She was sunk in the North Sea 
by the German armed steamer 
" Meteor " ; 4 officers and 39 men 
were saved. 

On the 8th August,^ 1915, the 
captain of the " Meteor," to escape a 
pursuing British squadron, blew up 
his ship. 



172 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



RAMSGATE. 

A watering-place on the east coast, 
Isle of Thanet, Kent, England. 

Residential population, 29,605. 

Air raid on the 16th May, 1915; 
1 killed and 3 injured. 

It was shelled on the 18th March, 
1917. 

On the 26th April, 1-91 7, a German 
naval raid was made here, with 5 
casualties. One British destroyer 
was sunk and another damaged. 

On the 22nd August, 1917, an air 
raid was made on Dover, Margate, 
and Ramsgate ; 11 killed and 13 
injured ; three Gothas and five escort- 
ing machines brought down. 

No casualties were caused at 
Margate. 

RANA, Rifleman Karanbahadur. 

Gurkha Rifles. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
RANJITSINHJI, Prince (Jam of 
Nawanagan), K.C.S.I. 

Aged 47. 

Has played cricket for England 
and in Australia. 

Became Jam Sahib in 1907. 

Offered troops in the war, and 
accompanied them to the front. 

Received K.C.S.I. in 1917. 

RANKEN, Captain H. S. 

R.A.M.C. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

RAPPES WOOD. 

On the 21st October, 1918, the 
Americans took it, capturing 5 
officers, 255 men, and a number of 
machine-guns. 

RAQUES, Acting- Sergeant J. C. 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

RASPUTIN. 

The notorious Russian monk. 
He was murdered on the 29th 
December, 1916. 

RASTATT. 

A town near Karlsruhe, Baden, 
Germany. Formerly fortified. 

Has tobacco factories, etc. 

Population, 15,046. 

The station here v/as bombed by 
the British airmen. 



RATGLIFFE, Private William 

(2251). 
South Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

RAWLINSON, General Sir Henry, 
Bart., K.C.B., K.C.M.G., 
K.C.V.O. 

Aged 55. 

Entered the Army in 1884. 

Served as Aide-de-Camp to Lord 
Roberts in India. 

Served in Burma, Soudan, and 
South Africa. 

Commandant of the Staff College 
from 1903 to 1906. 

Commanded the Second Brigade 
at Aldershot. 

Commanded the Third Division on 
Salisbury Plain. 

Has a brilliant record for his work 
on the Western Front. 

Promoted K.C.V.O. in August, 
1917. 

RAYAK. 

Palestine. 

On the 6th October, 1918, it was 
occupied by British cavalry. 

RAYFIELD, Private W. L. 

(2204279). 

7th Battalion, British Columbia 
Regiment. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

REA, W. Russell, ex-M.P. 

A Lord Commissioner of the 
Treasury from February, 1915, to 
December. 1916. 

READING, Viscount, G.C.B., 
K.C.V.O. 

Formerly Sir Rufus Isaacs. 

Aged 59. 

Son of a City merchant. 

Was a stockbroker. 

Called to the Bar, and took silk in 
1898. 

Appointed Solicitor-General in 
March, 1910. 

Attorney-Generalin October, 1910. 

Entered the Cabinet in 1912. 

Appointed Lord Chief Justice in 
October. 1913. 

Created a Peer in 1914. 

Received in June, 1915, the G.C.B. 
as special lecocniilon for his services 
in the war crisis. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



173 



A Viscountcy was conferred upon 
him in June, 1916. 

Visited U.S.A. on a financial 
mission onthe 14tii September, 1917. 

On the 14th October, 1917, 
speaking on the German reply, he 
stated : " Justice is m.erciful when 
there are extenuating circumstances. 
When there are none it behoves 
justice to be stern." 
READITT, Private John (18233). 

South Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the v/ar. 
"RECRUIT," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer of the " C " 
class, completed 1899-1904, having 
a displacement of 355-430 tons and 
a speed of 27-30 knots. 

She was torpedoed by a German 
submarine in the North Sea on the 
1st May, 1915. 

RED GROSS, Abuse of. 

On the British advance on the 
Somme it was found that the German 
military commandant at Liancourt 
had sheltered himself and a number 
of huge dug-outs at that place by the 
Red Cross flag, though these dug- 
outs had not been used as hospitals. 
REDFIELD, William C. 

Secretary of Commerce of the 
U.S.A. 
REDMOND, John, late M.P. 

Aged 63. 

Was leader of the reunited Irish 
Nationalist Party. 

Was originally a Clerk in the House 
of Commons. 

His son and his brother were 
parliamentary colleagues in the 
House of Commons. 

Declined a seat in the Coalition 
Cabinet in May, 1915. 

Died during the war. 

His brother, Major W. Redmond, 
M.P., was killed in action in June, 
1917. 

His son v/on the D.S.O. 

REDMOND, Major W. 

Late Member of Parliament. 

Lost his life in the war on the 7th 
June. 1917. 
RED TRIANGLE DAY. 

Flag Day, organised by Y.M.C.A. 



REES, Captain L. M. B. 

R.A.andR.F.C. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

REES, Sergeant Ivor (20002). 

South Wales Borderers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

"REGINA MARGHERITA." 

An Italian battleship. 

On the 12th December, 1916, she 
was sunk by striking two mines. 
Nearly 700 men were drowned. 

REIGHSRATH. 

Austrian Parliament. 
REICHSTAG. 

German Parliament. 

REID, Captain Oswald Austin. 

Liverpool Regiment (attached to 
the Loyal North Lancashire Regi- 
ment). Gained the V.C. in the war. 

REMISS. 

North-west to north-east of Laon. 

On the 15th October, 1918. the 
French took possession here, Baren- 
ton, and Monceau-le- Waast. 

RENARD, M. 

Was appointed Minister of Labour 
for France in the new Ministry 
formed in 1917. 

"RENAUDIN." 

A French torpedo-destroyer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 18th March, 1916. 

RENDLE, Bandsman T. E. 

Duke of Cornv/all's Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

RENDOBURG. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
seized by revolutionaries. 

REOUFF BEY. 

Commander of the "Turkish battle- 
ship " Haundieh " during the Balkan 
War. 

Appointed new Minister of Marine 
for Turkey. 

REPINGTON, Lieut. -Colonel 
Charles a'Gourt, C.M.G. 

Aged 60. _ 

A high authority on all military 
questions. Served in Afghanistan, 
Burma, Soudan, and South Africa. 



174 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



•• REWA.'» 

A hospital ship. 

On the 4th January, 1918, she was 
deliberately torpedoed by the Ger- 
mans in the Bristol Channel. She 
was brilliantly lighted withthe regula- 
tion Red Cross marks, and was coming 
up the Bristol Channel, near the 
coast, when the explosion took place, 
immediately after strange lights had 
been seen. Throughthe courage and 
skill of the crew and medical staff all 
on board were saved, except three 
Lascars, who were probably killed in 
the explosion. 

REYNOLDS, Captain D. 

R.F.A. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

REYNOLDS, Temporary- Captain 
Henry, M.C. 

Royal Scots. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 

RHEIMS, or REIMS. 

A famous Gothic cathedral town 
of France. 

Champagne centre, cloth factories, 
woollen industries, and trade dye 
works. 

Population, 116,000. 

The Germans took Rheims on the 
5th September, 1914. 

The Germans bombarded it on the 
20th September, 1914. 

On the 27th November, 1914, the 
cathedral here was shelled. Since 
then, they have lost no opportunity 
of smashing this glorious building 
into ruins, and the wreckage stands 
out as one of the most glaring proofs 
of German beastiality. Many people 
advocate leaving the city and cathe- 
dral in ruins as an everlasting 
memorial of German degradation. 

The magnificent Chateau of Coucy, 
one of the finest castles in the world, 
was deliberately blown up by the 
Germans in their retreat from the 
Somme, 

In August, 1917, the Gerrpans set 
fire to the magnificent collegiate 
church of St. Quentin. 

On the 17th April, 1917, the 
French resumed the advance with 
great activity, and a powerful offen- 
sive openedafter aten days' bombard- 



ment. Over 10,000 prisoners were 
taken and a large quantity of booty. 
RHODES, Lance- Sergeant John 
Harold (15122). 
Grenadier Guards (Tunstall, 
Staffs). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
RHODES-MOORHOUSE, Second- 
Lieut. W. B. 
R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
RHONDDA, Lord. 
Aged 63. 

Formerly Mr. S. A. Thomas, M.P. 
Was President of the Local 
Government Board in the Ministry 
formed in December, 1916. 

Became Food Controller in June, 
1917. 

Died 3rd July, 1918. 
RIBOT, Alexandre. 
Aged 77. 

Eminent French statesman. 
Member of the Chamber of 
Deputies in 1878. 

Has been Prime Minister of 
France three times, accepting office 
again in June, 1914. He resigned in 
September, 1917, continuing as 
Foreign Secretary in M. Painleve's 
Cabinet until October. 

Was elected Premier on the 19th 
March, 1917. 

On the 7th September, 1917, he 
and the Cabinet resigned. 
RICHARDS, Sergt. Alfred (1293). 
1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
RICKENBACKEN. 

The great American airman. 
On the 27th October, 1918, he 
brought down his twenty-first enemy 
aeroplane, after engaging in three 
fights. 
RICKETTS, Private Thomas 
(3102). 
1st Battalion, Royal Newfoundland 
Regiment. The youngest V.C. in 
the Army. He is now only 17 years 
of age ; he enlisted at 15 years of age. 
RIGA. 

A seaport of Russia, at the head of 
the Gulf of Riga, Russia, Livonia 
Government. 

It has great industrial activity, and 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



175 



shipbuilding trade, machinery manu- 
facturing, and railway carriage build- 
ing very important and flourishing. 

Population, 300,000. 

On the Nth July, 1915, the Ger- 
mans captured Przemysl, and also 
took offensive against Riga. 

On the 8th August, 1915, the 
Germans suffered a great naval defeat 
in the Gulf of Riga. Nine battleships 
and twelve cruisers were driven off. 

On the 18th August, 1915, the 
Russians gained a naval victory in 
the Gulf of Riga. Two German 
cruisers, eighttorpedo-boats, andfour 
barges, full of troops, were sunk by the 
Russians, and the German Dread- 
nought " Moltke " was torpedoed 
and sunk by a British submarine. 

On the 7th September, 1917, the 
fall of it was announced owing to the 
disorganised condition of the Russian 
Northern Army, many of the soldiers 
refusing to fight. All the country 
south of the Dvina for m.any miles 
was evacuated. 

RIGEL. 

A French armed vessel. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 2nd October. 1916. 

RIGGS, Sergeant F. C., M.M. 
(20695). 

Late 6th Battalion, Yorks and Lanes 
Regiment (Bournemouth). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

RIMNIK. 

Roumania. 

On the 28th December, 1916, the 
Battle of Rimnik was fought ; 10,220 
prisoners v/ere claimed by Falkenhayn, 
who penetrated north-west and south- 
east beyond. 

RIOTS. 

On the 12th May, 1915, serious 
anti-German riots in London and all 
over the country were reported. The 
military were called out at Southend. 
At Liverpool the estimated damage 
caused by the rioters was £40,000. 

RIPLEY, Corporal J. 

Black Watch. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 



RITCHIE, Com. H. P. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

RITCHIE, Drummer W. 

Seaforth Highlanders. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

RIVERS, Private J. 

Notts and Derby Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

RIZAH, or RIZEH. 

A town near Trebizond, on the 
Black Sea, Asiatic Turkey. 

It has a good trade. 

Population, 30,000. 

On the 8th March, 1916. it was 
occupied by the Russians. 

ROBERTS OF KANDAHAR, 
PRETORIA, and WATER. 
FORD, Field-Marshal 
Lord, K.C., K.P., G.C.B., 
G.C.S.L, G.C.I.E., V.C, 
O.M. 
Born in Cawnpore, India, in 1832. 
He served throughout the Indian 
Mutiny, was at the Relief of Luck- 
now, Cawnpore, etc. Was in com- 
mand during the South African War, 
1899-1900. 

The most popular soldier of the 
last century; everybody knew him 
by the popular name of "Bobs." 

He spent the last few years of his 
life unsuccessfully warning the 
Liberal Government and the people 
of the Empire that Germany was 
preparing for war. His speeches 
were ridiculed, but there can be no 
doubt that if England had been fully 
prepared, Germany would never 
have risked a war and millions of 
lives would have been saved. 

He died at the Front, within hear- 
ing of the guns, while visiting his 
beloved Indian troops, 14th Novem- 
ber. 1914. 

Funeral in St. Paul's, November 
19th, 1914. at which the King was 
• present. 

ROBERTS, Charles H., M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Under Secretary for India from 
February, 1914, until May. 1915. 

Controller of the Household from 
May, 1915, until December. 1916. 



176 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Appointed Chairman of the 
National Health Insurance Joint 
Committee in May, 1915, visiting 
India. 

ROBERTS,Captain(Actinj5-Lieut.- 
Coionel)F. C, D.S.O., M.C. 

Worcestershire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

ROBERTS, Rt. Hon. George H., 
M.P. 

Aged 50. 

Junior Lord Commissioner of the 
Treasury in the Coalition Govern- 
ment. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Board of Trade in December, 1916. 

Appointed Food Controller, 1919. 

ROBERTSON, General Sir W. R., 
G.G.B., K.C.V.O., D.S.O. 

Aged 59. 

Was Quartermaster-General when 
the war broke out. 

Seen service in South Africa and 
India. 

Was Assistant Director of Military 
Operations for six years; afterwards 
Brigadier-General of the General 
StaflP at Aldershot. 

Was Commandant of the Staff 
College at Camberley. 

Became on the 21st December, 
1915, Chief of the Imperial General 
Staff, succeeding Sir Archibald 
Murray. 

Appointed G.C.B. in January, 
1917. 

Transferred to the Eastern Com- 
mand in 1918, as he refused to work 
with the Versailles Military Council. 

ROBERTSON, Rt. Hon, John Mac - 
idnnon, M.P. 

Aged 63. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Board of Trade until May, 1915. 

P.C. in June, 1915. 

Chairman of Committee on Food 
Supply in 1916. 

ROBERTSON, Second-Lieut. Cle- 
ment. 

Late Royal West Surrey Regi- 
ment. Special Reserve (Temporary- 
Lieut., Acting-Captain, Tanks Corps). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 



ROBERTSON, Private James 
Peter (552665). 

Late Canadian Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
ROBERTSON, Lance - Corporal 
Charles Graham, M.M. 

Royal Fusiliers. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
ROBEY, George, C.B.E. 

Few men have worked harder or 
been more successful in their efforts 
to raise money for war charities than 
Mr. George Robey, the well-known 
music-hall artist, on whom the 
C.B.E. was conferred in January, 
1919. March, 1918, when he was 
entertained at luncheon, he was 
presented with a silver service in 
recognition of what he had done. The 
amount he had been instrumental in 
handing over for benevolent purposes 
exceeded £50,000, and has been 
largely added to since. In addition 
he has entertained whole armies at 
home and at the front, as well as 
thousands of wounded men. In 
the days of voluntary enlistment 
early in the war he laboured more 
strenuously than any recruiting- 
sergeant to get men, and with the 
Motor Transport Volunteers, in 
which he holds officer's rank, he has 
done yeoman service. 
ROBINSON, Lieut.-Com. E. G. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
ROBINSON, Capt. W. Leefe. 

R.F.C. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. Worcestershire Regt. and 
R.F.C. He served in France and 
was wounded. Then he worked for 
seven months as a night pilot in 
England before bringing down, in 
flames, the first Zeppelin destroyed 
in England, at Cuffley, near London, 
on Sunday, 3rd September. 1916. 

Died 31st December, 1918. 
ROBINSON, H. Perry. 

War correspondent. 

Was seen at his best in describing 
the turn of the tide which set in at the 
latter end of the war. 
ROBSON, Private H. H. 

Roval Scots Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



177 



ROCHFORT, Second-Lieut. G.A.B. 

Scots Guards. Gained the V.C. 
in the v/ar. 

RODD, Sir Rennell, G.C.V.O., 
G.C.M.G. 

Aged 60. 

Appointed to the British Embassy, 
Rome, from Stockholm, in 1908. 

Received G.C.M.G. in June. 1915, 
after anxious work in Italy during the 
war. 

"RODOSTO." 

A Turkish armed transport. 

On the 14th October, 1916, she 
was captured in the Black Sea by a 
Russian submarine. 
ROEUX. 

On the 27th August, 1918, the 
British captured it. 
••ROHILLA." 

A ship fitted as a hospital ship, 
built in the year 1906, having a 
tonnage of 7,409 and a speed of 17 
knots. 

She was wrecked off Whitby, 
England, on the 30th October, 1914. 
Many lives were lost. 

ROLLEGHEM. 

Six miles east of Tourcoing. 
On the 19th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the British. 

ROMBACH. 

Germany. 

The blast furnaces here were 
bombed by British airmen on three 
occasions. 
ROMERIES. 

On the 21st October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported that a counter- 
attack by the enemy from this direc- 
tion was beaten off with heavy loss. 

ROOM, Acting Lance-Corporal 
Frederick G. (8614). 
Royal Irish Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the v/ar, 

ROOSEVELT, Colonel Theodore. 

Aged 61. 

Was President of the United States 
from 1901 to 1909. 

On the 14th November, 1915, he 
protested against the U.S. Govern- 
ment's attitude towards Germany's 



" criminal violation of the law of 
nations." 

Strongly supported his country's 
entrance into the war long before 
President Wilson took action. 

His son Kermit held a captaincy 
in the British Army. 

ROOSEVELT, Lieut. Quentin. 

Youngest son of ex-President 
Roosevelt. 

Lost his life in the war. 

ROOT, Hon. Elihu. 

Aged 74. 

Was Secretary for War for the 
United States of America from 1899 
to 1904. 

Secretary of State in 1905. 

Made a vigorous attack on Presi- 
dent Wilson's policy in the war in 
February, 1916. 

Visited Russia in 1917 in connec- 
tion v/ith the war. 

Stated : " This is not a war about 
boundaries ; it is a war between Odin 
and Christ." 

ROSS, Malcolm. 

War correspondent. 
Has accompanied the gallant New 
Zealand Forces. 

" ROSTOCK." 

A German light cruiser. 

She was sunk by British gunfire 
in the Battle of Jutland on the 31st 
May, 1916— see under " H.M.S. 
Queen Mary.' " 

ROTHERMERE, Lord. 

On the 26th November, 1917, he 
became first British Air Minister, and 
resigned on the 25th April, 1918, 
being succeeded by Lord Weir. 

ROTTVV^EIL. 

A town of Wurtemberg, in the 
Black Forest district. 

On the 9th August, 1916, a French 
airman bombed a German powder 
factory here, causing fires and ex- 
plosions. 

ROUBAIX. 

A thriving and industrial town, 
near Lille, Department Nord France, 
on the Roubaix Canal, one mile from 
the Belgian frontier. It has woollen 

M 



178 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



manufactories, grape and tomato 
forcing. 

It has a great trade, and many 
educational institutions and fine 
buildings. 

Population. 140,000. 

On the 16th October, 1918, the 
fate of it, Lille, and Tourcoing was 
determined. 

On the 18th October, 1918, the 
Second British Army occupied it. 
The town was undamaged. 

ROUEY LE PETIT. 

On the 31st August, 1918, it was 
captured by the French, with 250 
prisoners. 

ROULERS. 

A tov/n on the River Lys, near 
Courtrai, West Flanders, Belgium. 

A cotton manufacturing town, 
with a population of 2l,42{). 

It fell into the possession of the 
Germans on the 24th October, 1914. 

On the 25th October, 1914, the 
Allies gained some little advantage in 
the direction of this and Lille, and 
the Germans crossed the Yser, the 
order having been given that this 
must be achieved at no matter what 
cost. The enemy's loss here was 
about 5,000. 

On the 30th October, 1917, our 
bombing squadrons dropped over 
two tons of explosives here and on 
Ingelmunster stations, as well as on 
moving trains and hostile billets. 
One German machine was brought 
down in combat, and one of our 
machines v/as missing. 

On the 6th November, 1917, 
during the night 62 heavy bombs 
were dropped on the enemy's rail- 
ways, communications, billets, and 
aerodromes here and at Courtrai. 
Several large explosions, which were 
follov/ed by fires, were observed in 
the station and town here. 

ROUMANIA. 

King Ferdinand, succeeded in 
1914. 

Has been an independent kingdom 
since 1878, consisting of the old 
principalities of Wallachla and Mol- 
davia ; also the delta of the Danube, 
and from Hungary by the Carpathian I 



Mountains, while the Pruth forms 
the Russian frontier on the east. 

Not being a Balkan State, it took 
no part In the war of 1912, but after 
its resumption in 1913 she intervened 
and extracted from Bulgaria as the 
price of peace some 2,000 miles of 
territory. 

It has an area of 53,472 square 
miles, and a population of over 
7,000.000. 

The capital is Bucharest. 

Before the war she had a peace 
strength of 130,000 men and 900,000 
available men. 

On the 27th January, 1915, the 
British Government decided to lend 
her £5,000,000. 

On the 5th August, 1915, it was 
reported that she had point-blank 
refused the request of Germany to 
allow munitions to pass into Bul- 
garia. 

On the 28th August, 1916. she 
declared war against Austria, and 
Germany declared war against her. 

On the 29th August, 1916. the 
Roumanian troops took possession of 
the passes of the Transylvanlan Alps. 

On the 30th August, 1916, Turkey 
declared war against her. 

On the 1st September, 1916, 
Bulgaria declared war against her. 

On the 10th August, 1917, Mac- 
kensen opened a new offensive in 
Roumania. This proved disastrously 
successful, owing (it is believed) to 
heavy bribery. 

On the 2nd January. 1917, there 
was a reconstituted Cabinet. M. 
Bratlano was appointed Premier. 

On the 18th February. 1918, Ger- 
many sent an ultimatum, giving her 
four days to enter into negotiations 
for peace. 

On the 2nd March, 1918, she 
agreed to make peace. 

On the 4th March. 1918. she 
accepted the German terms under 
compulsion. • 

ROUMANIAN DAY. 

Flag Day arranged in aid of 
National Roumanian Relief Fund. 

ROUPELL, Lieut. G. R. P. 

East Surrey Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



179 



ROVEREDO, or ROVERETO. 

One of the principal silk manufac- 
turing cities of the South Tyrol, 
Austria-Hungary, on the River Leno. 

Population, 10,500. 

It was entered by the Allies on the 
4th November, 1918. 

ROVNO. 

A town in Government Volhynia, 
Russia. 

An important trade centre in the 
sixteenth century, but wrecked by 
the Cossacks before its annexation to 
Russia. 

Good trade in provision milling 
industry. 

Population. 25,600. 

Up to the 18th September, 19i5, 
all the Vilna railways had been cut, 
with the exception of the south- 
running line to Lida and Rovno. 

*• ROXBURGH," H.M.S. 

An armoured cruiser, com.pleted in 
the year 1905, having a displacement 
of 10,850 tons and a speed of 22^ 
knots. 

On the 20th June, 1915, she was 
struck by a torpedo, but not seriously 
damaged. 

ROYAL AIR FORGE. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of 
the victory he wrote : " The work of 
our airmen in close co-operation with 
ail fighting branches of the Army has 
continued to show the same bril- 
liant qualities which have come to 
be commonly associated v,'ith that 
service. From the beginning of 
January, 1918, to the end of Novem- 
ber nearly 5,500 tons of bombs v/ere 
dropped by us, 2,953 hostile aero- 
planes were destroyed, in addition to 
1,178 others driven dov/n out of 
control, 241 German observation 
balloons v*'ere shot down in flames, 
and an area of over 4,000 square 
miles of country has been photo- 
graphed, not once, but many tim.es." 

♦'ROYAL EDWARD." 

Steamer belonging to the Canadian 
Northern Steamships, taken over by 
the Government. Built in the year 
1 908, having a tonnage of 11,117 and 
a speed of 19 knots. 



She was sunk in the Aegean, with 
great loss of life, on the 14th August, 
1915. 
ROYAL ENGINEERS. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report of the 
victorv he wrote : " All branches 
have shown the greatest energy and 
skill in the discharge of their different 
tasks. On many occasions, par- 
ticularly in the construction of 
bridges under fire and in the removal 
of mines, they liave shown courage of 
the highest order. 

In the course of our advance 
some 700 road bridges, exclusive of 
pontoon bridges, were constructed. 
In the period from the 8th August to 
the termination of hostilities nearly 
14,000 Germ.an mines and traps of 
various descriptions, totalling over 
540 tons of explosives, had been 
discovered and rendered harmless by 
the different tunnelling companies. 
Over 400 mechanical pumping plants, 
giving a daily yield of some twenty 
million gallons of water, were in- 
stalled as our troops advanced. 
Engineer troops were responsible 
also for the repair of 3,500 miles of 
road, including the filling in of 500 
road craters." 
ROYE. 

In the Department of Somme, on 
the Arve. 

On the 27th August, 1918, it was 
captured by the French. 
ROZWADOVSKI, General. 

Chief of General Staff of the Polish 
Arm.y. 
"RUGKIN." 

A "German mine-layer. 

She Vi^as scuttled on the 2nd July, 
1915. 
RUMEY, Lieut. 

The Germ.an champion miilitary 

flier. He had 45 victories. He was 

killed on the Western Front on the 

6th October, 1918. 

RUNCIMAN, Rt. Hon. W., P.C., 

ex-M.P. 

Aged 49. 

Was Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Local Government Board, 1905. 

Financial Secretary to the Treaiury, 
1907. 



180 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Was President of the Board of 
Education from 1908 until 1911. 

President of the Board of Trade 
from the 14th August to December, 
1916. 
RUPEL PASS. 

On the Greek frontier. 

On the 29th May. 1916, the Ger- 
mans and Bulgarians acquired it. 
RUPPREGHT, Prince. 

Crown Prince of Bavaria. 

On the 21st October, 1918. he was 
reported as the marked-out suc- 
cessor to the Kaiser on the imperial 
throne. 

He has always been a boaster and a 
braggart, and is violently anti-British. 

♦♦RUSSELL," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in ths year 
1903, having a displacement of 
14,000 tons and a speed of 192 knots. 

She was sunk by a mine in the 
Mediterranean on the 27th April, 
1916; 124 officers and men were 
missing. Among the saved was 
Admiral Fremantle. 
RUSSELL, Captain John Fox, M.C. 

Late R.A.M.C. (attached to the 
Royal Welsh Fusiliers). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
RUSSIA. 

A vast empire, embracing more 
than half the continent of Europe and 
one-third of Asia. 

Estimated area. 8,660,000 square 
miles. Population, 163,000,000. 

It extends from Poland in the west 
to Behring Straits in the east, a dis- 
tance of 5,700 miles, and from the 
Arctic to Southern Siberia, north and 
south, about 2,660 miles. 

The State capital is Petersburg 
(renamed Petrograd), and the empire 
has six great divisions : Russia proper 
and Poland, the Finland Grand 
Duchy, Caucasia, the Transcaspian 
territory. Central Asia, and Siberia. 
In Europe Russia has an area of a 
little over 2,000,000 English square 
miles, and a population of about 
108,000,000,; and the most import- 
ant cities, after the capital, are 
Moscow, Warsaw, and Odessa. 

Before the war she had a peace 



strength of 1,300,000 men and 
15,000.000 available men. 

Germany declared war against her 
on the 1st August, 1914. 

Issued proclamation promising 
autonomy to Poland on the 15th 
August, 1914. 

England. France, and Russia 
agreed, on the 5th September. 1914. 
not to treat for peace separately. 

Won great 17 days' battle in East 
Prussia, capturing 30,000 Austrian 
prisoners, on the I3th September. 
1914. 

The Tsar issued a decree pro- 
hibiting the sale of alcohol through- 
out the empire for ever by the 
Russian Government on the 20th 
October. 1914. 

On the 7th August, 1915, it was 
reported that the Kaiser, through the 
King of Denmark, had offered the 
Russians terms of peace, which were 
emphatically rejected by the Tsar. 

On the 9th and 11th March, 1917, 
there were food riots in Petrograd, 
and on the 12th March a revolution 
occurred. 

On the 14th March, 1917, Prince 
Lvoff was elected Premier, 

On the 15th March, 1917, the 
abdication of the Tsar was demanded 
by the Provisional Government. 
The Tsar abdicated for himself and 
the Tsarevltch, naming the Grand 
Duke Michael, his brother, as 
Regent. 

On the 9th June. 1917, the 
Russian Government refused the 
offer by the Germans of an unlimited 
armistice. 

On the 23rd July, 1917, there was 
an Army crisis in Russia. Most of the 
units on the Galician front became 
completely disorganised, no longer 
obeying commands, and there were 
wholesale desertions. Representa- 
tives from the front demanded from 
M. Kerensky that extreme measures 
be taken. 

7 he ex-Tsar and ex-Tsarina were 
sent to Siberia on the 15th August, 
1917, and were brutally murdered. 

Proclaimed a Republic on the 15th 
September, 1917, a new Cabinet was 
formed under M. Kerensky, with four 
other members. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



181 



On the 15th December, 1917, the 
Russians signed an armistice with 
Germany on condition that German 
troops were not moved west. This 
condition was disregarded by the 
enemy. 

On the 10th February, 1918, she 
deserted the Allies, Trotsky refusing 
to continue war or to make peace. 

On the 18th February, 1918, Ger- 
many recommenced hostilities, and 
Drinsk and Lutak were seized. 
RUSSIA, Ex- Tsar of, Nicholas II. 

Aged 51. 

Called to the throne in November, 
1894. 

His mother is a sister of Queen 
Alexandra. 

Married a daughter of Princess 
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse. 

Abdicated at the call of the pro- 
gressive forces in March, 1917. 

Later he and his family were 
murdered. 
'♦RUSSIA, THE." 

A British transport. 

She was submarined on the 14th 
December, 1916. No troops were 
on board. 

RUSSIAN DAY. 

Flag Day arranged in aid of 
Anglo-Russian Hospital in Petrograd 
and at Russian front. 

RUSSIAN SOCIALISTS, Torture 
of. 

On the 25th June, 1918. Herr 
Hasse declared in the Reichstag that 
at Riga the Germans had thrown 
hundreds of persons into prison, 
among them six women ; had con- 
demned to death a boy of 15 for 
distributing a proclamation (though 
no proof was produced); had con- 
demned to death two sisters named 
Datt, and executed one of them ; and 
had tortured a Socialist arrested on 
the charge of being in possession of 
a number of circulars. He was first 
beaten about the head for several 
minutes, then stripped and flogged 
with a whip of wire thongs covered 
with india-rubber, fastened to a 
bench and beaten on it till it broke, 
and, finally, for four hours thrashed 
till his body was'.one " great wound." 



He was afterwards sentenced to death 
by court-martial, and was executed, 
having contrived to smuggle out this 
letter to his friends : " I ask only one 
thing before I die. Can you not 
reveal to the world the truth as 
to the part played by German 
' liberators ' ? " 

RUSSINI, Signor. 

President of the Italian section of 
delegates to the Inter-Allied Parlia- 
mentary Conference. 

RUSSKY, General. 

On the lOfch July, 1915, he was 
nominated Commander-in-Chief of 
the Russian Armies operating on the 
North-Western Front. 

RUTHVEN, Sergeant William 
(1946). 
Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

RYAN, Private John. 

55th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

RYDER, Private Robert (3281). 
Middlesex Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

SAARALBE. 

Germany. 

British airmen bombed the 
chemical factory here. 

SAARBRUGKEN, or SAAR- 
BRUCK. 

A town in Rhenish Prussia, on the 
River Saar, opposite the sister town 
of Sankt Johann. 

It is a manufacturing centre in 
rich coal-field. 

Population, 30,500. 

The factories, station, and railways 
were raided by 40 French aviators 
here on the 6th September, 1915 ; 
75 persons reported killed. 
SABLIN, Admiral. 

Russian Admiral. 

On the 6th November, 1918, he 
was reported to be en route for 
England to take command of the 
Black Sea Fleet and go to Odessa. 

SACILE. 

On the 1st November, 1918, it was 
occupied by British troops. 



182 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



SADLIER, Lieut. Clifford V/illiam 
King. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
SADULLAH, General. 

On the 1st November, 1918, he 
was appointed Chief of the General 
Staff of the Third Turkish Army, 
and one of the negotiators for peace. 

SAGE, Private Thomas Henry 
(33316). 

Somerset Light Infantry (Twer- 
ton). Gained the V.C. in the war. 

SAILLY SAILLISEL. 

On the 18th October, 1916, the 
French completed the capture of it. 

SAILLY-SUR LA-LYS. 

Three miles north of Estalres. 
On the 3rd September, 1918, the 
British troops gained possession of it. 

SAILORS' DAY. 

Flag Day organised under the joint 
auspices of the Navy League and 
British and Foreign Sailors* Society. 

SAINGHIN-EN-Vv^EPPES. 

Four miles east of La Bassee. 

On the 15th October, 1918, Sir 
D. Halg reported : " We carried out 
a successful raid yesterday evening 
south of here ; 20 prisoners were 
taken." 

SALENI, Duke of. 

Son of the Duke of Aosta. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, a 
Rome telegram reported that he had 
died in a hospital in the war zone. 

SALESGHES. 

It was captured by the British on 
the 24th October, 1918. 

SALISBURY, Brig.-General the 
Marquess of, K.G. 

Aged 58. 

Son of the well-known Prime 
Minister. 

Fought with distinction in the Boer 
War. 

Lord Privy Seal in 1903. 

Was President of the Board of 
Trade. 

Appointed a Brigadier-General in 
1915. 

Appointed a K.G. in March. 1917. 



SALM-HORSTMAN, Prince. 

In the Prussian Diet of April, 1918, 
he stated : " I do not see why our 
enemies should not bleed until they 
are black. We need an indemnity in 
raw materials and in cash. The 
more we weaken the Poles, the sooner 
we shall have rest and peace." 

SALONIKA. 

A seaport, at the head of the Gulf of 
Salonika. Centre of Important trade 
for Macedonia and much of Albania. 
Has a fine harbour, famous mosque of 
Santa Sophia, and Roman and Byzan- 
tine antiquities. 

Exports grain, cocoons, hides, 
wool, tobacco, etc. 

Has a population of 174,000 (one- 
half Jews, who have 25 synagogues). 

On the 5th October, 1915, the 
Allied Forces landed here. 

On the 13th December, 1915, the 
British and French troops occupied 
it. 

On the 30th December, 1915, 
enemy Consuls were arrested here by 
General Sarrail. 

On the 3rd June. 1916. the Allies 
established martial law and took over 
the local administration. 

On the 20th August, 1916, a 
general offensive was launched by 
the Allied forces under General 
Sarrail. 

On the 30th August, 1916, a revo- 
lution took place. 

On the 10th September, 1916. the 
British operating on the Salonika 
front crossed the Shuma and defeated 
the Bulgarian troops. 

Onthe25th April, 1 91 7. the British 
advanced north of Salonika, and were 
repulsed. 

On the 9th May. 1917, the British 
attacked north of Salonika. 

On t..e 31st October. 1918. it was 
reported that Turkey was out of the 
war, and that at 1 2 o'clock on that day 
the British Vlce-Admlral here con- 
cluded an armistice with the Ottoman 
Government. The terms of the 
armistice included the free passage of 
the Dardanelles and entry of our 
fleet to the Black Sea. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



183 



"SALTA." 

A hospital ship. 

On the 10th April, 1917, she was 
sunk in the Channel ; 52 were killed. 

SALVADOR. 

President Carlos Melendez, suc- 
ceeded in 1913. 

A Republic on the Pacific coast, 
Central America, adjoining Honduras 
and Guatemala. 

Area, 7,225 square miles. Popu- 
lation. 1,050,116. 

Agriculture and minerals. 

Capital, San Salvador. 

On the Allies' side in the war. 
SAMSON, Com. Charles R., D.S.O. 

Aged 36. 

Obtained pilot's certificate in 1911. 

Awarded a Bar to the D.S.O. in 
1917. 

Commandant of the naval wing of 
the Royal Flying Corps. 
SAMSON, Seaman George R. 

R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
SAMUEL, Rt. Hon. Herbert L., 
P.O., M.P. 

Aged 49. 

Under Secretary to the Hom.e 
Department, 1905 to 1909. 

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster, 1909 to 1910. 

Postmaster-General, 1910 to 1914. 

President of the Local Government 
Board, 1914 to 1915. 

Postmaster-General again from 
May, 1915, to January, 1916. 

Home Secretary from the 11th 
January to December, 1916. 

SANDERS, Corporal G. W. 

Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
SANDERS, Lieut-Com. W. E. 

R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 
SANDFORD, Lieut. Richard 
Douglas. 
R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
SANDHURST, Viscount, G.G.V.O., 
G.G.S.I. 
Aged 63. 

Under Secretary for War in two 
Ministries. 



Appointed Governor of Bombay, 
1895. 

Lord Chamberlain in February, 
1912. 

Made a Viscount on retirement of 
the Ministry in December, 1915. 

SAN GIOVANNI. 

On the 27th May. 1917, the 
Italians reached the third Austrian 
line of defence and took it. 

On the 31st October, 1917, an 
incendiary bomb fell here and on the 
neighbouring villa of Trento, which 
was occupied as a hospital, and a 
Canadian surgeon conducted the 
rescue of all those who could be 
saved. 

SANKEY, Mr. Justice. 

Chairman of the Advisory Com- 
mittee on Enemy Aliens. 

Chairman of the Coal Commission, 
1919. 

SARAJIVO. 

A mountainous province of Turkey, 
now Austro-Hungarlan territory, 
having an area (with Herzegovina) of 
19,700 square miles, and a population 
of 1,500.000. 

The capital Is Bosna-Serai, having 
a population of 500,000. 

The Archduke Francis Ferdinand 
of Austria, together with his consort, 
were assassinated here on the 28th 
June, 1914. 

SAROLEA, Dr. Charles. 

Aged 49. 

Belgian by birth ;now a naturalised 
Englishman. 

Appealed on behalf of Belgium 
during the war. 

SARRAIL, General. 

On the 6th August, 1915, he was 
appointed Commander-in-Chief in 
the Salonika district. 

SARREBOURG. 

Germ.any. 

The junction sidings here were 
bombed by the British on seven 
occasions, 

SAUNDERS, Sergeant A. F. 

Suffolk Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the*war. 



184 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



SAXE-GOBURG GOTHA, Grand 
Duke of. 

It was reported that he abdicated 
on the 16th November, 1918. 
SAXE-WEIMAR, Prince Albert of. 

He was the thirty-sixth German 
Prince to lose his life during the war. 
He was reported to have been killed 
in action on the Western Front in 
September, 1918. 

Just before the big German offen- 
sive of March, 1918, the German 
papers announced that altogether 
thirty Princes had been killed, and 
since then six others have been killed 
or mortally wounded. 
SAXONY. 

A revolution was reported here on 
the 11th November, 1918. 
SAZONOFF, M. 

Russian Foreign Minister. 

On the 22nd July, 1916, his 
resignation was announced. 
SGALA NOVA. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
stated that a British ship would be 
sent here on a fixed date, with 1,000 
Turkish prisoners, to embark 1,000 
British invalided prisoners of war. 
SCANDINAVIA. 

On the 29th December. 1916, she 
sent a Note to Germany supporting 
President Wilson. 

SCARBOROUGH. 

A harbour and fashionable coast 
watering-place in North Riding, 
Yorkshire, England. 

Population. 37.204. 

On the 16th December, 1914, a 
German cruiser force made a raid, 
shelling it, Whitby, and Hartlepool ; 
1 10 persons were killed and over 400 
injured. 

On the 4th September, 1917, a 
German submarine, in broad day- 
light, about 7 p.m.. appeared, shelled 
it, and inflicted 8 casualties. 
SCARPE. 

A river in France, in the Depart- 
ment of Pas-de-Calais, a tributary 
(70 miles) of the River Scheldt. 

On the 14th April, 1917. British 
troops made deep penetrations into 
the German lines around Cambrai, 



Scarpe, and the Souchez valley, \ 
capturing numerous fresh villages. I 

Onthe23rdApril,1917.theBritish ' 
had advanced along the Scarpe on a 
front of 3.000 yards. Gavrelle and 
Guemappe were taken, with 2,000 
prisoners. 

On the 14th May, 1917. Roeux, a 
village in the Scarpe valley, east of 
Arras, was captured by British troops. 
"SCHARNHORST." 

A German armoured cruiser, en- 
gaged, according to the Admiralty*! 
report of the 4th November, 1914, 
withthe German ships" Gneisenau," 

Leipzig," and " Dresden," off the 
coast of Chili, against H.M. Ships 
the " Good Hope," " Monmouth," 
and " Glasgow," in stormy weather, 
the action lasting an hour. 

The " Good Hope " caught fire, 
blew up, and sank. 

The " Monmouth." also on fire, 
drew off, but was again attacked. 
The " Glasgow " was not greatly 
damaged, and had few casualties. 

This ship, together with the 
" Gneisenau," " Niirnberg," and 
" Leipzig," were sunk off the Falk- 
land Islands by a British squadron, 
commanded by Sir F. Sturdee, on 
the 8th December, 1914. 

The engagement lasted five hours. 
The " Dresden " escaped. 
SCHAUMBURG - LIPPE, Prince 
Adolph of. 

He was badly wounded in the 
fighting around St. Quentin in April, 
1918. 
SCHEER, Admiral. 

Was Chief of the German Naval 
Staff. 
SCHELDT, or SCHELDE. 

A river of France, Holland, and 
Belgium. 

Rises in Department Aisne, and 
flows (248 miles) to the North Sea 
by the estuaries indenting Zeeland, 
passing Oudcnarde, Ghent. Dender- 
monde, and Antwerp. 

The Germans crossed here at 
Termonde, Schoonaborde, and Wel- 
teren on the 7th October, 1914. 
SCHENCK, General von. 

He was appointed German War 
Minister on the 26th October, 1918. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



185 



SCHILEDEN ISLAND. 

In the Gulf of Riga. 

On the 20th October, 1917, it fell 
to the Germans. In the naval 
fighting for its possession a British 
submarine torpedoed a German 
Dreadnought. 

SCHILIG ROADS. 

See under "Cuxhaven." 

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN. 

A Prussian province, adjoining 
Denmark on the north. 

Area, 7, 337square miles. Agricul- 
tural and manufacturing. Popula- 
tion. 1,450,000. 

Capital, Kiel. 

The north part of the province, 
Schleswig, and the south division, 
Holstein, were both Danish duchies 
prior to 1866, and a large portion of 
the inhabitants still speak Danish. 

On the 25th March, 1916, the 
airship sheds here were attacked by 
British seaplanes, three of which were 
afterwards reported missing. 

On the llth November, 1918, it 
was reported to be a Republic. 

SCHLESWIG-HOLSTEIN GUN- 
THER, Duke Ernst of. 

Brother-in-law of the Kaiser. 

In the Prussian Diet of April, 1918, 
he stated : " We must use a firm 
hand, and not wear l:id gloves." 

SCHOFIELD, Temporary- Second- 
Lieut. J. 

Late Lancashire Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
SCHOORE. 

Seven miles from Ostend. 
On the 17th October, 1918, the 
Belgians crossed the Yser and took it. 

SCHULZE - GAVERNITZ, Pro- 

In May, 1918, he stated: ^ We 
should conclude treaties providing 
for the supply of raw materials on the 
model of the peace treaties with 
Roumania and Ukraine. The most 
favoured nation clause is the most 
important war aim. We cannot 
ignore the fact that our ■ enemies 
embrace nearly the whole world." 



SCHWERIN. 

Capital of the Grand Duchy of 
Mecklenberg-Schwerin . 

It joined the revolution on the 8th 
November. 1918. 
SGILLY ISLES. 

Group near Land's End, Cornwall, 
England. 

Total area. 10 square miles. 
Population, 2,800. 

Hugh Town, the capital of theisles, 
is on St. Mary's, the largest of the 
group. 

On the 3rd February, ] 91 7. the 

Ameiican s.s. " Hausatonic" was sunk 

in daylight by a German submarine. 

SCOTT, Admiral Sir Percy, 

K.C.B., K.G.V.O. 

Aged 66. 

Entered the Navy in 1866; pro- 
moted Admiral in 1913. Has seen 
much war service between 1873 and 
1900. 

On the 13th September, 1915, he 
was appointed to take charge of the 
aerial defences of London. 
SCOTTISH COAST. 

There wasa Zeppelinraidonthe 2nd 
April, 1916; 10 killed and 11 injured. 
SCRAP OF PAPER, A. 

This now historic phrase was used 
by the German Chancellor, von Beth- 
mann-Hollweg, to describe a solemn 
treaty signed by the Great Powers of 
Europe, guaranteeing Belgium's in- 
tegrity. It is thoroughly in keeping 
with the unscrupulous Hun character, 
and should prove a warning to the 
Allied statesmen. It is certain that 
Germany will never respect a treaty 
unless made to do so by force. 
SCRIMGER, Captain F. A. G. 

Canadian Army Medical Service. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
SCUTARI. 

A town on the Bosphorus, Asia 
Minor, opposite Constantinople, of 
which it is considered a suburb. 

It has a population of about 50,000, 
mostly Turks. 

Active trade in Asiatic products. 

On the 23rd January. 1916, it was 

occupied by the Austrians. 

SEA AND AIR, Sub-Committee 

for Offences at and in the. 

Appointed 6th November, 1918. I 



186 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Chairman, Sir John Macdonell, 
K.C.B. 

A Sub-Committee of the Com- 
mittee of Inquiry into Breaches of 
the Laws of War. This Sub-Com- 
mittee was appointed to deal with 
violations of the laws of war com- 
mitted at sea and in the air. Amongst 
the subjects referred to this Com- 
mittee were the destruction of mer- 
chantmen, the firing on ships' crews 
after the destruction of the vessels, 
and the sinking of hospital ships. 
This Sub-Committee presented an 
interim report dealing with illegal 
submarine warfare. 

At the request of the Ministry of 
Shipping a representative of that 
Department was appointed by the 
Attorney-General to the Sub-Com- 
mittee. 
SEAHAM HARBOUR. 

A seaport, near Sunderland, Dur- 
ham, England. 

Coal trade centre, glass bottle 
works. 

Population, 15,759. 

On the 12th July, 1916, a German 
submarine attacked Seaham Harbour. 
A woman v/as killed and a house 
struck. 
SEBASTOFOL, or SEVASTO- 
POL. 

A strongly fortified Russian seaport 
in the Crimea, Government Taurida. 

Grain export and popular watering- 
place. 

Thriving town, built on ruins after 
the famous siege of 1855. 

Population (including military), 
72,000. 

On the 31st October, 1914, the 
Turkish Fleet bombarded it, doing 
considerable damage. 
SEDAN. 

Capital of the Department of 
Ardennes, on the Meuse. 

Famous for the great battle fought 
here in September, 1870, which 
resulted in the defeat and surrender 
of MacMahon. 

On the 5th November, 1918, 
Americans were bombarding the 
defences of Sedan, Stenay, Mouzon, 
Montmedy, and Cartigan. 

On the 6th November, 1918, it was 1 



entered by American troops of the 
First Army at 4 o'clock. 

On the 7th November, 1918, the 
whole of Sedan was captured by 
French and American troops. 
SEDDON, Captain R. J. S. 

Son of the late Premier of New 
Zealand. 

Lost his life in the war. 
"SEEADLER." 

A German raider. 
It was officially reported to have 
been wrecked on the 2nd August, 
1917, on Lord Howe Island. 
SEEKT, von. 

German General. 
Mentioned as a probable suc- 
cessor to Ludendorff. He was chief 
of Mackensen's Staff in Roumania. 
SEELY, Rt. Hon. Brig.-General 
J. E. B., P.O., D.S.O., C.B., 
M.P. 
Aged 51. 

Liberal Under Secretary for the 
Colonies from 1908 to 1911. 

Served in the South African War. 
Secretary for War from 1912 to 
March, 1914. 

Appointed Brigadier-General in 
1915. 

C.B. in January, 1916. 
His eldest son was killed in 1917. 
He himself was injured, but re- 
turned to the front. 
SEIDLER, Dr. von. 

On the 24th June, 1917, a new 
Austrian Ministry was formed, and 
he was appointed Premier. 
SELBIC, Principal W. B., M.A., 
D.D. 
Aged 57. 

Principal of Mansfield College, 
Oxford, since 1910. 

Was Chairman of the Congre- 
gational Union in 1914. 

President of the Free Church 
Council for 1917. 

Lost a son in the war. 
Another son won the M.C. 
SELBORNE, Earl of. 
Aged 60. 

Under Secretary for Colonies from 
1895 to 1900. 

Was First Lord of the Adm.iraltv, 
1900 to 1905. 



A.B.C, OF THE GREAT WAR 



187 



Was High Commissioner in South 
Africa from 1905 to 1910. 

President of the Board of Agricul- 
ture in the Coalition Government of 
1915-16. 

Lost two sons in the war. 

SEMAN, General. 

On the 28th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the Extraordinary Com- 
mission of the Western Region had 
ordered this ex-General and 14 
others, mostly ex-ofncers, to be shot. 
SEMLIN. 

A fortified tov/n of Serbia, near 
Belgrade, on the River Danube. 

Population, 14,150. 

The Serbians captured this on the 
27th September. 1914. 
SERBIA, Peter I., King of. 

Aged 75. 

Elected King in 1903. 

Just before the war he had handed 
over to his second son much of his 
power. 
SERBIA. 

King Peter I., succeeded in 1903. 

An independent kingdom, adjoin- 
ing Bosnia, Bulgaria, Macedonia, and 
Kossova, and divided by the Rivers 
Danube and Sava from Austria- 
Hungary on the north. 

It has an area of about 34,000 
square miles, and a population of 
some 5,000,000. 

At the close of the Balkan War of 
1912-13 Serbia was allov/ed to absorb 
the v/hole of old " Servia," thus 
nearly doubling both territory and 
population. 

Capital, Belgrade. 

Before war she had a peace strength 
of 36.000 men and 500,000 available 
men. 

Received Note of Demand from 
Austria on the 23rd July, 1914. 

Answered Austria's Note of 
Demand by asking for delay on the 
24th July, 1914. _ 

Received Austria's answer, refusing 
delay, on the 25th July, 1914. 

Received declaration of v/ar by 
Austria on the 28th July, 1914. 

On the 10th December, 1914, the 
third attempt of the Austrians to 
carry out an effective invasion v/as 



made, the enemy being disastrously 
defeated near Valiers, and retreated, 
with losses in men estimated at 
30,000 and in guns at 50. 

On the 2nd October, 1915, the 
Bulgarian forces were gathering here. 

It was invaded by Austro-German 
forces on the 6th October, 1915, the 
Danube, Drina, and Sava being 
crossed. 

The Franco-Serbian troops de- 
feated the Bulgarians at Valandova 
on the 16th October, 1915. 

On the 23rd November, 1915, the 
Serbians removed their capital to 
Prizrend, and retreated towards the 
Albanian frontier. 

On the 24th June, 1917, a new 
Serbian Government was formed, 
with M. Pashitch as Premier and 
Foreign Minister. 
SERES. 

On the 26th August, 1916, it was 
reported to be occupied by the Bul- 
garians. 
SETTE GOMMUNI PLATEAU. 

On the 31st October, 1918, on this 
plateau the enemy, under strong 
pressure, was obliged to evacuate 
Asiago, v/hich was promptly entered 
by our troops. 
SEXTON, Sergeant G. (6594). 

13th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
" SEYBLITZ." 

A. German warship. Completed 
in April, 1913. Tonnage, 24,000. ^^ 

Together with the " DerfHinger," 

Moltke," and " Bliicher," she 
v/as engaged in a running fight with 
H.M. Ships the " Lion," " Tiger," 
" Princess Royal," " New Zealand," 
and the " Indom.itable " on the 24th 
January, 1915. 

The " Lion " v/as flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

The " Bliicher " capsized and sank. 

Of the " Bliicher's " crew of 885, 
125 v/ere saved. 
SHA.BATZ. 

A tov/n on the River Sava, Serbia. 

It fias an old castle. Exports fruit, 
cattle, coal, and pigs, principally to 
Hungary. 

Has a population of 12,560, 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 19th August, 1914, the news 
was confirmed that the Serbians had 
routed the Austrians here. 

SHAGKLETON, Sir David, K.C.B. 

Aged 55. 

Has been a weaver. 

Ex-President of the Weavers' 
Amalgamation. 

Senior Labour Adviser to the 
Home Office from November, 1910, 
to 1911. 

An Insurance Commissioner since 
1912. 

Permanent Secretary to the 
Ministry of Labour in December, 
1916. 

Knighted in 1917. 

SHANKLAND, Lieut. Robert. 

Canadian Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

♦♦ SHARK," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland 
on the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.'" 

♦♦ SHARON." 

A Government steamer. 

On the 15th December, 1914, she 
was reported to have been lost — some 
believed she had struck a mine when 
in the Atlantic — with all on board. 
SHARPE, Acting-Corporal C. 

Lincolnshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

SHEERNESS. 

A seaport and garrison town. 

Situated in the Isle of Sheppey, 
Kent, England. 

Has a dockyard. 

Population, 17,494. 

On the morning of the 26th 
November, 1914, H.M.S. "Bul- 
wark," which had been lying here, 
blew up and entirely disappeared, 
nearly 800 lives being lost ; only 12 
saved. 

On the 22nd October, 1916, there 
was an air raid here. The German 
machine was destroyed by a British 
seaplane. 

On the 3rd September, 1917, there 
was an air raid here and on Chatham ; 
108 were killed and 92 injured. 



SHEFFIELD, Bishop of (Rt. Rev; 
L. H. Burrows, D.D.). 

Aged 52. 

Ordained in 1 881 . 
Much interested in foreign 
missions. 

Lost a son in the war. 
SHEPHERD, Rifleman A. E. 
(R15089). 
King's Royal Rifle Corps (Barns- 
ley). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
SHERWOOD-KELLY, Major (Act- 
ing-Lieut.-Colonel) John, 
C.M.G., D.S.O. 
Norfolk Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
SHIPPING, Ministry of. 
St. James' Park. S.W. 1. 
On the 19th December. 1916, the 
Government decided to take over the 
control of shipping and mining, to 
institute National Service, and to 
call an Imperial Conference. 
"SHIROTAYE." 

A Japanese torpedo-destroyer. 
She was sunk by accident on the 
4th September, 1914. 
SHORT, Private W. 

Late Yorkshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
SHORTT, Edward, KG. 

Chief Secretary for Ireland in 
1918: Home Secretary after the 
Victory Election. 
SHOUT, Captain A. J. 

1st Australian Imperial Forces. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
SHUBOTHAM, Sergeant R. 

Cheshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
SIAM. 

King Vajiravudh, succeeded 
1910. 

A country in the Indo-Chinese 
Peninsula, between Lower Burma 
and the Shan States, the Malay 
Peninsula, Cambodia, and Annam. 

Area, 195,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation. 6,500,000. 

Principal product, rice. 
Capital, Bangkok. 
On the 22nd July. 1 91 7. she declared 
war against Germany and Austria. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



189 



SIBERIA. 

In Asiatic Russia, from the Ural 
Mountains to the Sea of Okhotsk and 
Behring Strait. Washed by the 
Arctic on the north, and bounded on 
the south by Mongolia and Turke- 
stan. 

Area, 4,833,496 square miles. 
Estimated population, 8,000,000. 

Climate mostly very severe, but 
has wonderful summer productivity. 
Vast mineral wealth. 

It has many great waterways and 
railv/ay connections. North and 
south low lying plain ; north interior 
a plateau, traversed by mountain 
chains, with large lakes. 

Agriculture, pastuiage, forestry. 

Many large towns. Chief, Tomsk 
(capital W.S.) and Irkutsk (capital 
E.S.). 

The population includes many 
thousands of political and other 
exiles from European Russia. 

The ex-Tsar and ex-Tsarina and 
family were sent here on the 15th 
August, 1917, and were brutally 
murdered. 

SIFTON, Lance- Sergeant Ellis 
- Welwood (53730). 
Late Canadian Infantry Battalion 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

SILISTRIA. 

The Roumanian fortress on the 
Danube. 

On the 10th September, 1916, the 
fall of it was reported. 
SIMLA." 

A P. & 0. liner. 

On the 7th April, 1916, she was 
reported to have been torpedoed 
and sunk in the Mediterranean. 

SIMON, Rt. Hon. Sir John, 
K.G.V.O., K.G., ex-M.P. 

Aged 46. 

Solicitor-General, 1910-13. 

Appointed Attorney- General, with 
seatinthe Cabinet, October, 1913-15. 

Became Home Secretary on forma- 
tion of Coalition Ministry in May, 
1915. Resigned in January, 1916, 
declining to support compulsory 
service. 

Joined the Army in October, 1917. 



Lost his seat as M.P. in the Victory 
Election. 
SIMS, Admiral. 

Commander - in - Chief of the 
United States Navy in European 
waters. He is considerably over six 
foot in height. 

In July, 1918, King George con- 
ferred upon him the G.C.M.G. 

SINGAPORE. 

A British isle at the south end of 
Malay Peninsula ; part of the Crown 
Colony of the Straits Settlement. 
Strongly fortified. 

Area, 206 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 303,321 (less than 4,000 
Europeans). 

There is an Admiralty dockyard, 
a cathedral, and fine Government 
buildings. 

On the 23rd February, 1915, a 
serious riot took place among Indian 
troops, fomented by German agents. 
SINGH, Sepoy Chaka. 

9th Bhopal Infantry. Gained the 
V.C. in the war, 
SINGH, Lance-Dafadar Gobind 
(2008). 

Indian Cavalry. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
SINTON, Captain J. A., M.B. 

Indian Medical Service. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
SISEMOL. 

On the Asiago Plateau. 

On the 25th October, 1918, French 
troops occupied it and took over 800 
prisoners. 
SISTERON, Major. 

Of the General Headquarters of 
the Allies' Armies. 

Accompanied by three officers, he 
started for Spa by motor-car on the 
11th November, 1918. 

*' SIVUTGH." 

A Russian gunboat. 
On the 18th August, 1915, she was 
sunk after a gallant fight against a 
superior force. 
SKINNER, Sergt. (Acting-G.S.M.) 
John (6895). 
King's Own Scottish Borderers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 



190 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



** SLAVA." 

A Russian battleship. 

On the 17th October. 1917, she 
was sunk by the Germans in Moon 
Sound, in the Baltic. 

SLAVE TRAFFIC. 

The Belgian Bishops, in a mani 
festo signed by Cardinal Mercier, 
stated that between October, 1916, 
and February, 1917, many thousands 
of Belgians v/ere deported to Ger- 
many and forced to labour in 
German mines, factories., and muni- 
tion works on the pretext that they 
were unemployed. 

" Each day," the manifesto stated, 
" the military authorities deport 
thousands of inoffensive citizens 
from Belgium to Germany, there to 
extract from them forced labour. . . . 
The pay was 4d. a day : the food 
supplied such that men lost one-third 
their weight." 

SMITH, Rt. Hon. Sir F. E., P.C, 
K.G., ex-M.P. 

Aged 47. 

Was Solicitor-General. 

On the 2nd November, 1915, he 
succeeded Sir E. Carson as Attorney- 
General. The Right Hon. George 
Cave, K.C., M.P., was appointed 
Solicitor- General. 

In the Victory Cabinet he was 
appointed Lord Chancellor, and 
raised to the peerage as Lord 
Birkenhead. 

SMITH, Very Rev. Sir George 
Adam, M.A,, D.D., LL.D., 
Litt.D. 

Aged 63. 

Principal and Vice-Chancellor of 
the University of Aberdeen. 

Knighted on the 1st January, 1916. 
Two of his sons fell in the war. 

SMITH, Acting-Corporal Issy. 

Manchester Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

SMITH, Second-Lieut. A. V. 

East Lancashire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

SMITH, Private James. 

Border Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



SMITH-DORRIEN, General Sir 
H. L., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., 
D.S.O. 

Aged 61. ' 

Commanded a Division in the Boer 
War. 

Was Commander-in-Chief of the 
Aldershot Command, and held the 
Southern Command from 1912. 
Was Adjutant-General in India. 
Received G.C.B. in 1913. 
G.C.M.G. in 1915. 
Commanded the Second Army, 
B.E.F., 1914-1915; vyas transferred 
to the East African Command. 

Owing toill-health he had to resign 
East African Command on the 9th 
February, 1916, General Smuts suc- 
ceeding him. 
SMOKERS' FUND DAY. 

Flag Day, Organised by the 
Smokers' Fund to provide tobacco 
for wounded sailors and soldiers in 
home and foreign hospitals. 
SMUTS, Rt. Hon. Lieut.-General 
Jan Christian. 
Aged 49. 

A lawyer and general. 
Colonial Secretary in General 
Botha's Ministry in South Africa. 

On the 23rd September, 1915, a 
murderous attem.pt was made on him 
by hooligans at Newlands. 

Succeeded Sir H. Smith-Dorrien 
in command of East African cam- 
paign, and took command of the 
South African troops in East Africa 
on the 9th February, 1916. 

On the 11th March, 1916, the 
German forces in East Africa were 
driven from Mount Kilimajaro by 
British troops under General Smuts* 
command. 

On the 24th March. 1916, General 
Smuts won another success in East 
Africa. 

On the I5th June, 1916, he cap- 
tured Wilhelmstal. 

He arrived in London on the 13th 
March, 1917, for the Imperial War 
Conference. 

On the 18th June, 1917, he was 
appointed to the War Cabinet. 
SMYTHE, Lieut. J. G. 

15th Ludhiana Sikhs. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



191 



SNETTISHAM. 

On the 19th January, 1915, there 
was a Zeppelin raid on Yarmouth, 
King's Lynn, here, and other Norfolk 
towns and villages ; 4 persons were 
killed. 

SNOW, Major -General Sir Thomas 
D., G.G.B. 

Aged 61. 

Entered the Army in 1879. 

Served through the Zulu War, and 
was wounded in the Soudan Expedi- 
tion in 1884. 

Commanded the Fourth Division 
of the British Forces in the war. 

Appointed G.C.B. in June, 1915. 

SNOWDEN, Philip, ex-M.P. 

Aged 55. 

Was in the Civil Service. 

Chairman of the Independent 
Labour Party from 1903 to 1906. 

Started on a world tour in July, 
1914. 

SOISSONS. 

A fortified town, near Laon, in 
the D3partment of Aisne, France. 

It has a cathedral and a ruined 
abbey. 

It is an old Frankish capital, and 
was often besieged. 

Industrial and trading in agricul- 
tural produce. 

It has a population of 13,425. 

It was bombarded by the Germans 
onjhe 19th September, 1914. 

The French destroyed several Ger- 
man batteries by their artillery fire 
between this and Berry-au-Bac on the 
27th October. 1914. 

On the 9th January, 1915, the 
cathedral here was bombarded by 
the Germans. 

On the 13th January, 1915, the 
German movementnear hereassumed 
a more determined character, and the 
French lost some ground. 

On the 14th January, 1915, the 
Germans had a success near here. 
The Kaiser was a spectator. 

On the 13th April, 1 91 7. north and 
east of Soissons the French advance 
was resumed with great activity. 

On the 17th April, 191 7. a powerful 
French offensive opened, after ten 
days' bombardment, on the front 



from Soissons to Rheims. Over 
10,000 prisoners were taken and a 
large quantity of booty. 

On the 27th May, 1918, the Ger- 
man offensive was resumed on a large 
scale. Thirty divisions attacked 
eight Allied divisions between 
Soissons and Rheims. They captured 
Chemin des Dames, and reached 
and crossed the Aisne, advancing 12 
miles. A minor attack by the Ger- 
mans was repulsed by the French. 
On the 29th May, 1918, the Ger- 
mans captured it after very severe 
fighting, and advanced north of 
Rheims. They claimed : " The 
booty in artillery and war material 
is tremendous. . . . Guns of every 
description, up to railv/ay guns of the 
heaviest calibre, were captured." 

On the 18th July, 1918, there was 
a great French counter-attack 
delivered by Generals Mangin and 
Degoutte, advancing eight miles 
between Soissons and Chateau- 
Thierry. 

The advance continued on the 
19th July, 1918. Heavy capture of 
prisoners and guns. 

On the 2nd August, 1918, the 
French recaptured it and Ville-en- 
Tandenois. 
SOKAT. 

A town on the River Bug, Austrian 
Galicia. Carries on silk manufac- 
tories. 

On the 18th July, 1915. the Ger- 
mans crossed the Bug near here. 
SOLDAR. 

The Russians occupied Soldar on 
the 23rd September, 1914. 
SOLF, Dr. Wilhelm. 
Aged 57. 

The German Colonial Secretary. 
Was Governor-General of Samoa. 
On the 16th November, 1918, he 
addressed a message to President 
Wilson for supplies of food for 
Germany. 
SOLLINGEN. 

A. town near Cologne, Rhenish 
Prussia. 

Cutlery centre of Germany. 
Population, 50,000. 
The wharves here were bombed by 
British airmen. 



192 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



SOLLUM. 

The Egyptian frontier post. 
On the 14th March, 1916, it was 
occupied by the British. 

SOMBART, Professor. 

German economist. 

Made the statement : " The whole 
body of the (British) people is 
beginning to rot. ... In England 
to-day every trade unionist is im- 
mersed in the morass of comfort." 

SOMERS, Sergeant J. 

Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

SOMME. 

Department of North France. 

Area, 1,423 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 538.000. 

Mainly agricultural, with thriving 
textile industries. 

Capital, Amiens. 

The River Somme flows (116 
miles) in Departments Aisne and 
Somme to the English Channel. 

On the 1st July, 1916, a great 
British offensive began in the West 
to the north of the River Somme, over 
a 25-miles front, while the French 
pushed forward towards Hardecourt 
and Curlis. British troops captured 
the German labyrinth of trenches to 
the depth of 1,000 yards on a front 
of seven miles and the villages of 
Montauban and Manette, with 2,000 
prisoners. The French took Dom- 
pierre, Becquincourt, Bassee, and 
Fay, with 3,000 prisoners. 

On the 2nd July, 1916, Fricourt 
was taken, andthe British penetrated 
La Boiselle, while the French occu- 
pied Curlu, Frise, and Mereancourt 
Wood. 

On the 3rd July, 1916, further 
progress was made, the British taking 
Serre and La Boiselle, and the French 
occupying Herbecourt, Chapitre 
Wood, Feuilleres, Asseviilers, Bris- 
court, and Floucourt, beyond the 
second German position. Damloup 
work, near Vaux Fort, north-east of 
Verdun, was captured by the Ger- 
mans, but the French recovered it in 
a counter-attack. The Germans, 
heavily reinforced, took from the 
British a small part of the defences of 



La Boiselle. The French strength- 
ened their line by taking the village of 
Belloy - en - Sauterre and Estr^es. 
The Germans again took Thiaumont 
work. 

On the 5th July, 1916, in the north 
of the Somme the French won Hem, 
and on the south they held the whole 
of the German second position for 
seven miles. 

On the 7th July. 1916. the second 
stage of the great British advance 
began. 

On the 16th July, 1916, another 
British advance, penetrating the 
third system of German defences, 
took place, taking three more villages 
and capturing over 2,000 prisoners. 
Onthe20t"h July, 1916, the French 
widely extended their gains north 
and south of the Somme, and cap- 
tured 2,900 prisoners. 

On the 9th August, 1916, north of 
the Somme the French advanced 
about a quarter of a mile on a front 
of nearly four miles. 

On the 16th August, 1916, the 
French and British reached the 
Guillemont - Maurepas road, and 
occupied all the enemy positions east 
of the Maurepas-Cl^ry road, in-* 
flicting severe losses. 

On the 2nd September, 1916, as a 
result of fierce fighting between the 
Somme and the Ancrc the British 
took the enemy defences on a front 
of 3,000 yards, including the village 
of Guillemont and pari of Guichy. 

On the 3rd September, 1916, 
further appreciable progress was 
made north of the Somme. During 
the two days 2,500 prisoners were 
taken. South of the Somme the 
French attacked along 14 miles, 
establishing themselves in the out- 
skirts of Bernv and Dennecourt. 

On the 4th September, 1916, 
south of the Somme the French took 
Boyecourt and Chilly, and carried 
two and a half miles of strong 
defences. 

On the 12th September. 1916, 
north of the Somme the French took 
the German trenches from Combles 
to the river, and reached the 
Bapaume-Peronne road. 

On the 13th September, 1916, the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



193 



French captured Bouchavesnes, Ger- 
man attacks along the Somme front 
being repulsed. 

On the 14th September, 1916, 
German trenches south-east of 
Thiepval, on a front of 1,000 yards, 
including the '* Wunderwerk," were 
taken by the British. 

On the 15th September, 1916, the 
British captured the high ground 
between Combles and the Bouleaux 
Wood, with Flers, Martinpuich, 
and Courcelette. A new type of 
heavy armoured car, nicknamed the 

Tank," was used for the first time, 
with success, by our troops. 

On the 17th September, 1916, 
south of the Somme the French 
captured, the villages of Vermando- 
villers and Berny, and broke enemy 
counter-attacks. 

On the 25th September, 1916, the 
British and French made a forward 
movement on the Somme with 
splendid results, Morrall and Les 
Boeuffs being taken by the British, 
and Rancourt and Fregicourt by the 
French, practically isolating Combles. 

On the 1st October, 1916, the 

' British attacked the German lines on 

I the Somme, and captured the whole 

of their objective on a front of 3,000 

yards. 

On the 9th October, 1916, south of 
the Somme the French made a 
successful attack, capturing the ham- 
let of Bovent and most of the wood of 
Chaulnes, and took over 1,250 
prisoners. 

On the 5th November, 1916, the 
British on the Somme front advanced 
and attacked Transloy. The total 
Allied captures from the opening 
of the offensive were 73,000 men and 
1,499 guns, machine-guns, and 
trench mortars. 

On the 17th March, 1917, the 
British took Baupaume and 14 
villages north and south of the 
Somme. 
SOMME-PY. 

On the 28th September, 1918, it 
was captured by French troops. 
SOMMERANCE. 

It was reported on the 15th 
October, 1918, that north of here the ' 



Boche organised a stand at St. 
Georges, where infantry were ap- 
proaching, but turned eastward, 
manoeuvring for Landres in the face 
of steady machine-gunning from the 
wooded Hill 288. 
SONDERBURG. 

In Schleswig, on the S.W. side 
of the island of Alsen. 

One of the most important bases 
of the German Navy. 

On the 8th November, 1918, the 
German Navy was seized by revolu- 
tionaries, and the red flag hoisted 
on all ships. 
SOUGHEZ. 

On the 1st June, 1915, the sugar 
refinery here was taken by the French 
after two days' severe struggle. 

On the 12thjune, 1 91 5, the railway 
station here was taken by the French. 

On the 11th July, 1915, south of 
here the enemy's use of asphyxiating 
bombs compelled the French to 
evacuate trenches. 

On the 12th July, 1915. the French 
regained some of the lost trenches. 
The Germans, however, captured the 
cemetery and some of the adjacent 
trenches. 
SOUTH AFRICAN UNION. 

On the 6th July, 1915, the Govern- 
ment accepted the Union's offer to 
raise an Imperial contingent. 
'* SOUTHAMPTON," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in 1912, 
having a displacement of 5,400 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She was engaged in the battle off 
Heligoland on the 28th August, 1914 
— for details, see " Arethusa." 

SOUTH-EAST COAST. 

On the 1st March, 1916, a German 
seaplane, which killed a child during 
a raid here, fell into the sea, and was 
picked up by the French. 

On the 27th May, 1917, an air raid 
was made here ; 76 were killed and 
174 injured. 

On the 2nd September, 1917, 
there was a moonlight raid here. 
Sheerness and Chatham districts 
were visited by six enemy aeroplanes, 
and bombs were dropped in the 
Chatham districts. 

N 



194 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



SOUTH-EAST SCOTTISH 
COUNTIES. 

On the 2nd April, 1916, six 

Zeppelins raided here and the North 

and South-East Counties of England, 

10 persons being killed and 1 1 injured. 

SOUTHEND. 

A watering-place in Essex, Eng- 
land, north side of the River Thames 
estuary, opposite Sheerness. 
Population, 62,723. 
Zeppelin raid here and on Leigh- 
on-Sea and Westcliffe on the 10th 
May, 1915; 90 bombs dropped; 1 
woman killed and 1 injured. The 
damage done amounted to £20,000. 
Another air raid on the 26th May, 
1915 ; 2 killed and 4 injured. 

Another air raid here and on Mar- 
gate on the 12th August, 1917; 32 
killed and 43 injured at Southend, 
A Gotha was destroyed off the 
Belgian coast. 

Another air raid on the 22nd 
August, 1917; 24 casualties. 
SOUTHWOLD. 

A borough and watering-place, 
near Lowestoft, Suffolk, England. 
Shrimp, sprat, and herring fishery. 
Population, 2,655. 
On the 25th January, 1917, it was 
shelled either by a German destroyer 
or by a German submarine, but little 
damage was inflicted. 
SPA. 

On the 15th November, 1918, the 
British Armistice Mission was on its 
way to Spa, while the American and 
Belgian Missions were to start on the 
16th November, 1918. The Ger- 
mans were asked to meet the British 
delegates at Nivelles. 
SPACKMAN, Sergeant Charles 
Edward (9522). 
BorderRegiment(Fulham). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
SPAHN, Major- General. 

German officer and well-known 
military writer. 

A famous statement by him in the 
Deutsche Krieger Zeitung " on the 
2nd September, 1914: " The plan 
for the invasion of France was pre- 
pared in advance ; it was to be 
executed by the north, crossing 



Belgium, turning the powerful line 
of barrier forts by which the enemy I 
had protected his frontier against 
Germany. . . . The plan was a 
complete success." 
SPAHN, Herr. 

Professor of History in Strasburg 
University. 

In the " Suddeutsche Monat- 
shefte " of May, 1918, he stated: 
If the dream of the unity of the 
peoples of Europe is to become a 
reality in the future, this unity cannot 
be based upon the equality of all. 
The peoples are made for equality 
just as little as individuals are." 
SPAIN, Alfonso XIII., King of. 
Aged 32. 
Born a king. 

Married Princess Ena (of England) 
in 1906. 

Established an office for tracing 
prisoners of war. 
SPARAPPELHOEK. 

On the 29th October, 1917, the 
R.N.A.S. carried out raids here and 
on Varssenaere aerodromes. Visi- 
bility was excellent, and accurate 
shooting was made. All machines 
returned safely. 

On the 1st November, 1917, a 
bombing raid was carried out by 
naval aircraft. Targets were par- 
tially obscured by clouds, making 
results difficult to observe. Many 
offensive patrols were carried out, 
during which one hostile machine 
was shot down out of control. All 
our machines returned safely. 

On the 7th December, 1917, a 
bombing raid was carried out by 
naval aircraft. Many bombs were 
dropped on objectives; also on a train 
leaving Engel dump. 
SPARROWHAWK," H.M.S. 
A British destroyer. 
She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.* " 
SPEEDY," H.M.S. 
A British boat. 

Sunk by a mine in the North Sea 
on the 3rd September. 1914. Only 
1 life lost. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



195 



SPEYER, or SPIRES. 

A city, the capital of Rhenish 
Bavaria, on the River Rhine. 

It has a fine cathedral. 

Its famous Diet of 1529 con- 
demning the Reformation gave rise 
to the term " Protestant." 

Population, 18,115. 

The station here was bombed by 
British airmen. 

•♦ SPREEWALD." 

Hamburg-Amerika liner. 

She was captured in Atlantic 
waters on the 12th September, 1914, 
by H.M.S. "Berwick." 

SPRING-RICE, Rt. Hon. Sir Cecil, 
G.C.V.O., G.C.M.G. 

Aged 59. 

British Ambassador to U.S.A. 

Held important positions in 
Russia, Persia, Constantinople, and 
Sweden. 

Died 14th February, 1918. 

SPURGEON, Captain. 

Son of Sir Arthur Spurgeon. 
Lost his life in the war (died of 
wounds). 

ST. AMAND. 

_ Six miles north-west of Valen- 
ciennes. 

On the 21st October, 1918, Sir D. 
Haig reported : " We are approach- 
ing St. Amand." 

On the 22nd October, 1918, he 
reported: " Our patrols have entered 
St. Amand." 
ST. DENIS WESTREM. 

On the 27th September, 1917, the 
enemy aerodrome here was attacked 
by R.N.A.S. airmen, who dropped 
bombs on sheds and on 15 Goteh 
machines lined up. 

ST. FARGAUX. 

On the 31st October, 1918, the 
French reported : " Yesterday, at the 
end of the day, the enemy violently 
counter-attacked west of here, but 
we maintained our positions." 
ST. GEORGES. 

On December 19th, 1914, the 
Allies gained further ground before 
Nieupoort and here, as well as east 
and south of Ypres, north of La 



Bassee, and north-west of Arras, 
while the position east of Vermelles 
was maintained. 

On the 29th December. 1914, the 
Allies took and established them- 
selves in the village here. 
ST. JULIEN. 

On the 26th April, 1915, the loss 
of it was reported after a gallant fight 
by the Canadians. 

ST. PATRICK'S DAY. 

Flag Day, organised by the Irish 
Women's Association in aid of Irish 
soldiers and prisoners of war. 

ST. PIERRE VAAST WOOD. 

It was occupied by the British on 
the 16th March, 1917. 
ST. OUENTIN. 

A town in the Department Aisne, 
France, on the River Somme. Lace, 
tulle, and other factories, and iron- 
works. 

Population, 54,1 16. 

On the 20th March, 1917, rapid 
advance was made by the Allies 
towards Cambrai and St. Quentin. 

On the 23rd March, 1917, the 
Germans were defeated by the 
French between La Fere and here. 

On the 2nd April, 1917, the British 
advanced to within two miles of S^ 
Quentin, adding many more villages 
to their gains. 

On the 10th March, 1917, a great 
battle was fought between Lens and 
here, and from Lens to Arras. 
Vimy Ridge was taken by Canadian 
troops. The British took over 1 1,000 
prisoners, including 235 officers, and 
over 100 guns. 
ST. QUENTIN, Church of. 

In August, 1917, the Germans set 
fire to this magnificent church in 
Rheims on their retreat from the 
Somme. 
STAHL, Gustav. 

The German reservist who alleged 
that the " Lusitania " was arm.ed, was 
sentenced at New York to 18 months' 
penal servitude on the charge of 
perjury on the 8th September, 1915. 
STAMBULINSKY. 

Bulgarian statesman. 

He warned King Ferdinand that 



196 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



if he joined the Central Alliance he 
would lose his throne. 
STAMFORDHAM, Lord, G.C.B., 
G.G.I.E., G.C.V.O. 

Aged 70. 

Private Secretary to the King. 

Acted in similar capacity to Queen 
Victoria. 

Lost his only son, killed in action, 
in May, 1915. 
STANISLAU. 

A town on the River Bistritza, 
Austrian Galicia. 

Tanning, dyeing, etc. 

Population, 32,446. 

On the 8th July, 1917, the Austrian 
front west of here was broken by 
General Korniloff, and 7,000 pri- 
soners were taken. 

On the 23rd July, 1917, the Ger- 
mans recaptured Halicz, here, and 
other places, andtook many prisoners. 

STANLEY, Rt. Hon. Sir Albert H., 
M.P. 

Aged 44. 

President of the Board of Trade 
since December, 1916. 

Knighted in June, 1914. 
STEEG, M. 

Was appointed Minister of the 
Interior for France in the new 
Ministry formed in 1917. 

STEEL.MAITLAND, Sir Arthur 
H. D. R., Bart., M.P. 

Was Under Secretary for the 
Colonies. 

Chief Organiser Central Con- 
servative Office. 

Special Commissioner to Royal 
Commission on Poor Laws, 1906-7. 

Under Secretary for the Colonies 
on the change of Ministry in Decem- 
ber. 1916. 

Created a Baronet in June, 1917. 

Became head of the Commercial 
Intelligence Department in Septem- 
ber. 1917. 
STEELE, Lance -Sergeant Thomas 
(811). 

Seaforth Highlanders. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
STEIN, Herr. 

Secretary of the Office of Eco- 
nomics, Germany. 



In May, 1918, he stated: " We 
must see to it that an industry has 
enough raw material when peace 
comes." 

STEINBACH. 

On the 4th January, 1915, Berlin 
officials admitted that Steinbach had 
been captured by the French. 

♦'STEPHEN FURNESS." 

An armed ship. 

On the 23rd December, 1917, she 
was torpedoed and sunk in the Irish 
Sea; 101 killed. 

STEUGER, Major- General. 

Commander of 58th German 
Brigade. 

Issued order on the 26th August, 
1914: "All prisoners are to be 
killed. The wounded taken with 
or without arms are to be killed. 
Prisoners, even when taken in large 
organised units, are to be killed. 
No living man must be left behind 
us." 
STEWART, Charles J. 

Appointed Public Trustee, 1907. 

Was Senior Official Receiver in the 
passing of the Companies Winding- 
up Act in 1890. Resigned 1919. 

Lost his two sons in the war. 

STOCKHOLM. 

A city on isle at the outlet of Lake 
Maelar, Sweden. The capital of 
Sweden, and called " The Queen of 
the Baltic " for the beauty of its 
surroundings. It has royal palace. 
Houses of Parliament, national 
museum, old Franciscan church, 
with tombs of kings and great men of 
Sweden. 

Commercial and industrial centre, 
with many academic institutions. 

Population, 350.000. 

On the 13th August, 1917. the 
British Government refused pass- 
ports for Stockholm to Labour 
leaders. 

STONE, Lieut. (Acting- Captain) 

W. N. 
Late Royal Fusiliers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



197 



STONE, Gunner C. E., M.M. 

(34328). 
Royal Field Artillery. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
STORKEY, Lieut. Percy Valentine. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

I STRACHAN, Lieut. Henry, M.C. 

1 Canadian Cavalry. Gained the 

i V.C. in the war. 

isTRACHEY, Colonel Richard 
John, C.M.G. 

Aged 57. 

Educated at Wellington College 
and Sandhurst. 

Obtained commission in the Rifle 
Brigade in 1881. Made Captain in 
1891, Passed Staff College in 1896, 
Major in 1898, Lieut. -Colonel in 
1911. Retired in 1918. 

Married in 1896 Grace Alice, 
daughter of Field-Marshal Sir H. W. 
Norman, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. 

Staff service includes : A.D.C. to 
Governor and Commander-in-Chief, 
Queensland; D.A.Q.M.G., Punjab 
Command ; D.A.A.G. and later 
, A.A.G., War Office; Assistant to 
j Brigadier- General in Charge, Ad- 
ministrative, Northern Command. 
Served with 3rd Brigade, Upper 
Burma Field Force, in 1888-89 
(medal and clasp), and in Tochy 
Valley Expedition in 1 897 (medal and 
clasp). 

C.M.G. in 1918 for services 
rendered during the war. 

On retirement from the Army he 
joined the Ministry of Pensions in 
charge of Forfeiture Section. 

STRACHIE, Lord. 

Aged 61. 

Appointed Paymaster - General 
from 1912, but retired on the recon- 
struction of the Ministry in 1915. 

STRINGER, Private G. 

Manchester Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

••STRONGBOW," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

On the 17th October. 191 8, she and 
the " Mary Rose," another British 
destroyer, together with nine Scandi- 
navian merchant vessels, were sunk 



by two powerful German cruisers off 
the Shetlands; 135 British killed. 

STUART, Viscount. 

Heir to Lord Castle Stuart. 
Lost his life in the war. 

STUART, Lieut. Ronald Niel, 
D.S.O. 

R.N.R. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

STUBBS, Sergeant Frank Edward 
(1506). 
Gained the V.C. in tre war. 
Died of wounds. 
STUERGTH, Count. 

The Austrian Prime Minister. 
On the 21st October, 1916, he was 
shot dead at Vienna by Dr. Frederich 
Adler, a journalist. 
STURDEE, Admiral Sir Frederick 
Charles Doveton, Bart., 
K.C.B., K.C.M.G., G.V.O. 
Aged 60. 

Entered the Navy in 1871. 
Rear-Admiral commanding First 
Division of the Home Fleet in 1909. 
Commander-in-Chief (H.M.S. In- 
vincible) in action off Falkland Isles, 
1914; took part in Battle of Jutland, 
1916. 

Received a Baronetcy on the 1st 
January, 1916. 

Promoted Admiral in May, 1917. 
STURKH, Count. 

The Austrian Premier. 
Was assassinated on the 21st 
October, 1916. 

STURMER, M. 

On the 26th July, 1916, he be- 
came Russian Premier and Foreign 

Minister. 

STUTTGART. 

A city near the bank of the River 
Neckar, the capital of Wiirtemburg, 
Germany. Beautifully situated amid 
vine-clad hills. It has royal palaces 
and library, art museum, etc. 
literary and educational centre. Piano 
and furniture m.aking, cotton weav- 
ing, publishing and paper industries. 

Population, 285,240. 

The factories and station here 
were bombed by British airmen on 
many occasions. 



198 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 22nd September, 1915, a 
raid was made by a French aeroplane 
squadron, which dropped 30 bombs 
on the palace of the King of Wiirtem- 
burg as a reprisal for the bombard- 
ment of open towns by the Germans. 

On the 16th September, 1917, the 
French raided here, Colmar, and 
other places as a reprisal. 

On the 22nd September, 1917, 
French airmen bombed here, Treves, 
Coblentz, and Frankfort. 

On the 2nd October, 1917, French 
airmen dropped bombs here and on 
Treves, Coblentz, and Frankfort. 
STYR RIVER. 

In Galicia, Austria. A tributary 
(110 miles) of the River Dneister (a 
river of 700 miles), of West Russia. 
Rises in the Carpathians. 

On the 2nd December, 1914, the 
Russians retook Styr River, and thus 
regained possession of the Lodz- 
Warsaw railway. 
SUBMARINE B 11, British. 

One of 1 1 submarines completed 
in the year 1905-6, having adisplace- 
ment of 316 tons. In spite of 
difficult currents she dived under five 
rows of mines in the Dardanelles and 
torpedoed the Turkish warship 
" Messadujeh " on the 13th Decem- 
ber. 1914. 

SUETER, Commodore Murray 
Eraser, C.B. 

Was Superintendent of Aircraft 
Construction. 

Received C.B. in 1914. 

SUFFOLK. 

Most easterly maritime county in 
England ; bounded by Essex, Norfolk, 
Cambridge, and the North Sea. 

Area, 1,475 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 394,080. 

Agriculture, fisheries, and manu- 
factories. 

County town, Ipswich. 

On the 31st January, 1916, there 
was an air raid on this and the Kent 
coasts and Midland Counties ; 67 
killed and 117 iniured. 

On the 2nd August, 1916, six air- 
ships raided over Suffolk, Norfolk, 
and Essex. The total damage was 
small. 



On the 26th January, 1917, an 
ineffective raid was made by a small 
German war vessel. No casualties. 

On the 16th June, 1917, Zeppelin 
L 48 was brought down in Suffolk ; 

3 Germans of the crew alive. 
" SUFFREN." 

An old French battleship. 

On the 25th November, 1916, she 
was submarined off Lisbon and sank 
with all hands, consisting of 18 
officers and 700 men. 
SULLIVAN, Private J. 

Late 1st Irish Guards. 

Owing to the exchange of British 
prisoners in September, 1918, facts 
relating to his murder were ascer- 
tained. He was taken at Ypres, and 
his death was reported by the German 
Government. On the 28th July, 
191 5, a German paper, the " Lubecker 
Volksbote," published a statement 
that two British prisoners had 
attacked a German sentry with 
spades, and that the German had shot 
one of them. The British Govern- 
ment demanded explanations, when 
the German Government stated that 
Sullivan attacked the guard, who, 
" forced by necessity," fired on him. 
This did not agree with the newspaper 
version ; and both versions were 
proved false by the sworn statements 
of prisoners, which showed that the 
prisoners were ordered to work at 

4 a.m., though they had been 
promised that work should not begin 
till 6 a.m. They objected, when a 
sentry struck one of the prisoners a 
brutal blow in the face. This 
prisoner was left alone with Sullivan, 
who had been badly wounded, having 
lost his second, third, and fourth 
fingers, and half the first finger of his 
left hand, which was bleeding. He 
gave this sworn account of what 
followed : " The two sentries kicked 
and beat us with their rifles out of the 
passage as far as the second landing, 
when Sullivan halted, showing them 
his bleeding hand, and trying to explain 
that it was impossible for him to work 
with a scythe in his v/ounded con- 
dition. The sentry put up his rifle 
and shot Sullivan through the chest. 
The two sentries at once threw him 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



199 



down the stairs, where he fell, landing 
at my feet. He raised himself on his 
hands and knees, looked at me, 
smiled, and collapsed without speak- 
ing." 

SUMATRA. 

An isle of the Malay Archipelago, 
from Java by Strait of Sunda. 
Under Dutch influence. 

Area, 161 ,612 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 3,000,000. 

Manufactures, coffee, sugar, rice, 
pepper, etc. 

Mountainous, with mineral wealth, 
gold and tin. 

H.M.S. " Yarmouth " sunk two of 
the " Emden's " supply ships off here 
on the 14th October, 1914. 
SUPPLY SERVICES. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's report on 
the victory he wrote : " These ser- 
vices rose magnificently to the 
demands made upon them. It is 
in no small degree due to their ex- 
cellent organisation and administra- 
tion that our armies in the field have 
never lacked food, clothing, equip- 
ment, guns, or munitions. The 
greatest testimony to the efficiency of 
these services is the rapidity of our 
advances, which otherwise would 
have been impossible." 
'SUSSEX." 

A cross-Channel steamer, belong- 
ing to the Chemins de Fer de I'Etat 
Frau. Built in 1896, having a 
tonnage of 1,353 and a speed of 21 
knots. 

She was torpedoed on the 24th 
March, 1916. 

On the 9th April, 1916, Germany 
informed the U.S. Government that 
she disclaimed sll responsibility for 
the torpedoing of her. 

On the 13th May, 1916, in a 
Note to the Spanish Government, 
Germany admitted the torpedoing 
of her by a German submarine, and 
promised compensation andtendered 
an apology. 
SUTHERLAND, Duke of. 

On the 10th August, 1916, it was 
announced that he had given an 
estate of 12,000 acres for the settle- 
ment of sailors and soldiers. 



SUVLA BAY. 

The landing-place of the heroic 
Anzacs, in their attack upon the 
Gallipoli Peninsula. Mr. Churchill 
characterises this costly and tragic 
failure as a "legitimate gamble." 
SWAKOPNUMD. 

The chief port of German South- 
West Africa. 

On the 14th January, 1915, the 
Union forces occupied it. 

SWEDEN. 

King Gustavus, succeeded in 1907. 

A country of North Europe, 
forming east (and larger) part of 
Scandinavian Peninsula. 

Area, 172,875 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 5,250,000. 

Mountainous west, but otherwise 
flat, and cut up by rivers and many 
lakes, while one-fourth of the land is 
forest. 

Great timber export; mineral and 
manufacturing industries active ; agri- 
cultural and dairying. 

Capital, Stockholm.. 

The German cruiser " Undine " 
was sunk by British submarine off 
the coast of Sweden on the 7th 
November, 1915. 

On the 1st January, 1917, Sweden, 
Holland, and Denmark stopped 
sailings in fear of the German 
blockade. 

♦• SWIFT," H.M.S. 

A ship of the Dover Patrol 
(Commander A. M. Peck). 

On the 20th April, 1917, six Ger- 
man destroyers attempted a raid on 
Dover. Two of them were sunk by 
the " Swift " and the " Broke." 
The " Swift " tried to ram the leading 
German boat, but missed Ker, and, 
after torpedoing one of the German 
boats astern, gave chase to the Ger- 
man leading boat. The " Broke " 
torpedoed the second German de- 
stroyer, and rammed the third de- 
stroyer. She fell alongside the enemy 
and engaged her at the closest 
quarters. The Germans boarded 
the ** Broke," but were promptly 
killed or taken prisoners, and the 
British vessel swung clear. Con- 
tinuing the attack, she hit another 



200 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



German destroyer on the bow with a 
torpedo, but did not sink her, and 
was herself struck in the engine-room 
by a shell. She drifted, disabled, 
towards the destroyer which she had 
previously rammed. The Germans, 
after shouting for mercy, treacher- 
ously opened fire, to which the 

Broke " replied with a torpedo that 
finished that enemy off. A second 
German destroyer sank a few minutes 
later. This historic engagement 
only lasted five minutes. The Ger- 
man destroyers sunk in it, G 85 and 
G 42, were both large and powerful 
vessels. 

The British destroyer Comman- 
ders were promoted to Captain's rank 
and received the D.S.O. for their fine 
work. 
SWISS GOVERNMENT. 

On the 23rd December, 1916, it 
sent a Note to the belligerent Powers, 
supporting President Wilson's Note. 

On the 5th February, 1917, the 

Swiss Federal Government replied 

to President Wilson's Note, declining 

to break off relations with Germany. 

•• SYDNEY," H.M.A.S. 

An unprotected second class 
cruiser. 

It captured and destroyed the 
German raiding cruiser " Emden " 
off Keeling in October, 1914. 
SYKE, Private Ernest (40989). 

Northumberland Fusiliers. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
SYMONS, Lieut. W. J. 

7th Australian Imperial Force. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
"SZENT ISTVAN." 

An Austrian Dreadnought. 

She and another were torpedoed by 
Commander L. Rizzo, of the Italian 
Navy. Austrians admitted the loss 
of " Szent Istvan." 
S20. 

A German destroyer. 

On the 5th June, 1917, a force of 
light British cruisers and destroyers, 
under Commodore Tyrwhitt, en- 
gaged six German destroyers at long 
range. After a running fight she was 
sunk by British gunfire. Another 
destroyer was severely damaged. 



S 115. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
17th October, 1914. 

S 116. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 6th October, 1914. 

S 117. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 17th October, 1914. 

S 118. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
17th October, 1914. 

S 119. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
17th October, 1914. 

TABRIZ. 

Capital of the province Azerbaijan, 
Persia. 

Great commercial centre. For- 
merly chief emporium for the trade 
of Persia in the west, much of which 
is now diverted by the railway 
through the Caucasus. Citadel 
and " Blue Mosque." Noted for 
orchards and gardens. 

Population, 200,000. 

On the 13th January. 1915, the 
Turks occupied it. 
TAGUS. 

On the 24th February, 1916, 16 
German steamers lying in the Tagus 
since the outbreak of the war were 
seized by Portugal. 

TAHURE. 

On the 27th September, 1918, the 
French captured it and Ripont, 
Bouvroy, Servon, and Melzicourt. 

"TAKACHIHO." 

A Japanese battleship of the " D " 
type, launched in 1885, with a 
tonnage of 3,709. 

On the 17th October, 1914. she 
was torpedoed by destroyer S 90. 

"TAKU." 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by the Japanese at 
Kiao-chau in September, 1914. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



201 



TALBOT, Lord Edmund, M.P., 
M.V.O., D.S.O. 

Aged 64. 

Chief Whip, with the Hon. F. 
Guest, in the Coalition Government. 

Brother of the late Duke of Nor- 
folk. 

Served in the South African War. 

Was Chief Conservative Whip 
until formation of Coalition Govern- 
ment. 
TANDEY, Private H., D.G.M., 
M.M. (34506). 

5th Battalion, West Riding Regi- 
ment (T.F.) (Leamington). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

TANK CORPS. 

On the 28th July, 1917, a Royal 
Warrant was issued authorising the 
formation of the Tank Corps. 
TANKS. 

Colonel E. D. Swinton, C.B., 
D.S.O., says that the Hornsby- 
Ackroyd caterpillar tractor suggested 
the first definite idea of a fighting 
machine on tank lines. 

This tractor, made by a military 
officer, was tested in 1906-8 for 
military traction in England, but did 
not get much support. 

Tanks are male or female. The 
former carries light quick-firing guns, 
capable of firing shell. The female 
carries nothing but machine-guns for 
use against enemy personnel. 

In Sir Douglas Haig's victory 
report he wrote : " So great has been 
the effect produced upon the German 
infantry by the appearance of British 
tanks that in more than one instance, 
when for various reasons real tanks 
were not available in sufficient num- 
bers, valuable results have been 
obtained by the use of dummy tanks 
p'ainted on frames of wood and 
canvas." 
" TARA." 

A British armed liner. 

She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 5th November r915. 
TARNOPOL. 

A town near Lemberg. Austrian 
Galicia. 

Has milling, honey, and wax trade. 

Population, 31,468. 



On the 9th September, 1915, near 
here the German 3rd Guards and 
other troops, including Austrians, 
were taken by surprise. They 
suffered heavily in killed and 
wounded, and lost over 8,000 
prisoners. 

On the 1st November, 1915, the 
Russians gained successes near here, 
and took 5,000 prisoners. 
TARNOW. 

Onthe5thJune, 1915, the Russians 
entered here. 
TCHITCHERIN, M. 

On the 15th October, 1918, it was 
stated that he had agreed to the 
release of the remaining British 
officials in Russia. 
♦' TEMES." 

An Austrian battleship of the 
"K" type, launched in 1904. 
Tonnage, 433. 

On the 23rd October, 1914, she 
was mined in the Danube. 

TEMPEST-HICKS, Captain 
G. E. H., M.C. 

Former M.C.C. cricketer. 
Lost his life in the war. 

TENNANT, Rt. Hon. H. J., ex-M.P. 

Aged 54. 

Was Parliamentary Under Secre- 
tary to the War Office from July, 
1915, to December, 1916. 

Was Secretary for Scotland, 1916. 

Brother of Mrs. Asquith. 

Became a Privy Councillor in June, 
1914. 

Resigned with the Ministry in 
December, 1916. 

His eldest son was killed in May, 
1917. 
TENNYSON, Hon. Aubrey. 

Grandson of the Laureate. 

Lost his life in the war. 
TEPELINI. 

In Albania. 

On the 30th August, 1916, the 
Italians occupied it. 
TEREST. 

On the 29th September. 1918, it 
was captured by the Belgians. 
TERGNIER. 

It was occupied by the French on 
the 7th September, 1918. 



202 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



THAPA, Rifleman Kulbir. 

Gurkha Rifles. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 
•♦ THESEUS," H.M.S. 

A cruiser, completed in 1894, 
having a displacement of 7,350 tons 
and a speed of 19 knots. 

On the 15th October, 1914. she 
and the " Hawke " were attacked by 
submarines in the North Sea, and 
the " Hawke " was sunk, there being 
about 70 survivors. 
THIANT. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, the 
British entered here. 
THIAUMONT WOOD. 

On the 30th June. 1916, the French 
retook it. 
THIELT. 

On the 19th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the Allied troops. 
THIEPVAL. 

On the 26th September, 1916, the 
British captured it, and, in conjunc- 
tion with theFrench.carriedCombles, 
cavalry pursuing the enemy. 

THIERRY CHATEAU. 

In July, 1918, all the houses which 
had not been stripped were wantonly 
fouled and wrecked by the Germans. 
Tapestries were hacked to pieces, 
pictures slit from corner to corner, 
leather coverings ripped from chairs, 
all looking-glasses were shattered, 
carpets were fouled, inkpots were 
thrown at the wallpapers, nursery 
toys and dolls' houses were smashed, 
and rocking-horses cleft with axes. 
A priceless collection of illuminated 
manuscripts was not carried off, but 
deliberately stained v/ith some foul 
liquid. Beds and rooms were treated 
as lavatories. 

THIERS. 

On the 24th October,^ 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported : " We are at 
Thiers." 

THIONVILLE. 

The French name of Diedenhofen, 
Alsace-Lorraine. 

Capitulated to Germany in 1870. 

Thefactories, stations, and railways 
here were bombed by British airmen 
on fifty-two occasions. 



THOMAS, Albert. 

Was Minister of Munitions in the 
French Government. 

THOMAS, Private (Lance-Cor- 
poral) J. (50842). 

North Staffordshire Regiment 
(East Manchester). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

THOMAS, W. Beach. 

Aged 50. 

War correspondent of the " Daily 
Mail." 

THOMSON, Captain Alan G. 

Royal Scots. 

Edinburgh Academy athlete. 

Lost his life in the war. 

THORN. 

A fortified town on the River 
Vistula, West Prussia. 

Population (with garrison), 29,784. 

On the 11th November, 1914, the 
Germans were making active prepara- 
tion to resist the Russians here. 

THORNE, Will, M.P. 

Aged 62. 

Founder and General Secretary of 
the Gas Workers and General 
Labourers' Trade Union. 

Paid important visit to Russia in 
May, 1917. 

THOUROUT. 

Twelve miles from Bruges. 
On the 17th October, 1918. the 
Belgians captured it. 

THROSSELL, Second-Lieut. 
H. V. H. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

THYNNE, Lieut.-Colonel Lord A. 

Late Member of Parliament. 
Lost his life in the war in Septem- 
ber, 1918. 

TIBATI. 

In the Cameroons. 

On the 21st November, 1915. 
it was occupied by Anglo-French 
troops. 

TIEGHEM. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
Second British Army captured it. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



203 



" TIGER," H.M.S. 

A British battleship. 

Together with the " Lion," " Prin- 
cess Royal," " New Zealand," and 

Indomitable," she was engaged 
in a running fight with the German 
ships " DerfBinger," " Seydlitz," 

Moltke," and " Bliicher," on the 
24th January, J9I5. 

The " Lion " was flying the flag of 
Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty. 

She was engaged in the battle on 
the 31st May, 1916— see under 
*' H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 
TIGRIS. 

A river in Asiatic Turkey, rising in 
the mountains of Armenia and 
Turkestan, flowing 1,100 miles to 
join the Euphrates, 40 miles north- 
west of Basra, the biblical Hiddeket. 

On the 6th February, 1915, a force 
of 12,000 Turks and Arabs surprised 
a British reconnoitring detachment 
in the valley of the Tigris ; 189 
British were killed and wounded. 

On the 9th April, 1916, the British 
were defeated here. 

On the 20th May, 1 916, the British 
and Russian troops joined hands on 
the Tigris, and were advancing on 
Kut. 

On the 29th January, 1917, the 
British advanced on the Tigris, 
holding Turkish trenches on a front 
of 4,300 yards. 
TILLETT, Benjamin, M.P. 

Aged 60. 

Labour leader. 

Visited the front, and subsequently 
addressed recruiting meetings. 

TILLOY. 

On the 30th September, 1918, 
it was captured by English and 
Canadian troops. 
TILSIT. 

Germany. 

On the 8th November, 1918, it was 
reported to have joined the revolu- 
tion. 
♦' TIMES," The. 

On the 14th May, 1915, a profound 
sensation was caused by the statement 
of the military correspondent that 

we had not sufficient high ex- 
plosive to level the enemy's parapets 



to the ground, after the French 
practice. The infantry did splendidly, 
but the conditions were too hard. 
The want of an unlimited supply of 
high explosive was a fatal bar to our 
success." 

The paper was publicly burnt, 
with ndicule, on the Stock Exchange 
and elsewhere, but it is now fully ad- 
mitted that but for this timely ex- 
posure of War Office methods the 
allied cause would have been irre- 
trievably lost. This was one of the 
vital turning points of the War. The 
late Lord Kitchener was largely re- 
sponsible, as Secretary of State for 
War. The Ministry of Munitions, 
under Mr, Lloyd George, and free 
from War Office control, was created 
to cope with the tragic situation. 

On the 3 1st May, 1 915, the printer, 
publisher, and writer of a letter 
in the " Times," entitled " The 
Need for Compulsion," were charged 
atthe Mansion House with publishing 
information that might be useful to 
the enemy. 

The summons was dismissed on 
the 5th June, 1915. 

" TIPPERARY," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire in the 
North Sea Battle of Jutland on the 
31st May, 1916— see under" H.M.S. 
Queen Mary.' " 

TIRGO. 

On the 13th November, 1916, the 
Roumanians were defeated here. 

TIRPITZ, Admiral von. 

Aged 69. 

Formerly German Secretary of 
State for the Navy. 

Resigned on the 1 6rh March, 1916, 
and was succeeded by Admiral von 
Capelle. 

Writing to Mr. Gerard in 1917, he 
said : " Our submarine warfare is 
going to bring Britain to her knees, 
and when we have her there she has 
to pay us our price. That price will 
be the British Navy, and with it and 
our own Navy we shall come to the 
United States and get what we want." 



204 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



TISDALL, Sub-Lieut. A. W. St. 
Clair. 

Gained the V.C. in the war. 

TISZA, Count. 

Austro-Hungarian statesman. 

On the 19th October, 1918, 
speaking in the Lower House of the 
Hungarian Diet, he stated : " We 
must recognise frankly that we have 
lost the war." 

On the 31st October, 1918, he was 
assassinated. 

TOGOLAND. 

In the German Protectorate of 
West Africa, on the Gulf of Guinea. 

Area, 33,000 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 2,000,000, chiefly Soudanese 
negroes. 

Capital, Little Popo. 

Lomo, the chief port. 

It was seized by British and French 
forces on the 9th August, 1914. 

TOLLERTON, Private Ross. 

Cameron Highlanders. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

TOMBS, Lance-Corporal J, 

Liverpool Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

TOMBS, Desecration of. 

^^ On the 2nd April, 1917, the 
Times " correspondent at Head- 
quarters reported : " The slabs have 
been lifted bodily from graves by 
human hands, and the graves are 
empty." 

TOPOLETS. 

On the 18th September, 1918, it 
was taken by the Serbians. 

TORRE DI MOSTO. 

On the 1st November, 1918, the 
Italian advanced guards entered here, 
with large capture of booty, guns, and 
prisoners. 

TOURCOING. 

North-East of Lille. 

Population, 60,000. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the Second British Army. 
The town was undamaged. 

TOURNAI. 

See under Bailleul. 



TOUSSOUN. 

On the 2nd February, 1915, the 
Turks made an attempt to cross the 
Suez Canal here. The British troops 
delivered an attack, and the Turks 
fled in disorder. 

On the 4th February, 1915, a 
Turkish force of 12,000, with heavy 
artillery, attacked the British post 
here. Simultaneously another at- 
tempt was made to cross the Canal 
by pontoons and rafts. 

The British artillery and ships 
opened fire, and after twelve hours' 
fighting the Turks retired with heavy 
losses . 

On" the 5th February. 1915, the 
Turks retired from the Suez Canal. 

TOVEY, Second-Lieut. Duncan. 

Composer of songs. 
Lost his life in the war. 

TOWERS, Private J. (30245). 

2nd Battalion, Scottish Rifles 
(Preston). Gained the V.C. in the 

war. 

TOWNER, Lieut. E. T. 

2nd Battalion, Australian Machine 
Gun Corps. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

TOWNLEY, Sir Walter, K.C.M.G. 

On the 8th January, 1917, he was 
appointed British Minister at the 
Hague. 

TOWNSHEND, General Sir - 
Charles Vere, K.C.B. , D.S.O. 

Aged 58. 

Major-General, 191 1. 

Served in the Soudan and Nile 
expeditions, 1884-1885; South 
Africa, 1899-1902. etc. 

On the 3rd December, 1915, he 
reached Kut-el-Amara with the very 
inadequate Mesopotamian Force. 

On the 30th April, 1916, at the fall 
of Kut, after a most heroic resistance, 
he surrendered with 9,000 troops. 

On the 19th October, 1916, he was 
awarded the K.C.B. 

TOYE, Second-Lieut. (Acting-Cap- 
tain), A.M., M.C. 
Middlesex Regiment. Gained the 
V.C, in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



205 



TRAIN, Corporal Charles WilUam 

(510051). 
London Regiment (Finsbury Park). 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

TRANSPORT SERVICES. 

In Sir Douglas 'Haig's victory 
report he wrote : " The railway 
construction troops accomplished 
successfully an unparalleled pro- 
gramme of railway reconstruction. 
By the end of October no fewer than 
1,050 miles of line, much of which 
had been destroyed, had been 
brought into service for our armies. 
This included 485 miles of new track 
and 4,000 feet of bridging. In a 
period of six months nearly 7,000,000 
officers and other ranks were carried 
by the broad and metre gauge rail- 
ways." 

TRANSYLVANIA. 

Formerly a separate crown-land of 
the Austro-Hungarian Empire, now 
merged in Hungary proper. Sur- 
rounded and traversed by the Car- 
pathians. 

Area, 21,159 square miles. Popu- 
lation. 2,500,000. 

On the 29th August, 1916, the 
Roumanian troops took possession of 
passes of the Transylvanian Alps. 

On the 8th October, 1916, the 
Roumanian forces in Southern 
Transylvania withdrew to the fron- 
tier. 

TREASURY. 

Whitehall. S.W. 1. 

On the 6th February, 1915, the 
Treasury announced that the Chan- 
cellor of the Exchequer, after confer- 
ence with the Finance Ministers of 
France and Russia, MM. Ribot and 
Bark, had agreed with them to unite 
their financial resources to bring the 
war to a successful conclusion, 

TREATING. 

On the 11th October, 1915, the 
new order against treating in the 
London area came into force. 

[ TREBIZOND. 

Vilayet (district) of Asiatic Turkey, 
on the south coast of the Black Sea. 

Area, 12,387 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,200.000. 



Mountainous and afforested, with 
much fertile land and considerable 
mineral wealth. 

It was captured on the 17th April, 

1916, by the Grand Duke Nicholas, 
aided by the fleet. 

TREPOFF, M. 

On the 23rd November, 1916, he 
was appointed Russian Premier in 
succession to M. Sturmer. 

He resigned on the 9th January, 

1917, and was succeeded by M. 
Golitzine. 

TREVELYAN, Charles P., ex-M.P. 

Aged 49. 

Formerly Parliamentary Secretary 
to the Board of Education. 

Took up a strong position against 
conscription in 1916. 

TREVELYAN, G. Macaulay. 

Aged 43. 

Acted as a special correspondent 
to the war. 
TREVES. 

Ancient city in Rhine province of 
Prussia, on the River Moselle. 

Cathedral city containing the holy 
coat said to have been worn by 
Christ. Visited by 1,500,000 pil- 
grims. 

Has many Roman antiquities. 

Population, 45,818. 

On the 3rd June, 1917, the French 
bombarded Treves in return for 
German bombardment of Bar-le- 
Duc. 

On the 2nd October, 1917, French 
airmen dropped bombs here and on 
Stuttgart, Coblentz, and Frankfort- 
on-Main. 

The factories, station, railways, and 
barracks here were bombed by British 
airmen on seventeen occasions. 
♦'TRIGLAV." 

An Austrian destroyer. 

She was sunk by a mine on the 
29th December, 1915. 
"TRIUMPH," H.M.S. 

A British battleship, completed 
in the year 1904, having a displace- 
ment of 12,500 tons and a speed of 
19nnots. 

She was torpedoed off the Gallipoli 
Peninsula by a German submarine 
on the 25th May. 1915. 



206 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



TRONES WOOD. 

On the 10th July, 1916. heavy 
firing had taken place at Trones 
Wood, east of Montauban, for three 
days. The British repelled five out 
of six counter-attacks, but in the 
sixth the Germans regained a footing 
in the wood. 

On the 1 1th July, 1916, the British 
troops completed the capture of the 
enemy's first system of defences on 
the Western Front on a front of 
14,000 yards, including the five 
strongly fortified villages, and Trones 
Wood was also recaptured. 
TROTSKY. 

The associate of Lenin in the Bol- 
shevik atrocities in Russia since 
November, 1917. 

TROUBRIDGE, Vice-Admiral 
Ernest Charles, C.B., 
G.M.G., M.V.O. 

On the 12th November, 1914, he 
was honourably acquitted by a court- 
martial of neglect in permitting the 
German cruisers " Goeben " and 
" Breslau " to escape from the Straits 
of Messina. 

TRUCE. 

On the 25th December, 1914, an 
informal truce was held all along the 
line. Coming out of their trenches, 
the Allied troops fraternised with 
the enemy. On the stroke of mid- 
night hostilities were resumed. 

*• TUBANTIA." 

A Dutch liner. 

On the 16th March, 1916, she was 
torpedoed by a German submarine 
50 miles off Harwich. The passen- 
gers and crew were rescued. 
TUBE, Lieut. F. H. 

Australian Imperial Force. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
TUBERCULOSIS GERMS, Inocu- 
lation of French Non-com- 
batant Population with. 
^^ On the lOth^ April, 1917, the 
" Morning Post " reported : " On 
the eve of the evacuation the Germans 
inoculated the French population in 
various places compulsorily with a 
certain vaccine. This was such a 
peculiar action on their part that it 



aroused suspicion, and the ' New 
York World * commissioned a dis- 
tinguished American pathologist. 
Dr. T. C. Beebe, to investigate it. It 
seems that the enemy deliberately 
attempted to spread tuberculosis in 
this way, but definite proof has not 
yet been secured." 

TUPIGINY. 

On the 19th October, 1918, it was 
captured by the French. 

♦' TURBINE." 

An Italian torpedo-destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
24th May, 1915. 

"TURBULENT," H.M.S. 

A British destroyer. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
in the North Sea Battle of Jutland on 
the 31st May, 1916— see under 
"H.M.S. 'Queen Mary.'" 

TURIN. 

A city in North Italy, on the Rivers 
Po and Dora. The former capital 
of Italy. It has a cathedral, uni- 
versity, royal palace, castle, and 
Palazzo Carignano. Has thriving 
and varying manufactories and ex- 
tensive trade. 

Population (including garrison, 
8,500 strong), 427,733. 

On the 23rd September. 1917, 

Marquis Lauriatis made a non-stop 

aeroplane flight from Turin to 

London. 

TURKEY, Mohamed V., Sultan of. 

Came to the throne in 1909. 

Had been a cipher in the war. 

Died on the 3rd July, 1918. 

TURKEY, or THE OTTOMAN 
EMPIRE. 

Sultan Mohamed V., succeeded in 
1909. 

Large State of the Eastern Hemi- 
sphere, consisting of Turkey in 
Europe and Asiatic Turkey, under 
the immediate rule of the Sultan, and 
of dependencies in Africa and Europe. 

The losses of territory in the war 
with the Balkan States in 1912-13 
can hardly be definitely stated at the 
moment, so much of the delimitations 
still remaining in doubt. Portions 
have had to be ceded to Greece arc' 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



207 



Serbia, and for the formation of the 
new State of Albania. 

What was lost to Bulgaria may be 
won back. 

The total area is 1,200,000 square 
miles, with a population of some 
2,800,000, including the vilayets of 
Constantinople and Adrianople, with 
the Mustessarifat at Chatalja. 

The north-west portion of Turkey 
in Europe extends to a line drawn 
from Enos in the Aegean to Midia in 
the Black Sea, and now also including 
Adrianople. Turkey in Asia com- 
prises (with the Archipelago) 209,380 
square miles in Asia Minor, with 
92,120 square miles in Armenia, 
209,270 square miles in Syria and 
Mesopotamia, and 173,700 square 
miles in Arabia. African Turkey 
included the suzerain territories of 
Egypt, Cyprus, and Samos, together 
covering 368,100 square miles. 

Capital, Constantinople. 

Before the war she had a peace 
strength of 210,000 men and 
2,000,000 available men. 

On the 5th November, 1914, 
England declared war against her. 

On the 20th August, 1915, Italy 
declared war against her. 

On the 21st June, 1916, Mecca was 
captured by the Grand Sherif of 
Mecca and declared independent of 
Turkey. 

On the 30th August, 1916, she 
declared war against Roumania. 

On the 1st January, 1917, she 
denounced the Paris Treaty of 1858 
and the Berlin Treaty of 1878. 
TURNBULL, Sergt. James Young 
(15888). 

Highland Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
TURNER, Second-Lieut. A. B. 

Berkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

TURRALL, Private T. G. 

Worcestershire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
•♦TUSCANIA." 

An American transport. 
On the 5th February, 1918, she 
was sunk by submarine. She had 
: 2,400 on board; 166 killed. 



TYNESIDE. 

Air raid on the 14th April, 1915 : 
1 injured. 

TYRWHITT, Commodore (acting 
Rear Admiral), Sir 
Reginald York, K.C.B., 
D.S.O. 

One of the few romantic figures in 
the war. 

On the 10th May, 1917. 11 German 
destroyers were sighted between the 
Dutch and English coasts by British 
scouting force, under Commodore 
Tyrwhitt, and chased to Zeebrugge 
and seriously damaged. 

On the 5th June, 1917, six German 
destroyers engaged in a running fight 
by Commodore Tyrwhitt, in com- 
mand of light cruisers and destroyers, 
sinking L 20. 

On the 15th June, 1917, he was 
promoted K.C.B. 

UDINE. 

On the 29th October, 1917, it was 
captured by the Germans. 

UKRAINE. 

A Russian Province. 
_ On the 9th February, 1918, she 
signed peace with Germany, and 
received part of Poland. 

On the 15th October, 1918, it was 
reported that the revolution was 
spreading and had reached the 
Government of Podalio. The revolu- 
tionaries took the town of Njesjin. 
Violent fighting was going on in the 
Government of Poltava, where the 
revolutionaries numbered 13,000. 
The Germans sent a large force to 
surround the revolutionary troops. 

ULWA. 

In this region of the eastern battle- 
ground the enemy's offensive was 
foiled, but south of the Vistula his 
attacks were very stubborn on the 3rd 
January, 1915. 

"UNDAUNTED," H.M.S. 

A light cruiser, completed in the 
year 1914, having a displacement of 
3,750 tons and a speed of 30 knots. 

Commanded by Captain C. H. Fox, 
formerly of H.M.S. " Amphion." 



208 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



Accompanied by four destroyers, 
the " Lennox,"" Loyal," " Legion," 
and " Lance," she engaged, off the 
Dutch coast, four German destroyers 
on the 17th October, 1914, all of 
which were sunk. The damage to the 
British vessels was slight, and only 
1 officer and 4 men were wounded. 

She accompanied British seaplanes 
on making an attack at daylight on 
German warships lying in Schilig 
Roads, off Cuxhaven, on the 25th 
December, 1914. 
*♦ UNDINE." 

A German light cruiser. 

She was sunk by a British sub- 
marine in the Baltic on the 7th 
November, 1915. 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

President Dr. Woodrow Wilson, 
succeeded in 1909. 

Federal Republic (largest in the 
world) of North America, embracing 
the central portion from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, between Canada and 
the great lakes north, to the Gulf of 
Mexico south. 

Area (including Alaska, purchased 
from Russia in 1867, and Hawain), 
3,622,933 square miles. Population, 
102,000,000. 

Capital, Washington. 

Commercial metropolis, New 
York. 

The Spanish-American War of 
1898 resulted in the acquisition by 
the U.S.A. of the Philippines, Porto 
Rico, and Guahan. 

The U.S.A. are very rich in every 
kind of minerals, produce much 
timber, corn, fruit, and vegetables, 
and stand high in the world in stock- 
raisin::: and manufactures. 

On the 29th December, 1914, the 
U.S. Government addressed a Note 
to the British Government on the 
subject of the treatment of American 
commerce by British war vessels, 
complaining of arbitrary and un- 
necessary search and delay. 

On the 2nd January, 1915, it was 
rumoured that the plot to smuggle 
1,000 officers to Germany in the 
guise of naturalised Americancitizens, 
by means of forged passports, had 
been foiled by the U.S. authorities. 



On the 20th January, 1915, the 
U.S. Press strongly reprehended the 
German air raid on the east coast of 
England. 

On the 25th January, 1915, Mr. 
Bryan refuted the charge that the 
U.S. Government had shown par- 
tiality to the Allies, and affirmed that 
the action of the Government had 
been based on legal principle without 
bias of any kind. 

On the 11th February, 1915, the 
U.S. Government issued two Notes 
— to Great Britain and Germany. 
That to Germany intimated that an 
attack on a vessel flying the American 
flag would be regarded in a very grave 
light. The Note to Great Britain 
stated that the U.S. Government 
would " view with anxious solicitude 
any general use of the flag of the U.S. 
by British vessels traversing these 
waters " (the German war zone). 

On the 12th July, 1915, the Ger- 
mans replied to the American protest 
of the 10th June, intimating that the 
U.S. citizens desirous of crossing 
the Atlantic must do so in American 
vessels, or take the risk. 

On the 24th July, 1915, the full 
text of the U.S. Note to Germany 
was issued. It was friendly and 
reasonable in tone, and contained a 
solemn warning that German repeti- 
tion of violation of neutral rights 
when they affected American citizens 
v/ould be regarded by the U.S. 
Government as " deliberately un- 
friendly." 

On the 1st September, 1915, Count 
Bernstorff, acting on instructions 
from Berlin, notified Mr. Lansing 
that Germany accepted the American 
principle that passenger liners should 
be warned before being attacked by 
submarine. 

On the 4th November, 1915, 
numerous arrests were made in the 
U.S, of German spies concerned in 
munition conspiracy. 

On the 3rd December, 1915, the 
U.S. Government asked for the 
recall of Captain Boy-ed and Captain 
von Papen, the German attaches 
at Washington. 

On the 27th January, 1916, it 
published a Note strongly protesting 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



209 



against the British search of mails 
for contraband. 

On the 10th February, 1916, a Ger- 
man Note to the U.S. Government 
threatened to treat all armed mer- 
chantmen as belligerent ships, and 
warned neutrals that no responsibility 
would be taken for their safety. 

On the 16th February, 1916, the 
U.S. refused to recognise Germany's 
claim to torpedo armed merchantmen 
without warning. 

On the 19th April, 1916, the U.S. 
presented a Note to Germany stating 
that diplomatic intercourse would be 
broken off unless Germany discon- 
tinued the torpedoing of merchant- 
men conveying American citizens. 

On the 26th May. 1916. the U.S. 
in a Note protested against the 
searching of mails by Great Britain 
and France. 

On the 29th November, 1916. the 
U.S. sent a Note to Germany pro- 
testing against the deportation of 
Belgians for forced labour. 

On the 1st February, 1917, she 
was officially informed that Germany 

must abandon the limitations she 
has hitherto imposed upon herself 
in the employment of the lighting 
weapons at sea," and proposing that 
the U.S. Government should warn 
their vessels against entering the 
dangerous zone. Great indignation 
in America, and alarm in neutral 
countries. Danish and Dutch vessels 
stopped their sailings. 

On the 3rd February. 1917, 
diplomatic relations between the 
U.S.A. and Germany were at last 
broken off. Count Bernstorff was 
given his passport, and Mr. Gerard 
was recalled from Berlin. 

The interned German cruiser 
and Hamburg-Amerika liners were 
seized. 

The United S.S. " Housatonic " 
was sunk in daylight off the Scilly 
Isles by a German submarine. 

On the 6th April, 1917, war was 
declared against Germany. 

On the 8th April, 1917, Austria 
declared war against her. 

On the 9th April, 1917, Bulgaria 
declared war against her. 

On the 26th June, 1917, the first 



fighting contingent of the U.S. 
troops arrived in France. 

On the 18th October, 1917. she 
refused the supply of commodities 
to Holland and Scandinavia unless 
proof was given that they did not 
pass into Germany. 

On the 27th October, 1917, the 
first American shot was fired in 
France against the enemy. 

Her military effort was, however, 
made rather late in the war, as the Ger- 
man Army was summarily smashed 
as soon as Marshal Foch was given 
supreme and sole command of all 
Allied forces. 

UNWIN, Com. E. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

UPTON, Corporal J. 

Sherwood Foresters. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

URUGUAY. 

President Feliclano VIera, suc- 
ceeded In 1915. 

Republic of South America, be- 
tween Brazil, the Argentine, and the 
Atlantic. 

Area, 72,151 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,100,000. 

Cattle and sheep-rearing; also 
fruit grovv'ing. 

Capital, Montevideo. 

It is divided into 19 departments. 

Over 1 ,000 miles of railway opened 
In the country. 

It severed Its relations with Ger- 
many on the 7th October, 1917. 

U3. 

An Austrian submarine. 

On the 13th August, 1915, she was 
sunk by the French torpedo-boat 
" BIsson " In the Lower Adriatic. 

U8. 

A German submarine. 

On the 4th March, 1915, she was 
sunk off Dover. The Admiralty 
decided that the 29 officers and men 
could not be allowed " honourable 
treatment," the submarine being 
presumably guilty of attacking un- 
armed merchantmen and ships carry- 
ing non-combatants, neutrals, and 
women, 

Q 



210 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



U 12. 

A German submarine. 

She was rammed and sunk by 
H.M.S. " Ariel " on the 10th March, 
1915. 
U14. 

On the 15th June, 1915, the Ger- 
man Admiralty announced the loss of 
her. 
U 18. 

A German vessel. 

On the 23rd November, 1914, she 
v^as rammed by a British warship off 
the north coast of Scotland. 
U29. 

A German submarine. 

On the 25th March. 1915, the 
Admiralty reported the sinking of 
her. 
U39. 

A German submarine. 

On the 18th May, 1918, she was 
bombed and damaged by the French. 
She was interned at Cartagena in a 
damaged state. 
VALENCIENNES. 

A fortified town on the River 
Escault, Department Nord, France. 
Famous for lace manufacturing. 
Metallurgical industries, starch, 
chemicals, etc. 

Population, 32,506. 

On the 22nd October, 1918, Sir 
Douglas Haig reported progress in 
the encircling of it. 

On the 2nd November, 1918, it 
was taken by Canadian troops, under 
General Currie. 
♦•VALIANT," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in 1915, 
having a displacement of 27,500 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She was engaged in the North Sea 
Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 
1916— see under " H.M.S. ' Queen 
Mary.' *' 
VALIERO. 

On the 10th December, 1914, the 
third attempt of the Austrians to 
carry out an effective invasion of 
Serbia was made. The enemy, 
having been disastrously defeated 
near here, retreated, with losses in 
men estimated at 30,000 and in guns 
at 50. 



VALLENTIN, Captain J. F. 

South Staffordshire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
VAN. 

A fortified town on the east side 
of Lake Van (a salt lake, 70 miles 
long), Turkish Armenia, south of 
Erzerum. Military station. Mas- 
sacre 1 895-1 896. Population, 30,000. 
Capital, Viloyel Van, on Persian 
border. Area, 15,440 square miles. 
Mountainous and pastoral, sulphur 
springs, petrol wells. Population, 
nearly 500,000. 

On the 19th February, 1916, the 
Russians captured Mush and stormed 
Akhlat on Lake Van. 
VANDY. 

East of Vouziers. The French 
troops crossed the river and made 
a dent in the German line at Vandy, 
which had been captured. 
••VANGUARD," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in the year 
1910, having a displacement of 
19,250 tons and a speed of 22 knots. 
On the 9th July, 1917, she vyas 
blown up by internal explosion, with 
over 800 lives lost. 
VANN, Captain (Acting - Lieut. - 
Colonel) B. W., M.C. 
Late l/8th Battalion (attached 
l/6th Battalion) Notts and Derby 
Regiment (T.F.). Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
VAUX. 

Near Chateau-Thierry. 
On the 1st July, 1918, the Ameri-' 
cans captured it, with 450 prisoners. 
VAUX WOOD. 

Crowns the heights above the 
Somme, from which there was a 
wonderful view eastwards over the 
enemy's positions. 
VEALE, Private T. W. H. 

Devon Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
VEDRINES, Jules. 
Aged 38. 
French airman. 
Did brilliant work in the war. 
VENDIGNES WOOD. 

On the 24th October. 1918, the 
enemy was driven from here. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



211 



DIGNES. 

On the 24th October, 1 91 8, at close 
ot day the enemy counter-attacked 
vigorously opposite here, and was 
repulsed. 

On the 25th October. 1918, it was 
captured. 
i^ENIGE. 

Maritime city of Italy, at the head 
of the Adriatic, situated on 80 isles 
in thelagoons. Splendid arch. Rich 
in art treasures and historic associa- 
tions. Great commercial and indus- 
trial activity. 

Population (exclusive of garrison), 
175.000. ... 

In shipbuilding to-day Venice 
ranks next after Genoa among Italian 
cities. 

Austria became possessed of 
Venice on the apportioning of the 
old Napoleonic possessions, but the 
Venetians, led by Danielo Manin, rose 
against their oppressors in 1848-9, 
when the struggle for Italian inde- 
pendence really began. But it was 
not until 1866 that Venice was able 
to free itself from Austrian rule and 
become part of the new Kingdom of 
Italy. 

On the 24th May, 1915, an air raid 
was made by the Austrians on the 
arsenal. 

On the 27th October, 1915, an 
Austrian aviator dropped bombs and 
destroyed the beautiful painting of 
Tiepols on the ceiling of Di Scalzi 
Church. 
VENIZELOS, M. Elentherios. 

Aged 55. _ 

Prime Minister of Greece. 

Was Minister of Justice and 
Foreign Affairs. 

Resigned Premiership in disagree- 
ment with the King on the 5th 
October, 1915. 

Recalled to office in 1917 by the 
new King Alexander, and formed a 
National Government in Greece on 
the 26th June, 1917. 
VERDUN. 

A fortified town on the River 
Meuse, France. 

Has a twelfth-century cathedral. 

Has confectionery, liqueur, and 
hardware factories. 



Was relieved on the 15th Septem- 
ber, 1914. 

On the 21st February, 1916, the 
great battle opened with an attack by 
the Crown Prince's army on the 
French positions between Haumont 
Wood and Herbebois. 

On the 22nd February, 1916, 
although losing heavily, the Germans 
carried Haumont Wood and the 
French salient north of Beaumont. 

On the 23rd February, 1916, con- 
tinuing their attack, the Germans 
penetrated the wood of La Wavrille, 
east of Bois de Caures. The French 
evacuated Haumont village. 

On the 24th February, 1916. the 
French line was slightly withdrawn 
with unbroken front, Brabant-sur- 
Meuse, Samogneux, part of the Bois- 
des-Caur^s, and Ornes being given 
up. 

On the 25th February, 1916, the 
French took up a new line of six or 
seven miles to the north of Verdun, 
and furious fighting was resumed. 

On the 27th February. 1916, the 
French withdrew their line six m.iles 
east of Verdun. 

On the 28th February, 1916, in 
Champagne, the Germans carried the 
Navarin Farm. 

On the 6th March, 1916, south- 
east of Verdun the Germans carried 
Forges and successfully attacked 
Hill 265. 

On the 7th March, 1916, Fresnes, 
south-east of Verdun, was taken by 
the Germans. 

On the 8th March, 1 91 6, a vigorous 
enemy attack at Bethincourt was 
repulsed. 

On the 22nd March, 1916, after 
a heavy bombardment, the Germans 
carried Avocourt Wood and gained 
a footing at Hancourt. 

On the 29th March, 1916, the 
French drove the enemy out of a 
horn of the Avocourt Wood. 

On the 31st March, 1916, the 
French evacuated Melancourt. but 
checked further assaults in the region 
of Le Morte Horn. me. 

On the 7th April. 1916, the Ger- 
mans regained the ground captured 
by the British at St. Ello on the 27th 
March, 1916. 



212 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 8th April, 1916, the French 
evacuated the Bethincourt salient. 

On the 9th April, 1916, the British 
held a considerable portion of the 
ground gained at St. Elio. On the 
same day the Germans delivered 
furious attacks on a huge scale on a 
front of 12 miles, but only secured a 
hold on the slopes of Le Morte 
Homme. Approximately the German 
losses before Verdun to the 1st April, 
1916, numbered 200,000. 

On the 1 1th May, 1916, a German 
attack against the centre at Verdun 
was driven back. 

On the 8th June, 1916, the Ger- 
mans held Fort Vaux, the French 
retaining the environs. 

On the 13th June, 1916, the Ger- 
mans again penetrated advanced 
French positions near here. 

On the 16th June, 1916, fierce new 
German attacks were made. All 
failed, with the loss of 200 prisoners. 

On the 23rd June, 1916, the Ger- 
mans made a fresh advance at Verdun, 
taking the first line of trenches be- 
tween Hills 320 and 321, together 
with the Thiaumont Wood, a front of 
a mile. 

On the 30th June, 1916, Thiaumont 
Wood was regained by the French. 

On the 4th July, 1916, Thiaumont 
Wood fell into the hands of the Ger- 
mans for the fourth time. 

On the 4th August, 1916, the Ger- 
mans regained the chief part of 
Fleury. 

On the 18th August, 1916, the 
Germans were expelled from two 
fortified redoubts near the Thiaumont 
Wood. 

On the 3rd September, 1916. the 
French gained ground on the Fleury 
sector. 

On the 6th September, 1916, the 
French scored a signal success at 
Verdun, attacking the German line 
on the Vaux Chapitre Wood front, 
carrying it to a length of 1,600 yards 
and taking 250 prisoners. 

On the 27th September, 1916, the 
Germans sustained a bad defeat in 
an attack against the Thiaumont- 
Fleury front near Verdun. 

On the 23rd October. 1916. the 
French obtained a great triumph. 



piercing the enemy's line along a 
front of about five miles to a depth of 
two. 

On the 24th October. 1916,. the 
French scored a great victory here, 
recapturing Douamont village and 
fort, the quarries, Caillette. and 
Chapitre and Tumin Woods, with 
4,500 prisoners. 

On the 15th December. 1916. the 
French gained a victory here : 10,000 
prisoners and 80 guns were taken. 

On the 20th August, 1917, the 
French charged the Germans before 
Verdun, and captured nearly 6.000 
prisoners. 

On the 21st August, 1917, on the 
Western Front there was a further 
advance by the French here. The 
Hill of Oie and fortifications around 
Hill 344 were recaptured. 

On the 24th August, 1917. the 
French took Hill 304, Camard Wood, 
and reached the southern bank of 
Forges Brook. 

The prolonged struggle for Verdun 
formed one of the most remarkable 
and dramatic episodes of the war. 
VERMELLES. 

On the 19th December, 1914. the 
Allies gained further ground before 
Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well 
as east and south of Ypres, north 
of La Bassee, and north-west of Arras, 
while the position here was main- 
tained. 

On the 13th October. 1915. the 
British captured German trenches 
behind the Vermelles-Hulluch road. 
VERVINS. 

On the 6th November, 1918, it 
was taken by the French. 
VESLES. 

On the 24th October. 1918. the 
French took it and Pirrepont. 
VICKERS, Private A. 

2nd Royal Warwickshire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
VICKERS, Second-Lieut. C. G. 

Sherwood Foresters. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
♦♦ VICKNOR." 

A British armed liner. 

She was sunk by accident on the 
20th January. 1915. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



213 



VIERORDT, H. 

German writer. 

The following statement by him 
appeared in the " Easier Nachrichten" 
on the 15th October, 1914: " 
Germany, hate ! Cut the throats of 
the millions of your adversaries, and 
build a monument of smoking corpses 
to the very clouds. No prisoners ! 
Make them dumb 1 Transform the 
neighbouring countries into deserts." 
VIGNEULLES LES HATTON - 
GHAXEL 

On the 13th Jiily, 1915, the Ger- 
man strategic railway and stores here 
were bombarded by a French aerial 
squadron of 35 aeroplanes. 
"VILLE DE LA GROTAL." 

A French mail steamer. 

She was sunk by a German sub- 
marine on the 20th December, 1915 ; 
80 lives were lost. 
VILLERS-BRETONNEAUX. 

On the 24th April, 1918, it was 
captured by the Germans. 
VILNA. 

Lithuanian Government, West 
Russia, on border of Poland. 

Area, 16,421 square miles. Popu- 
lation, 1,998,500. 

Forest, agriculture, and cattle- 
breeding. 

There are numerous tracts of 
marshland and many lakes, and 
among the chief industries are flour, 
saw, and paper mills, brev/eries, 
distilleries, glass-works, brick-works, 
etc. 

On the 14th September, 1915, 
Hindenburg made a vigorous drive 
against the Russian forces between 
Vilna and Dvinsk, causing the 
Russians to retire. 

On the 18th September, 1915, 
Vilna fell after its evacuation by the 
Russians, who made a successful 
retreat. All the railways had been 
cut, with the exception of the south- 
running line to Lida and Rovno. 

Hindenburg had 500,000 men. 
VIMY RIDGE. 

On the 15th May, 1916, the Lanca- 
shire Fusiliers in a night attack gained 
the enemy's forward line on a front 
of 250 yards. 



On the 20th May, 1916, the crater 
was regained by the Loyal North 
Lancashires. 

VINGENT, M. DanieL 

Was appointed Minister of Public 
Instruction for France in the new 
Ministry formed in 1917. 

" VINDIGTIVE," H.M.S. 

An old British cruiser. 

On the 9th May, 1918, she was 
sunk as a blockship in the entrance to 
Ostend harbour. 

To hamper the German attack and 
prevent their submarines from freely 
using Zeebrugge and Ostend, it was 
determined to obstruct the entrances 
of these two harbours. A number of 
old cruisers (among them the " Vin- 
dictive") were prepared, with con- 
crete in their bottoms, to serve as 
blockships, and be sunk in the en- 
trances. The operations were under 
the orders of Vice-Admiral Keyes 
and Rear-Admiral Sir R. Tyrwhitt, 
who had been specially promoted in 
January for his excellent work in 
command of his light squadrons. 

On the 22nd April, 1918, after 
more than one false start, the British 
blockships put to sea, accompanied by 
monitors and a strong escort. At 
Zeebrugge a very marked success was 
obtained. The " Vindictive" was laid 
against the Mole, and also two armed 
Mersey ferry-boats, " Iris " and 

Daffodil," and the Mole was 
stormed by a strong landing party. 
The viaduct which connected it with 
the land on the shoreward end was 
blown up by an old submarine of the 
" C " class (commanded by Lieut. 
Sandford), and filled with explosives. 
In the confusion which this sudden 
and heroic attack caused among the 
Germans, British destroyers and 
motor-boats, covered by a smoke- 
screen, attacked a swarm of small 
German craft behind the Mole, and 
three cruisers, " Thetis," " In- 
trepid," and " Iphigenia," steamed 
into the entrance of the inner harbour. 
The " Thetis " fouled an obstruction 
and became unmanageable, so that 
she had to be sunk before she was in 
the entrance ; but the " Intrepid " 
and " Iphigenia " were both taken in 



214 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



and sunk athwart the entrance at its 
narrowest point, blocking it for the 
passage of anything but a small 
destroyer. With a loss of 188 
officers and men killed or mortally 
wounded, 16 missing, and 384 
wounded, the " Vindictive " and the 
other vessels retired, after an exploit 
the heroismof which willfor ever live 
in history. At Ostend the operations 
failed. Thetwo blockships couldnot 
reach the entrance, as the wind 
changed and the smoke-screen lifted. 
They were blown up just outside. 
The destroyer " North Star " and 
four launches were the only British 
ships lost. 

On the 9th-10th May, 1918, 
another effort was made to close 
Ostend by the same methods, the 
" Vindictive " being used as the 
blockship. She was carried in 
despite a thick sea fog which came 
down most inopportunely, and de- 
spite many hits, one of which killed 
her captain, Commander A. E. 
Godsal. Owing to the fog she 
grounded in the entrance, and could 
not be placed in the desired position, 
so that she only obstructed the 
channel, without rendering it im- 
passable. The loss in this affair was 
8 killed, 10 missing, and 29 wounded, 
while one British motor-boat had to 
be destroyed. 
VIRGO, J. J. 

An Australian who has done much 
for the Y.M.C.A. 
VISHGRAD. 

On the 14th December, 1914, the 
Montenegrins captured it, defeating 
the Austrians. 
VISTULA. 

A river rising in Austrian Silesia, 
and flowing (693 miles) past Cracow 
and through Russian Poland and 
Prussia to the Baltic, near Dantzic. 
Its three head waters are the White, 
Little, and Black Vistulas, and in its 
long course it receives as tributaries 
the waters of the Bug and other 
streams. From Cracow to the sea it 
is navigable. 

On the 29th October, 1914, the 
resistance of the German armies was 
broken. 



On the 28th December, 1914, the 
Russians were massing forces on the 
section of the Lower Vistula which 
included the railway, and were in 
great strength in the region of Plock 
and thence to the Warsaw front. 
VITRY-LE-FRANCOIS. 

A fortified town of France, on the 
River Marne, near Chalons. 

It has a population of 8,564, and 
carries on the industry of bell- 
founding, etc. 

It was abandoned by the Germans 
on the 12th September, 1914, after 
being fortified. 
VIVIAN, M. 

On the 13th October. 1915, he 
became French Minister of Foreign 
Affairs in succession to M. Delcasse. 
VIVIANI, Rene. 

Prime Minister of France, June, 
1914, to 1915. 

Delivered stirring orations during 
the war. 

On the 12th October, 1915, he 
announced in the French Chamber 
the decision of Great Britain, France, 
and Russia to assist Serbia and 
uphold the Treaty of Bucharest 
signed the 10th August, 1913. 

VOLKLINGEN. 

Germany. 

The blast furnaces here were 
bombed by British airmen on three 
occasions. 
VOLUNTEER FORCE. 

On the 29th February, 1916, the 
Government decided to recognise the 
National Volunteer Force as a mili- 
tary force for home defence by putting 
into operation the Act of 1863. 
'♦VON DER TAUN." 

A German battleship. 

She was engaged in the North Sea 
Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 
1916 — see under " H.M.S. ' Queen 
Mary.' *' 
VOSGES. 

A mountain chain in East France 
and Alsace-Lorraine, Germany, 190 
miles long. 

Extending from Basle on the north, 
they run along the left side of the 
Rhine valley, and give forth the 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



215 



Rivers Saas and Moselle on the 
north. 

The highest summit is the Ballon 
de Guebwiller. 

Also east frontier department, 
France. 

Area, 2,305 square miles. Popula- 
tion, 420,000. 

Agriculture, dairying, vineyards, 
and textile industries. 

Capital, Epinal, standing on the 
Upper Moselle. 

The mountains are well v^ooded, 
and the plains exceedingly fertile, 
while the deposits of coal, silver, lead, 
copper, and lithographic stone are 
extensive. 

There are also many mineral 
springs, which are much resorted 
to by invalids. 

The military developments pro- 
ceeded slowly here in December, 
1914. 

VOUZIERS. 

The French entered here on the 
12th October, 1918. 

V 187. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by gunfire on the 
28th August, 1914. 

V 188. 

A German destroyer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 26th July, 1915. 

WADGASSEN. 

Germany. 

The blast furnaces and the raihvay 
here were bombed by British airmen. 

WAELHEM WAVRE. 

A town near Brussels, in the St. 
Catherine sector of the Antwerp 
defences. 

Population, 8,500. 

The Germans opened heavy fire 
here on the 28th September, 1914. 

The Germans blew up the Wael- 
hem Fort on the 29th September, 
1914. 

The Belgians retired across the 
Nethe on the 2nd October, 1914, 
first blowing up the Waelhem 
Bridge. 



WAGENFUHR, Paul. 

Commander of the U boat which 
sank the " Belgian Prince " on the 
31st July, 1917, leaving 40 of the 
crew on the submarine's deck without 
life-belts, and then submerged, 
leaving them to drown. 

His U boat. No. 44, was subse- 
quently sunk by our Navy, with all 
hands, the well-merited death of a 
coward and bully. 

WAGNER, Herr. 

German writer. 

Stated : " Let us bravely organise 
great forced migrations of the inferior 
people. We must coerce them." 

WAIN, Temporary -Lieut. (Acting- 
Captain) R. W. L. 

Late Tanks Corps. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 

WALDEGRAVE, Second-Lieut. 
E. J. 

R.F.A. 

Marlborough cricket captain in 
1917. 

Lost his life in the war. 

WALES, H.R.H. the Prince of, 
Edward Albert Christian 
George Andrew Patrick 
David, Duke of Cornwall, 
K.G., G.C.M.G.. O.B.E., 
M.G. 
Aged 25. 

Went to the front in November, 
1914, attached to Sir John French's 
Staff. 

On the 9th April, 1915, he landed 
in England with dispatches from Sir 
John French, and arrived at Windsor 
the following day. 

On the 19th July, 1915, the King 
of Italy conferred the Order of the 
Annunziata upon him. 

On the 27th October, 1915, the 
French President decorated him 
with the Cross of War. 

On the 29th October, 1915, he 

arrived at Buckingham Palace on a 

short leave of absence from the front. 

On the 9th November, 1915, he 

returned to France. 

On the Ist January, 1916, he was 



216 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



appointed Chairman of the Com- 
mittee on War Pensions, 

On the 1st January, 1916, he pre- 
sided over the first meeting of the 
new Statutory Committee con- 
stituted under the Naval and Military 
War Pensions Act, his first public 
function of importance. 

Went to Egypt in March, 1916, on 
appointment as Staff-Captain on the 
Staff of the General Officer Com- 
manding the Mediterranean Ex- 
peditionary Force. 

Appointed D.A.Q.M.G. May. 1916. 

Appointed in July, 1917, Hon. 
Colonel of a battalion of the Cheshire 
Regiment. 

Also appointed Colonel-in- Chief 
of the 12th (Prince of Wales's) 
Battalion (T), Devonshire Regiment, 
and 1 5th( County of London )Battalion. 
London Regiment, April, 1919. 

WALFORD, Captain G. N. 

Royal Artillery. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 

WALLACE, Temporary-Lieut. 
S. I. D. 

Royal Field Artillery. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

WALLER, Private Horace (30144). 
Late King's Own Yorkshire Light 
Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war, 

WALMER. 

A coast town in Kent, England, 
near Deal (included in the Cinque 
Port of Sandwich). Contains Wal- 
mer Castle, the official residence of 
the Lord Warden. 

The Duke of Wellington died here 
in 1852. The castle was built by 
Henry VHL 

Residential population, 5,347. 

On the 20th February, 1916, Ger- 
man seaplanes raided Lowestoft and 
here. There were 1 killed and 1 
injured at Walmer. 

WALSH, Stephen, M.P. 

A^ed 60. 

Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Local Government Board in June, 
1917. 



WALSH, Captain Arthur, M.C. 

Son of Mr. Stephen Walsh, M.P. 
Lost his life in the war. 
WAR CABINET. 

2 Whitehall Gardens, S.W. 1. 
WAR OFFICE. 

Whitehall, S.W. 1. 
On the 15th January, 1917, it 
was announced that General Smuts 
would represent South Africa at the 
special War Conference. 
WAR TRADE DEPARTMENT. 

4 Central Buildings. S.W. 1. 
WARD, Rt. Hon. Sir Joseph G., 
K.C.M.G. 
Aged 62. 

Premier of New Zealand, 1906- 
1912. 

He was representative for New 
Zealand in the War Cabinet, 1917 
and 1918. 
WARE, Corporal S. W. 

Late Seaforth Highlanders. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
*• WARILDA." 

A hospital ship. 

On the 4th August, 1918, at 
1.40 a.m., she was torpedoed by the 
Germans and sank. Owing to the 
repeated German outrages she was 
not carrying distinctive lights. This 
was the first occasion for two years on 
which she had no German wounded 
on board. Of some 770 persons in 
her, including a large number of sick 
and wounded, 123 were killed, among 
them Mrs. Violet Long, Deputy 
Chief Controller of W.A.A. Corps. 
WARING, Corporal (Lance- Ser- 
geant), William, M.M. 
(355014). 
Late 25th Battalion, Royal Welsh 
Fusiliers (T.F.) (Welshpool). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
WARK, Major Blair Anderson, 
D.S.O. 
32nd Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WARMBAD. 

In German South Africa. 
On the 6th April, 1915, it was 
taken by the Union forces. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



217 



WARNEFORD, Flight- Sub-Lieut. 

Late R.f!c. On the 7th June, 
1915, he destroyed a Zeppelin 
between Ghent and Brussels at a 
height of 6,000 feet, and gained the 
V.C., the King taking the unusual 
course of conferring the honour by 
telegram. 

WARNER, Private E. 

Bedfordshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

"WARRIOR," H.M.S. 

A cruiser, completed in 1907, 
having a displacement of 13,550 tons 
and a speed of 22^ knots. 

She was destroyed by German gun- 
fire in the North Sea Battle of Jutland 
on the 31st May, 1916 — see under 
" H.M.S. ' Queen Mary.' " 

WARSAW. 

In the Government of Russian 
Poland. On the bank of the River 
Vistula and Lower Bug river down 
to the Prussian frontier. 

Area, 6,749 square miles. Popula- 
tion, over 2,000,000. 

Agricultural, stock-raising, and 
machinery and sugar factories, 

A Zeppelin was brought down near 
here on the 14th October, 1914. 

On the 4th November, 1914, the 
German troops were driven back 
from here a distance of 90 miles, to 
within 30 miles of their own frontier 

The Russians captured 15,800 Aus- 
trian prisoners and scores of guns. 

On the 21st November, 1914, von 
Hindenburg continued his advance, 
reaching a point within 40 miles of 
Warsaw, and was successfully checked 
on the 23rd November, 1914. 

On the 24th December, 1914, the 
German attempt to reach here 
weakened, and further south the 
Austrians were severely punished 
at several points, a large force being 
in full retreat in Western Galicia. 

On the 5th February, 1915, 
" Warsaw at all costs " was again the 
Kaiser's command, and von Mac- 
kensen with 100,000 men and 600 
guns was making the atternpt. 

The German advance in Poland 



came almost to a standstill, though 
fighting occurred north of here on 
the 23rd February, 1915. 

On the Russian front a great battle 
was in progress from near Warsaw 
to Grodus on the 26th February, 
1915. 

The German attack on the Russians 
ended in disaster, the enemy being in 
full retreat from the Narew on the 
27th February, 1915. 

The Germans were again thrown 
back to their frontier, leaving behind 
them over 10,000 prisoners, on the 
2nd March, 1915. 

On the 28th July, 1915, the Ger- 
mans crossed the Vistula between 
Warsaw and Iwangorod. 

Warsaw fell after the Russian 
evacuation on the 4th August, 1915, 
and Iwangorod was occupied by the 
Germans on the 5th August, 1915. 

*'WARSPITE," H.M.S. 

A battleship, completed in 1915, 
having a displacement of 27,500 tons 
and a speed of 25 knots. 

She was engaged in the North Sea 
Battle of Jutland on the 31st May, 
1916— see under " H.M.S. * Queen 
Mary.' " 

WATERS, Temp. Capt. (Acting 
Major) A. H. S., D.S.O., 
M.C. 

218th Field Coy., RE. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 

WATSON, Major (Acting -Lieut. - 
Colonel), O.G.S., D.S.O. 
(R. of C). 

Late King's Own Yorkshire Light 
Infantry. Gained the V.C. in the 
war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
WATSON, Mrs. A. M. Chalmers, 
M.D., C.B.E. 

Was Chief Controller of the 
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. 

Sister of Sir Eric Geddes and Sir 
Auckland Geddes. 

Made Commander of the Order of 
the British Empire in August, 1917. 

WATT, Skipper Joseph (1206). 
R.N.R., W.S.A. Gained the V.C. 
in the war. 



218 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



WATTS, Sir Philip, LL.D., D.S.O., 
F.L.S. 

Aged 68. 

Director of Naval Construction to 
the Admiralty from 1901 to 1911. 

Designed the first Dreadnought, 
which was launched in 1905. 
WEARNE, Second-Lieut. Frank 
Bernard. 
Essex Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
WEATHERS, Lance - Corporal 
(Temporary - Corporal) 
Lawrence Carthage. 
43rd Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 

WEDGWOOD, Joseph C, D.S.O., 
M.P. 

Aged 46. 

Was an Assistant Constructor in 
Portsmouth Dockyard. 

Served in the South African War. 

Appointed Sub-Lieutenant in 
Royal Naval Division in September, 
1914, and was wounded. 

Taken prisoner by Austrians. 

Promoted to Commander. 

WEIR, Sir W. 

On the 26th April, 1918, he was 
appointed Air Minister. 

WELCH, Lance -Corporal James 
(8763). 
Royal Berkshire Regiment. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
WELLS, Sergeant H. 

2nd Royal Sussex Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WELSH DAY. 

Flag Day arranged in aid of the 
National Fund for Welsh troops. 
WELSH GUARDS. 

On the 3rd August, 1915, the King 

presented them with their first 

colours. 

WEMYSS, Admiral Sir Rosslyn, 

G.G.B., C.M.G., M.V.O. 

Aged 55, 

On the 19th December, 1915, the 
British forces were withdrawn 
from Suvla Bay by Sir Charles 
Monro and Admiral Wcmyss, with 
only 3 casualties and the loss of 6 
guns. 



On the 6th August, 1917, he was 
appointed Second Sea Lord. 

On the 26th December, 1917, he 
succeeded Admiral Sir J. Jellicoe as 
First Sea Lord. 

On the 7th November, 1918, he 
was appointed British Naval Repre- 
sentative to be associated with Mar- 
shal Foch in making the Allied 
armistice terms known to the German 
delegates. 

"WESTFALEN." 

A German battleship. 

On the 19th August, 1916, sub- 
marine E 23 attacked her in the North 
Sea, and she is believed to have been 
sunk. 

WESTMINSTER, Duke of, 
G.C.V.O., D.S.O. 

Aged 39. 

Served in the war with distinction. 

WESTON, Dame Agnes E., G.B.E., 
LL.D. 

Aged 76. 

Well-known philanthropist. 

Founded Sailors' Institutes at 
Devonport and Portsmouth. 

Was busy ministering to victims 
of naval disasters in the war. 

" WESTOVER." 

U.S. supply ship. 
On the 11th July, 1918, she was 
torpedoed; 10 killed. 

WEXFORD. 

A maritime county, province of 
Leinster, South-East Ireland. 

Area, 901 square miles. Pasture, 
tillage, dairying, stock-keeping, and 
fishery. 

Population (falling). 102,289. 

There is only one hill of any par- 
ticular height, and that is Mount 
Leinster, on the border, 2,610 feet. 
The Slaney is the chief river, and 
empties itself into the sea through 
Wexford Harbour. There are valu- 
able fisheries. Several old castles 
survive, as well as the monasteries of 
Dunbrody, Tintern, and Ross. 

Capital, Wexford, a town on the 
River Slaney. Population, 11,455. 
Some of the old fortifications and 
part of St. Sclsker's Priory remain. 

Cromwell took the town in 1644. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



219 



In the insurrection of 1798 many 
serious disturbances took place both 
in Wexford City and in other parts of 
the country. 

On the occasion of the Sinn 
Feiners* rebellion in April, 1916, it 
became necessary to move columnsof 
troops here — see under " Dublin." 
WHEELDON, Alice. 

On the 10th March, 1917, at the 
Central Criminal Court, she, Alfred 
G. Mason, Winnie Mason, and 
Harriet Ann Wheeldon were charged 
with conspiring to kill Mr. Lloyd 
George and Mr. A. Henderson. 
With the exception of Harriet Wheel- 
don (found not guilty), they were 
sentenced to ten, seven, and five 
years* penal servitude respectively. 
WHEELER, Major George Camp- 
bell. 

Gurkha Rifles, Indian Army. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WHEELER, Major G. M. 

7th Hariana Lancers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
WHIGHAM, General Robert D., 
D.S.O. 

Aged 54. 

Deputy-Chief of the Staff. 

Served in the Nile Expedition and 
the South African War. 

On the outbreak of the war Sub- 
Chief of the Staff serving under Sir 
William Robertson. 
WHITBY. 

A seaport town and watering-place, 
facing the German Ocean, at the 
mouth of the River Esk, North 
Riding, Yorkshire, England. 

Its industries consist of fisheries, 
jet manufactories, and some ship- 
building. 

It has a population of 11,139. 

The two sides of the tov/n stand on 
either side of the harbour, with a 
stone bridge with a swivel connecting 
them. 

The older portions of the town are 
on the east side, and comprise a 
number of steep, narrow streets rising 
to the heights above, on which stand 
the old parish church of St. Mary and 
the ruins of St. Hilda's Abbey, the 
latter founded in the seventh century, 



and, after being destroyed by the 
Danes in 867, was refounded in 1078 
as a Benedictine abbey for monks. 

The church is of Norman origin, 
and is approached from the town by 
a stone stairway of nearly 200 steps. 

The British hospital ship '* Ro- 
hilla " was wrecked here on the 30th 
October, 1914, many lives being lost. 

On the 16th December, 1914, a 
German cruiser force made a raid, 
shelling it, Scarborough, and Hartle- 
pool. 
WHITE, Temp. -Captain Archie 
Cecil Thomas. 

Yorkshire Regiment. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
WHITE, Sergeant Albert (24866). 

Late South Wales Borderers 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

Lost his life in the war. 
WHITE, Private Jack (18105). 

Royal Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

WHITFIELD, Private H. (230199). 

King's Shropshire Light Infantry 
(Oswestry, Salop). Gained the V.C, 
in the war. 
WHITTAKER, Rt. Hon. Sir T. P., 
M.P. 
Aged 69. 

Strong temperance advocate. 
Was Chairman of Royal Commis- 
sion on Paper Supply in 1916, re- 
signing in 1917. 
WHITTLE, Sergeant John Woods 
(2902). 
Infantry Battalion, Australian Im- 
perial Force. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
'• WIEN." 

A small Austrian battleship. 
On the 9th December, 1917, the 
Italians torpedoed and sank her and 
another battleship in the Adriatic. 
"WIESBADEN." 

A German light cruiser. 
She was sunk by British gunfire in 
the Battle of Jutland on the 3 1 st May, 
1916— see under " H.M.S. ' Queen 
Mary.' " 
"WILHELM DER GROSSE." 

A German battleship of the " H " 
type, with a tonnage of 14,349. 



220 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 26th August, 1914, she was 
sunk by the guns of H.M.S. " High- 
flyer." 

*♦ WILHELMINA." 

An American vessel. 

9n the 9th February, 1915, she 
arrived at Falmouth, England, v^ith 
foodstuffs, consigned to Germany, 
from the United States. 

WILHELM SHAVEN. 

A naval station of the German 
Empire. Fort in Jahde Terrace on 
North Sea, near Bremen. 

Has a population of 25,560. 

Inaugurated by Wilhelm I. in 
1869, it has since been developed and 
defended until it forms a fortress of 
the first order, with forts, moles, dry 
docks, and stores of vast extent. 

The " Yorck," a German cruiser 
of nearly 10,000 tons, was sunk off 
here on the 4th November, 1914, by 
a German mine. 

WILHELMSTHAL. 

The capital of German East Africa. 

On the 13th June, 1916, General 
Smuts' northern column captured 
it. 

WILKINSON, Temp -Lieut. 
T. O.L. 

Late North Lancashire Regiment. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 

WILKINSON, Private A. (43839). 
l/5th Battalion, Manchester Regi- 
ment (T.F.) (Leigh). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

WILLCOCKS, General Sir James, 
G.C.M.G., K.C.B., K.C.S.I., 
D.S.O. 

Aged 62. , 

Governodr of Bermuda in April, 
1917. 

Servedin Wazin campaign, Soudan, 
Burma, China, Lushai, and West 
Africa. 

After commanding in India came 
to Europe with Indian Army Corps. 

Received G.C.M.G. in 1915. 

Appointed in April, 1916, Colonel 
of the Loyal North Lancashire Regi- 
ment. 



♦WILLIAM P. FRYE." 

On the 15th April, 1915, the 
United States sent a Note to Ger- 
many suggesting the payment of 
£45,650, with interest, as compensa- 
tion for the sinking of her. 

WILLIAMS, Able Seaman W. C. 

R.N. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WILLIAMS, Seaman William. 

R.N.R., O.N. Gained the VC. 
in the war. 
WILLIAMS, C.S.M. J. H., D.C.M., 
M.M. (20408). 
10th Battalion, South Wales Bor- 
derers (Cwm, Mon.). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

WILLINGDON, Lord. 

Aged 52. 

Governor of Bombay from April, 
1913. 
WILLIS, Captain Richard Ray- 
mond. 
1st Battalion, Lancashire Fusiliers. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 

WILSON, President Woodrow, 
Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D. 

Aged 63. 

President of the U.S.A. Elected, 
1912. Re-elected in November, 
1916. 

Former President of Princeton 
University. 

Was Governor of New Jersey, 
1911. 

On the 8th December, 1914, in 
his Annual Presidential Message to 
Congress, he made an important 
statement with regard to national 
defences, and foreshadowed a scheme 
of optional military training for every 
citizen. He emphasised America's 
prospective role of peace-maker. 

On the 11th June, 1915, the text 
of his Note to Germany was pub- 
lished, which demanded assurances 
in regard to the safeguarding of the 
lives of American citizens. 

On the 10th September, 1915, Dr. 
Dumba, the Austro-Hungarian Am- 
bassador in Washington, was found 
out in a flagrant violation of diplo- 
matic propriety in America, and 
President Wilson demanded his 
recall. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



221 



On the 7th October, 1915, he 
announced his engagement to Mrs. 
Norman Gait. 

On the 19th April, 1916, he notified 
Germany that unless submarine 
attacks, in violation of international 
law, were stopped, diplomatic re- 
lations would be severed. 

On the 20th December, 1916, he 
sent a Note to all belligerents sug- 
gesting an avowal of views. 

On the 11th January, 1917, the 
Allies replied to him. The reply 
claimed restoration and compensa- 
tion for lands occupied, and reorgani- 
sation of Europe upon a basis of 
nationality. 

On the 26th February, 1917, he 
asked Congress for power to arm 
American merchantmen. 

On the 4th April, 1917, he asked 
Congress to declare that a state of 
war existed between the U.S.A. and 
Germany. 

On the 7th April, 1917, war 
resolution passed the American 
Senate by 82 votes to 6. The House 
of Representatives adopted it by 373 
votes to 50. An emergency vote of 
£20,000,000 was voted by the Senate 
to the President for use at his dis- 
cretion. 

On the 29th August, 1917, his 
reply to the Pope's Peace Note v/as 
published. 

On the 1st September, 1918, he 
stated : " This is much more than 
a war to alter the balance of power in 
Europe. It is a war to make nations 
and peoples of the world secure 
against every such Power as the 
German autocracy represents. Not 
until it is won can men anywhere live 
free from constant fear or breathe 
freely while they go about their daily 
task. The world cannot be safe." 

On the 7th October, 1918, Ger- 
many's Peace Note was handed to 
him. 

On the 12th October, 1918, Ger- 
many's Peace Note was issued. It 
was a declaration of readiness to 
accept America's terms laid down by 
the President on the 8th January. 

On the 15th October, 1918, his 
reply to Germany's Peace Note was 



sent. It asked in polite language 
for the surrender of Germany. The 
reply made a strong impression on 
the German population. The publi- 
cation of it was followed by a panic 
in Berlin banking centres and on 
the Stock Exchange. 

On the 21st October, 1918, Ger- 
many's reply to his Note was handed 
by the German Government to the 
Swiss Legation in Berlin for trans- 
mission to the U.S. Government, 
signed by Dr. Solf, State Secretary 
of the Foreign Office. 

On the 5th November, 1918, he 
replied to Germany, confirming that 
they should apply to Foch for terms. 
On the 12th November, 1918, in a 
speech to the U.S. Congress, he said 
that the peoples of the Central 
Empires could rest assured that 
everything possible would be done 
to supply them with food. Hunger 
did not breed reform ; it bred 
madness. 

He assisted in the preliminary 
peace negotiations in Paris, which 
dragged on, in secrecv, from Novem- 
ber, 1918, to June, 1919. 

The obstinate attitude he assumed 
over the Fiume question nearly 
caused permanent trouble. In spite 
of the determined secrecy of the Big 
Four, the peace terms were read in 
the U.S. Senate and adversely com- 
mented on. 
WILSON, Admiral of the Fleet 
Sir A. K., CM., G.C.B., 
G.C.V.O., V.C. 
Aged 76. 

Served in the Crimean War. 
Has served in China, Egypt, and 
the Soudan. 

Rendered valuable aid in consulta- 
tion at the Admiralty in the war. 
WILSON, J. Havelock, M.P. 
British Labour leader. 
He strongly advocated the total 
boycotting of the Huns as part of 
their punishment. 

In March, 1918, he stated: "I 
have a document in my possession in 
which four of the principal (German) 
trade union leaders justify their 
policy of murder of British and 
neutral seamen." 



222 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 18th November. 1918, 
speaking at Yarmouth, he stated that 
the seamen's boycott would continue 
until they were satisfied that Ger- 
many had repented and made good. 
No matter what Governments might 
settle, no German would put foot on 
British ships for several years. 
WILSON, William B. 

Secretary of Labour of the U.S.A. 
WILSON, Private G. 

Highland Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
WIMBORNE, Lord. 

Aged 46. 

Formerly Hon. Ivor Guest. 

Served in South African War. 

Appointed Viceroy of Ireland early 
in 1915, but resigned after the Sinn 
Feiners' outbreak in 1916. He was 
asked to remain in office, but after a 
few months he was superseded by 
Lord French. 
WINDHUK. 

Was occupied by General Botha on 
the 13th May, 1915. 

WINDSOR. 

On the 17th July, 1917, a Royal 
Proclamation was issued announcing 
the adoption of " Windsor " as the 
Royal surname, and relinquishing the 
use of German titles and dignities. 
WINFREY, Sir Richard, M.P. 

Age 61. 

Was Parliamentary Secretary to the 
Minister of Agriculture for four years. 

Knighted in 1914. 

Joined Ministry in January, 1917. 
WINGATE, Major M. R. 

Son of the Sirdar of Egypt. 

Lost his life in the war. 
WINTERTON, Earl, M.P. 

Aged 36. 

An active member of the Conserva- 
tive Opposition. He served in the 
Army during the war. 

WITHAM, Private Thomas. 

Coldstream Guards. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 

WITTLICH. 

Germany. 

The factory here was bombed by 
British airmen. 



WOIPPY. 

Germany. 

The railways here were bombed by 
British airmen. 

WOMEN'S ARMY AUXILIARY 
CORPS. 

During the progress of the war this 
Corps was organised. It was com- 
monly known as the Waacs. Later 
it was called Queen Mary's Women's 
Army Auxiliary Corps. 

It has done splendid work in the 
war. 

The women were required to enroll 
for service for the duration of the war, 
and it was stipulated that should the 
war be over in less than a year from 
the date of enrolment they should be 
liable to serve for a year. 

They were able to enroll for home 
or foreign service. For foreign ser- 
vice no woman was accepted under 
20, and for home service under 18 
years of age. 

They were employed, both for home 
and foreign service, as shorthand- 
typists, book-keepers, accountants, li- 
brarians, cooks, waitresses, laundresses, 
housemaids, general domestic workers, 
drivers for motors and transport, 
washers, storehouse-women, packers, 
issuers, messengers, checkers, tele- 
phonists, telegraphists, sorters, post- 
women, printers, gardeners, grooms, 
shoemakers, bakers, tailors, acetylene 
welders, electricians, magneto re- 
pairers, fitters, machinists, tinsmiths, 
coppersmiths, armature winders, vul- 
canisers, sand blasters, sheet metal 
workers, wireless mechanics, aero- 
plane riggers, dopers, painters, sign 
writers, storekeepers, sailmakers, 
fabric workers, wing workers, canvas 
stitchers, upholsterers, body trim- 
mers, tracers, colourists, photo- 
graphers, etc. 

The women were, as a rule, housed 
in hostels, under the care and super- 
vision of women administrators. In 
other cases they were housed in 
quarters provided by the military 
authorities and approved by the 
Women's Army Auxiliary Corps. 

They were allowed, when possible, 
a fortnight's leave with pay during 
each year's service, and in the case of 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



223 



those serving abroad free travelling 
facilities were provided to their 
homes and back. 

Free medical attendance was pro- 
vided for all members serving over- 
seas and at home if accommodated in 
Government hostels or billets. 

Khaki uniform was provided for all 
women overseas and for all women at 
home whose duties took them 
regularly into barracks or camps. 

No woman whose husband was 
serving overseas was eligible for 
employment overseas in the same 
theatre of war as that in which her 
husband was serving. 

The Chief Controller of the Corps 
was Mrs. Chalmers Watson, M.D., 
C.B.E., a sister of Sir Eric Geddes. 

WOMEN'S LAND ARMY. 

During the progress of the war 
this Army was organised, having for 
its objects the employment of women 
for milking, ploughing, hoeing, har- 
vesting, care of stock and horses, 
general farm work, planting trees, 
baling hay in the field, work at the 
stores, stacking and loading bales, 
chaff-cutting for the Army under the 
Forage Department of the War Office, 
and for felling trees, sawing into 
lengths, and stacking and carting. 

There were three sections of the 
Women's Land Army: (1) Agricul- 
ture; (2) Timber-cutting; and (3) 
Forage. 

The women could elect to sign on 
for a year, in which event they were 
required to be prepared to go 
wherever they were sent, and could 
join either section ; or could sign on 
for only six months, and could join 
the agricultural and timber-cutting 
sections, but not the forage. 

WOMEN'S ROYAL AIR FORCE. 

During the course of the war this 
Corps was organised. They were 
popularly known as Wrafs. 

The women were required to enroll 
for one year or the duration of the 
war, whichever might be longer. 

There were three classes of service. 

(1) Local Service (Immobile 
Branch). — Under this head the 
women were required to serve only 



in their own town or locality, and 

were not sent elsewhere. 

(2) Home Service (Mobile 
Branch). — Under this head the 
women had to be prepared to go to 
any part of the United Kingdom. 

(3) Home or Overseas Service 
(Mobile Branch). — Under this head 
the women had to be prepared to go 
wherever they might be sent, either 
home or overseas. 

Uniform was provided free, and, 
except where the women joined for 
" local " service, board and lodging 
was also provided. 

The women were employed as 
clerks, storewomen, cooks, waitresses, 
laundresses, housemaids, electricians, 
etc., in the Technical Section, motor- 
car drivers, draughtswomen, uphol- 
sterers, painters, photographers, and 
labourers, at varying amounts of pay, 
commencing at 24s. per week, up to 
as much as 45s. per week. 

WOMEN'S ROYAL NAVAL SER- 
VICE. 

This branch of the Service was 
organised during the progress of the 
war. They were generally called 
Wrens. 

The women were required to join 
because, as was stated, there were 
certain duties, hitherto performed by 
men of various naval ranks and 
ratings, which could be done equally 
well by women, whose substitution 
would release men for more strenuous 
branches of naval service. 

The women were required to enroll 
for service for the duration of the 
war ; but should the war end in less 
than a year from date of enrolment, 
they were liable to serve for one year. 

There were two branches of ser- 
vice : (a) Mobile Women ; (&) Im- 
mobile Women. 

(a) The mobile branch consisted of 
women who were enrolled with 
liability to be sent where they were 
required in the United Kingdom. 

(&) The immobiler^^branch con- 
sisted of women who, continuing to 
live at home, were employed locally. 
Free uniform and, in certain instances, 
free board and lodging were pro- 
vided. 



224 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



The women were employed as 
clerks, stewards, cooks, laundresses, 
garage workers, telephonists, telegra- 
phists, engineers, etc., at varying 
rates of pay, according to the work 
undertaken, commencing at 24s. per 
week, to as much as 48s. per week. 
WOOD, Rt Hon. T. Mackinnon, 
P.G., ex-M.P. 
Aged 52. 

Was Chancellor of the Duchy of 
Lancaster. 
WOOD, Corporal (Lance- Sergeant) 
H. B., M.M. 
2nd Battalion, Scots Guards (Bris- 
tol). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WOOD, Private W. (59812). 

10th Battalion, Northumberland 
Fusiliers (Stockport). Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 
WOODALL, Corporal (Lance- Ser- 
geant) J. E. (Z1030). 
Rifle Brigade (Salford). Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
WOODCOCK, Private Thomas 
(83871). 
Irish Guards. Gained the V.C. in 
the war. 
"WOODCOCK." 

On the I5th November, 1918, she 
and the " Quinton " arrived at Til- 
bury from Rotterdam, carrying a 
number of passengers, including 
repatriated officers and men of 
the British Army from Germany. 
Among the passengers was the Rev. 
J. T. Crotty, of Enniskillen, who for 
nearly four and a half years had been 
acting as Roman Catholic chaplain 
at prisoners* of war camps at Lemberg 
and Glessen. 
WOODROFFE, Lieut. S. C. 

Prince Consort's Own. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
WOODS, Private James Park. 

48th Battalion, Australian Imperial 
Force. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
WOOL, British, The Export of. 
Was prohibited on the 6th October, 
1914. 
WOOLLEY, Second-Lieut. G. H. 
Queen Victoria's Rifles. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 



WORMS. 

A city near the Rhine, Hesse 
Darmstadt, Germany. 

It has a famous Romanesque 
cathedral. 

Famous in former times as a royal 
residence and seat of Diets, at one of 
which, in 1521, Luther made his 
memorable defence. 

The scene of the Nibelungenlied is 
laid in Worms. 

Charlemange frequently resided 
here. 

The industry of the town was so 
great in the Middle Ages that it had 
a population of 60,000. 

It is the centre of wine industry. 
Good modern trade. 

Population, 51.860. 

The chemical factories here were 
bombed by British airmen. 

WOTAN. 

On the 30th August, 1918, the 
Canadians pushed up to the Wotan 
or Hindenburg " switch " line at 
Hancourt. 

On the 2nd September, 1918, 
Canadian and British troops broke 
through the Wotan or Hindenburg 
" switch " line on a front of several 
miles, routing the Germans. 

WOUNDED, Ill-treatment of. 

On the 11th April, 1917, evidence 
was printed in the " Times " that 
German Red Cross nurses brutally 
maltreated the British wounded, 
withheld food from them, spat on 
them, and spat in their drink. 

WRIGHT, Orville. 

One of the pioneers of the science 
of flight by heavier- than- air 
machines. 

Brother of Wilbur Wright. 

Presented his flying-machine patent 
rights to Great Britain in 1916. 

WRIGHT, Sir Almroth, E.M.D., 
F.R.S. 

Aged 58. 

Awarded the Le Comte prize of 
£2,000 for his special work in war 
bacteriology in June, 1915. 

WRIGHT, Captain T. 

Royal Engineers. Gained the 
V.C. in the war. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



225 



W V LVERGHEM. 

On the 2nd September, 1918, 
•itish troops captured it. 

V^MBIAGAS. 

In the Cameroons. 
On the 9th October, 1915. it was 
c:ptured by the British forces. 

V C RTEMBERG. 

The station here was bombed by 
British airmen. 

►WATT, Lance- Corporal G. H. 

3rd Coldstream Guards. Gained 
ih; V.C. in the war. 

WTTSCHAETE. 

On the 16th April, 1918, there was 
heivy fighting here, and ultimately 
tlv! Germans captured it. 

YM.C.A. 

This organisation was responsible 
for valuable aid to our soldiers 
diringthe war. Its activities were 
' cry widespread, both at home and 
on all the Fronts. No praise can be 
toe great. 

VA' P, Sir Arthur, K.B.E. 

^p.s Director of Food Control 

m the 1st September, 1917. 

formerly Secretary of Y.M.C.A., 

nchester. 

Vas extremely active on behalf of 
i war work ot the Y.M.C.A. 

created Knight Commander of the 
i. ler of the British Empire in 
A, ?ust. 1917. 
V R HISSAR." 

> Turkish destroyer. 
' he was sunk by a British sub- 
; ! i -ine outside the Gulf of Ismid on 
':>.e 3rd December, 1915. 

YARMOUTH, Great. 

A seaport, fishing town, and 
\v2tering-place, at the mouth of the 
Hiv-ir Yare, Norfolk, England. 

The headquarters of the herring 
fleet. 

Residential population (including 
Gorleston and Southtown), 55,808. 

! a municipal, parliamentary, and 
c:.L. ty borough. 

i^ bridge connects the town with 
its Suffolk suburbs of Southtown, or 
-.iiiiie Yarmouth, and Gorleston. 



The sea frontage, which extends 
for about three miles, has a spacious 
marine parade and fine piers, the 
Wellington and Britannia Piers, as 
well as the old jetty dating from 1808. 

The parish church of St. Nicholas 
is one ol the largest parish churches 
in the kingdom, 230 feet in length, 
with a spire 168 feet high. 

Yarmouth was chartered by King 
John, and returned two members of 
Parliament from the time of Edward 
II. until 1867. 

In 1888 Yarmouth was created a 
county borough 

On the 3rd November, 1914, a 
German squadron appeared, and, 
after firing on the " Halcyon," made 
off, throwing out mines, by one of 
which the submarine D 5 was sunk. 

There was a Zeppelin raid here 
and on King's Lynn on the 19th 
January, 1915; 4 were killed. 

On the 14th January, 1918, it was 
bombarded by German destroyers ; 
4 killed, 8 injured. 

"YARMOUTH," H.M.S. 

A protected second class cruiser, 
with a displacement of 5,250 tons. 

She sank two of the " Emden's " 
supply ships off Sumatra on the 14th 
October. 1914. 
" YARRA." 

A French liner. 

On the 29th May, 1917, she was 
torpedoed and sunk in the Mediter- 
ranean ; 56 missing. 

YARROW, Sir Alfred F., Bart. 

The head of the Yarrow ship- 
building firm. Has built many of 
the finest later types of ships for the 
Navy. 

Received Baronetcy on the 1st 
January, 1915. 
" YARROWDALE." 

A British steamer, captured by the 

Mowe." 

Reached a German port on the 31st 
December, 1916, with 469 prisoners. 
"YASAKA MARU." 

A Japanese liner. 

On the 12th December, 1915, she 
was sunk by a German submarine 
without warning. 



226 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



YATE, Major C. A. L. 

Yorkshire Light Infantry. Gained 
the V.C. in the war. 
YAUNDE. 

The capital of the German 
Cameroons. 

On the 1st January, 1916, the 
British forces occupied it. 
*• YENESEI." 

A Russian mine-layer. 
She was sunk by a submarine on 
the 6th June. 1915. 
♦•YORCK." 

A German armoured cruiser of the 
"C" type, launched in 1904, with 
a tonnage of 9,050. 

She was sunk off Wilhelmshaven 
on the 4th November, 1914, by 
striking a group of German mines. 
YORIHITO, Prince of Rigashi- 
Fushimi, G.C.V.O. 
On the 28th October, 1918, he 
arrived at Devonport on a special 
mission from Japan, to present, on 
behalf of the Japanese Emperor, the 
sword and badge of a Field-Marshal 
in the Japanese Army to King George. 
On the 5th November, 1918, he 
handed £500 to the Lord Mayor for 
the poor of London and £500 to the 
Red Cross Society. 
YORKSHIRE COAST. 

On the 21st August, 1917, Zeppe- 
lins raided the Yorkshire coast, and 
escaped uninjured. Little damage 
was done. 

On the 12th March, 1918, three 
Zeppelins raided the coast, and at 
Hull; 1 killed. 
YOUENS, Temp. - Second -Lieut. 
Frederick. 
Late Durham Light Infantry. 
Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 
YOULL, Temporary- Second-Lieut. 
John. 
Scottish Northumberland Fusi- 
liers. Gained the V.C. in the war. 
YOUNG, Lieut. Dawbarn. 
Rising architect. 
Lost his life in the war. 
YOUNG, Second-Lieut. F. E. 

Late 1st Battalion, Herts Regiment 
(T.F.). Gained the V.C. in the war. 
Lost his life in the war. 



YOUNG, Private T. (203590). 

Durham Light Infantry(High Spe 
CO. Durham). Gained the V.C. i 
the war. 

YOUNG, Private J. F. (177239). 
87th Battalion, Quebec Regimen 
Gained the V.C. in the war. , 

YOUNG, Private W. j|| 

East Lancashire Regiment. Gaine i - 
the V.C. in the war. 

YOUNGER, Mr. Justice. 

Aged 58. 

Judge of the High Court sine 
April, 1915. 

Served on Commission respectii. 
war prisoners in 1917. 

Appointed G.B.E. in August, 191 . 
YPRES. 11 

A town on the River Yperleofl 
West Flanders, Belgium, 32 milcS 
south-west of Bruges. ■ 

Population, 18,054. ' 

It has linen and lace manufactori 
and military school. 

It was one of the most flourish!; 
of Flemish towns in the fourteen 
century, with over 200,000 inhal 
tants and a great diaper industry. 

Its Gothic Cloth Hall, with i 
imposing belfry, still exists, and dat 
from the thirteenth century. 

Another fine Gothic edifice is 1 
Cathedral of St. Martin. 

It was occupied by the Fran. 
British forces on the 13th Octob. 
1914. It became popularly knov 
as " Wipers." 

Up to the 25th October. 191 
although greatly reinforced, the Gc 
mans were held in check for five da 
by a British force, which ultimate 
saved the position and threw t 
enemy back 15 miles. 

On the 31st October, 1914. I 
London Scottish troops made 
splendidly successful charge here. 

On the 2nd November, 1914, t 
Germans were concentrating 
numerous force with the object 
retaking Ypres. 

On the 9th November, 1914, t 
Germans made a vigorous but u 
successful attempt to capture it. 

It was still in the hands of t' 
Allies on the 21st November, 191^ 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



227 



On the 11th December. 1914, the 
Germans made another attempt to 
smash through the Allies' lines near 
here, but without success. 

On the 19th December, 1914, the 
Allies gained further ground before 
Nieupoort and St. Georges, as well as 
east and south of here, north of La 
Bassee, and north-west of Arras, 
while the position east of Vermelles 
had been maintained. 

On the 1 9th April, 1 9 1 5, the British 
troops gained a notable success near 
here, conquering Hill 60 and killing 
hundreds of Germans. 

On the 23rd April, 1915, as the 
result of a surprise attack, in which 
asphyxiating gasses were used, the 
Germans forced the French to fall 
back to the Yser Canal, and the 
British supporting them were com- 
pelled to readjust their lines. 

On the 28th April, 1915, the Ger- 
man offensive here was " definitely 
stopped." 

On the 11th May, 1915. the Ger- 
mans were repulsed here. 

On the 2nd March, 1916, the 
British regained the International 
French to the south-east of Ypres. 

On the 8th January, 1917, it was 
iieavily shelled by the Germans. 

On the 31st July, 1917, there 
vas a great AnglorFrench attack 
n Flanders, around Ypres. Two 
ortress systems were stormed, and 1 
illages carried, including St. Julien, 
Pilkem, Frezenberg, and Westhoek. 
Advance of two miles on a 15-miIes 
ront. South of the Ypres-Menin 
ioad HoUebeke and La Bassee Ville 
were captured. Passage of Yser Canal 
forced by the French, who took 
teenstrasse and Bixschoote. 

On the 1st August, 1917. mass 
:-Ounter-attacks by the Germans on 
the new line gained by the British. 
St. Julien lost. 

On the 2nd and 3rd August, 1917, 

the heavy German counter-attacks 

on the British line near here were 

completely repulsed. The British re- 

--.. trained St. Julien and other positions 

-1 Sost at Infantry Hill. 

^ On the 20th September, 1917, the 

r^^ British attacked on an eight-miles 

* ' ont from east of Ypres athwart the 



Ypres-Menin road, and won positions 
of great military importance, includ- 
ing Corpoe, Glencorce Wood, Veld- 
hoek. and part of Polygon Wood. 

On the 26th September, 1917, the 
British advanced on a seven-miles 
front east of Ypres, and took Tower 
Hamlets Spur, the remainder of 
Polygon Wood, and pushed on 
tovv^ards Passchendaele. 

On the 9th October, 1917. Anglo- 
French forces attacked German 
defences in the lov/ ground north- 
east of Ypres, between Passchendaele 
Ridge and Houthulst Forest, took 
St. Jean Mangelare, Veldhoek. and 
Koekult, completed the capture of 
Poelcappelle. and established a new 
line. 
YSER. 

During the desperate German 
attacks near Ypres the British gunner$ 
continued to bombard the German 
flank with great success. Further to 
ham.per the enemy the dykes near 
here were cut on the 22nd October, 
1914, the effect being to cause the 
whole district to be flooded at high 
tide. 

The bombardment continued with 
violence on the 31st October, 1914, 
and the flooding between here and 
the Nieupoort-Dixmunde railway 
rendered the German trenches un- 
tenable. 

The German forces were thrown 
back over the Yser on the 15th 
November, 1914. 
ZAHLE. 

Palestine. 

On the 6th October. 1918, It and 
Rayak were occupied by British 
cavalry. 
ZALESZEZYKI. 

On the 30th July, 191 7, the fall of 
it was announced. * 
ZAMIS, M. 

Appointed by the treacherous 
King Constantine as Greek Premier 
on the 7th October, 1915. He 
resigned on the 24th June, 1917. 
ZEEBRUGGE. 

The port of Bruges, with which 
since 1907 it has been connected by 
a ship canal. 



228 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



On the 22nd January, 1915, it was 
bombarded by British airmen, who 
dropped 27 bombs. One German 
submarine was believed to be 
damaged. 

On the 23rd August, 1915, it was 
bombarded by the Allied Fleet, great 
damage being done, especially to the 
military works. 

On the 20th March, 1916. the 
Allies made an air raid here, 65 Allied 
machines being in action. All re- 
turned safely after doing much 
damage. 

On the 28th July. 1916, Captain 
Fryatt, of the Great Eastern steamer 
" Brussels," was captured in the 
North Sea. He was callously shot 
by the Germans here. This was 
purely an act of revenge. 

On the 10th November, 1916. 
British aeroplanes attacked Ostend 
and Zeebrugge, and on the Western 
Front British and German air 
squadrons fought a pitched battle. 
Over 40 machines were engaged on 
each side. The enemy squadron was 
broken up. 

On the 7th April, 1917, the first 
distinct British success in the flotilla 
war was gained, when two German 
destroyers lying outside Zeebrugge 
were torpedoed. One, G 88, was 
sunk, and the other may have gone 
down. There was no British loss. 

Onthe 10th May, 1917, 11 German 
destroyers were sighted between the 
Dutch and English coasts by British 
scouting force under Commodore 
Tyrwhitt, and chased to Zeebrugge 
and seriously damaged. 

On the 31st May, 1917, the French 
bombed the submarine base here. 

On the 1st June, 1917, British 
aeroplanes bombed the bases here, 
also at Ostend and Bruges. 

On the 3rd June, 1917, there was 
a fierce bombardment by Allied air- 
men on German aerodromes at 
Zeebrugge, St. Denis Westrem, 
Bruges, and other enemy establish- 
ments. 

On the 22nd April. 1918, there was , 
a British naval raid here and at ! 



Ostend. Two blockships were sunk 
in the channel. " Vindictive," with 
other vessels, landed storming parties 
on the Zeebrugge Mole. At Ostend 
two blockships were run ashore, but 
not so as to close the channel. 

On the 18th October, 1918, it was 
reported that it had been evacuated 
by the Germans and was in flames, 
supposed to be caused by the 
Germans blowing up their ammuni- 
tion dump and aeroplane sheds. 

On the 19th October, 1918, 
Belgian troops occupied it. 

' ZELEE." 

A French battleship of the " K " 
type, launched in 1900, having a 
tonnage of 680. 

She was sunk by German gunfire 
on the 22nd September, 1914. 

' ZENTA." 

An Austrian battleship of the 
D " type, launched in 1897. Ton- 
nage, 2,263. 

On the 16th August, 1914, she was ; 
sunk by gunfire off the French coast, i 






ZEPPELIN, Count. 

Born in 1838. Fought in American 
Civil War; also in 1870 against 
France. 

Died on the 8th March, 1917. 

He was the inventor and builder 
of a special type of "lighter-than- j 
air" gas-filled airships. These 
monsters were used by the Germans 
for night attacks upon the civilian 
population of England. They were 
hailed with delight by the Germans 

til a peculiar shell was used that 



et the 



alight. 



ZIERIKZEE 

town 



A town in province Zeeland,> 
Holland, on the Isle of Schonwen, 21, 
miles east of Flushing. 

Population. 7,428. 

On the 30th April. 1917, 3 people 
were killed and great damage done 
by bombs dropped by an unknown 
aeroplane. 



A.B.C. OF THE GREAT WAR 



229 



ZIMMERMANN, Herr. 

Aged 53. . 

German Foreign Secretary in 
November, 1916. 

In the " Vossische Zeitung " of 
April, 1918, he stated : " We cannot 
in any circumstances content our- 
selves with the French and Belgian 
Congo. We must have Nigeria and 
Sierra Leone. We must have a great 
consolidated colonial empire that can 
send us 400,000 tons of palm-oil 
immediately after the war." 



(Palm-oil is one of the principal 
sources of nitro-glycerine and of all 
modern high explosives.) 

ZWEIBRUCKEN. 

A town near Speyer, Rhenish 
Bavaria, on the River Erbach. 

Formerly capital of the sometime 
sovereign countship of Zweibrucken. 

Industrial population, 12,000. 

The factories, station, railways, and 
barracks here were bombed by British 
airmen on four occasions. 



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